腰椎间小关节螺旋CT三维测量、观察及临床意义

目的:观察腰椎间小关节关节面的三维解剖学形态,并探讨其临床意义.方法:60例螺旋CT扫描腰部阴性正常人,行三维重建后处理.在横轴面、冠状面及矢状面观察关节面形态.结果:关节突关节面的标准形态,横轴面,腰1/2节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度相同的"C"形;腰2/3、3/4、4/5节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度不相同的"C"形,下关节突关节面曲度较小,上关节突关节面曲度较大;腰5/骶1节段男性下关节突关节面"l"形,上关节突关节面"C"形,女性上、下关节突关节面均为"l"形.冠状面,腰1/2、2/3节段为椭圆形.腰3/4节段男性为椭圆形;女性为长方形.腰4/5节段男性为椭圆形;女性为椭圆形或长方形.腰5/骶1节段男女均可为圆形;或男性为方形女性为长方形.矢状面,为"l"形.结论:腰椎间小关节关节面形态在诸节段及横轴面、冠状面及男、女间不尽相同.     

基于影像学及计算机图像处理方法研究活体腰椎小关节结构三维分布

目的基于小关节三维重建图像分析软骨下皮质骨厚度、小关节面面积及关节间隙宽度的三维分布情况,研究其结构特点及变化规律,并比较腰痛患者及健康人中这些参数的差别。方法对90名研究对象分别行仰卧位CT扫描,获取L1～S1 5个节段小关节的二维图像,重建后分别获得软骨下皮质骨、小关节面及关节间隙的三维面点云图。研究上述参数在整个关节面上、以及关节面的不同区域的分布特点,比较它们在不同腰椎节段、性别、年龄及症状组中的差异。结果 (1)软骨下皮质骨厚度方面,在上关节突,头端区最厚;在下关节突,尾端区最厚。中央区的厚度明显小于其他各区。各区之间的差别在低位节段腰椎中(L4/5,L5/S1)较明显。(2)小关节平均面积为(173.2±3.6)mm2,且随腰椎节段及年龄的增加而增大,L4/5节段以下及40岁以上更加明显。腰痛患者上关节突关节面的面积明显较下关节突关节面的面积大(L5/S1节段除外)。腰痛患者的小关节面积明显大于健康人。(3)小关节间隙平均宽度为(1.46±0.08)mm,随年龄增加而变窄,40岁以上者更明显,女性均较男性宽,腰痛患者则显著变窄。分区比较时,关节面头侧关节间隙较尾侧间隙宽,中央区的间隙普遍较周围区宽,这些差别在腰痛患者及下3个节段中更明显。结论计算机图像处理及重建分析技术可以较准确的测量三维空间内形状复杂的小关节的相关参数。小关节各结构在三维空间的分布具有一定特点,这些特点与关节面形态、关节间应力及关节退变等因素有关,反映了长期的负荷状态下人体结构的适应性改变。     

PrestigeTM-LP颈椎人工椎间盘置换后椎体应力及关节突关节间压力有限元分析

目的:分析PrestigeTM-LP颈椎人工椎间盘对椎体的应力和关节间压力作用,了解节段间运动载荷传递方式及作用机制。方法:通过实体CT扫描方式建立颈4~5节段PrestigeTM-LP人工椎间盘置换有限元模型。生理载荷下前屈、后伸、左侧弯、左轴向旋转时测量颈5椎体应力和颈4-5关节突间压力变化。结果:运动加载后C5椎体应力均有不同程度增大,表现出与运动加载方向一致的应力偏移改变。相比于前屈,后伸时双侧关节突间压力明显增大。左侧弯时左侧关节突间压力增大,左轴向旋转时右侧关节突间压力明显增大。结论:采用有限元模型进行骨性结构的应力及压力分析具有形象及精确的优点。PrestigeTM-LP颈椎人工椎间盘置换有效地起到椎体间应力传递和保留关节突关节间压力作用,具有接近正常颈椎的生物力学特性。     

7-12岁儿童颈椎关节突关节的数字化三维形态研究

文题释义： 颈椎关节突关节：是由下位椎骨的上关节突及上位椎骨的下关节突所形成的近似平面型的微动小关节,外面覆盖关节囊,但关节囊松弛,可以进行滑动,属滑膜关节,其关节囊位于关节的外侧,小关节作为脊柱后柱的重要组成部分,其关节直接承受着脊柱前屈、后伸、压缩、牵拉、剪切、扭转等负荷,其作为运动枢纽,对维持脊柱稳定及正常生理活动起着至关重要的作用。 背景：国内外学者研究均证实关节突关节面的不对称性和关节突关节角的不对称性均可导致关节退变、关节滑脱及相应的病变,但目前的研究均集中于成人。已证实随着年龄的增长,关节突关节的病变如小关节紊乱、绞锁等均是引起颈椎疼痛、失稳、滑脱、骨性关节炎及神经、血管受压甚至致瘫等的最常见原因之一。对于儿童关节突关节的相关研究则甚少。 目的：通过收集7-12岁儿童颈椎CT影像扫描数据,行三维重建并行颈椎关节突关节的形态测量与分析,以探索关节突关节形态发育特征及增龄变化规律,为临床儿童颈椎病的早期诊断与治疗提供理论依据。 方法：收集2013年9月至2015年9月间在内蒙古医科大学第一、二附属医院及内蒙古国际蒙医医院影像科行儿童颈椎多层螺旋CT扫描的影像资料99例,将原始以DICOM格式数据导入Mimics软件进行三维重建,并在三维模型上行形态学测量。试验于2015-03-11经内蒙古医科大学医学伦理委员会批准,批准号YKD2015049。 结果与结论：①儿童颈椎关节突关节面长总体随年龄的增长呈递增趋势,随椎序的增长呈递减趋势;②关节突关节面宽中上关节突关节面宽呈V型,下关节突关节面宽随椎序递增呈增大趋势;③关节突关节结间距总体呈“尖峰”状;④关节突关节冠状位角整体呈“V”型;⑤关节突关节矢状位角呈倒“V”趋势;⑥提示7-12岁儿童颈椎节段关节突关节的形态学特征不存在关节突的不对称性。 ORCID: 0000-0003-0209-0102(刘路) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

下段腰椎小关节突角度及形态不对称与腰椎间盘突出的相关性探讨

目的：探讨下段腰椎小关节突的关节角度及其形态不对称与腰椎间盘突出的相关性。方法：在CT片上观察127例患者的小关节突关节形态、椎间盘是否突出,并测量小关节突关节角度,计算其差值。按年龄分为4组,每个每年龄组中依据两侧小关节突关节角度差值分为〈5°、≥5°、≥10°三个组,并将形态不对称纳入关节角度差≥10°组中。在每个年龄组中,对L3～M、L4～L5及L5～S1节段发生椎间盘突出的病例的不同小关节突角度差值的组间进行组间两两比较;同时,对不同小关节角度差值的各节段椎间盘突出病例的各个年龄组亦进行年龄组间的两两比较;以及不同关节角度差值中,各节段椎间盘突出的总数进行两两比较。结果：在每个年龄组中,各节段椎间盘突出与小关节突角度差值无统计学意义,在不同小关节角度差值的不同年龄组中,仅个别节段椎间盘有统计意义;而在不同小关节角度差值中L3～L4与L4-L5两节段椎间盘突出总数具有统计学意义。结论：下段腰椎椎间盘突出与小关节是否对称无相关性,大多数腰椎间盘突出的病例与年龄亦无明显相关性,而与发生的腰椎节段有相关性。     

下位腰椎和骶骨关节突的观测

作者观测了L_4、L_5和骶骨各100块的关节突。观察了关节面形状和朝向、上关节面下凹陷、上关节突腰神经后内侧支骨管、下关节突下端前突程度。测量了关节突总高、上关节突宽和厚、关节面宽和高、关节突间距、关节突棘突距。结果表明,关节突形态变化与其截重有关;L_(4-5)S_1关节突关节非典型平面关节,类似鞍状关节。并积累了国人体质调查资料,为关节突关节腔穿刺提供了骨学依据。     

下颈椎关节突三维参数测量与关节突螺钉导向器的设计

背景：近年来，颈椎关节突关节在颈椎病的发病机制和外科治疗中逐渐被重视，但是目前关于成人下颈椎关节突关节的解剖学研究相对较少。目的：测量下颈椎关节突三维参数，为下颈椎经关节突螺钉导向器的设计提供依据。方法：选取2021年6月至2022年6月于徐州医科大学附属医院行颈椎CT检查人员100例，男50例，女50例，年龄20-50岁。经筛选每例图像均无颈椎椎管狭窄、颈椎椎间盘突出、明显的骨质增生、感染及肿瘤等病变。经过三维重建后，测量C_3-7每个节段颈椎关节突关节矢状面上的倾斜角和矢状面下颈椎经关节突螺钉与关节突关节面的夹角。根据统计分析测量结果，利用CAD软件设计出下颈椎经关节突螺钉导向器。结果与结论：矢状面颈椎关节突关节面倾斜角以C₅为中心呈U形分布，大小关系为C₇>C₆>C₃>C₄>C₅；矢状面上经关节突螺钉角度大小关系为：C_6/7>C_5/6>C_4/...     

颈椎三维运动对关节突关节压力的作用

背景:颈椎关节突关节压力变化是颈椎生理运动中的一个重要环节,但目前缺少对颈椎生理载荷下关节突间接触压力的直接测量研究。目的:通过测量颈椎三维运动中关节突关节压力的变化,探讨关节突对颈椎应力分布和运动协调的作用。方法:6具成年男性新鲜尸体颈椎标本(C2~C7)作为测试对象,将预制的压敏片置于C3~4、C4~5和C6~7左侧关节突关节内。标本先给予75N跟随载荷,再以持续加载模式加载力偶。屈伸和侧弯最大2.0N?m载荷,轴向旋转最大4.0N?m载荷,测量零力偶和最大力偶时的关节突关节内压力。结果与结论:零载荷时,C3~4、C4~5和C6~7左侧关节突分别承受75N跟随载荷的20.6%,20.0%,21.3%。在运动加载后,完整颈椎在后伸、左侧弯和右旋时均表现为左侧关节突间压力明显增大(P0.05);但前屈、右侧弯和左旋时左侧关节突间压力无明显改变。3个节段在各运动方向关节间压力变化无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果提示关节突关节内压力变化主要取决于关节突的角度和加载方向。颈椎关节突在传递分散颈椎应力和协调三维运动中发挥重要作用。     

腰椎经皮内镜下不同部位关节突成形对相关节段活动度的影响

目的利用三维有限元法评估腰椎经皮内镜下不同的关节突成形部位对椎体活动度(range of motion, ROM)的影响。方法建立正常L3～5三维有限元模型,模拟腰椎经皮内镜技术分别在L5上关节突"尖部"或"基底部"做直径0.75 cm圆柱状骨切除以模拟椎间孔成形,从而获得正常L3～5模型、关节突尖部成形模型和关节突基底部成形模型。给予特定加载条件,比较3种模型在前屈、后伸、左右侧曲、左右旋转工况下L3～4、L4～5节段ROM变化情况。结果 L5上关节突尖部成形后,在后伸、左右侧屈、左右旋转状态下L4～5节段ROM均较正常明显增大,以左旋最为明显;L5上关节突基底部成形后,在左右旋转状态下L4～5节段ROM较正常稍微增大。L5上关节突尖部、基底部成形后在6种不同运动状态下临近节段L3/4的ROM均无明显变化。结论腰椎经皮内镜技术下,L5上关节突尖部成形较关节突基底部成形对L4～5节段ROM影响较大。L5上关节突成型对临近节段L3～4的ROM无明显影响。     

脊柱有关角度的观测及机能意义

对30具男性成人干燥椎骨的体根角、横突间夹角、弓根间夹角及上关节面与横截面冠状面成角进行了测算,并观察了上关节面的方向、形态及横突与上关节突、椎弓根间的相互位置关系。通过综合分析,讨论了不同节段有关角度的差异与重力线,脊柱曲度大小,方向的关系以及在活动节段中的机能意义。     

颈脊柱关节突关节的半月板样结构

观察了22具尸体的252个颈脊柱关节突关节,所有的关节内都存在半月板样结构.形态上可分为月牙形、半月形和叶状等.它们都与关节囊相连并不同程度地伸入关节腔内.它们的大部分位于关节的上、下极,从颈2～3到颈6～7逐渐增多.在显微镜下,这些半月板样结构可分为三型:薄膜型、脂肪型和纤维型.它们都不同比例地包含纤维组织或脂肪细胞,并被滑膜覆盖.这些结果提示半月板样结构的实质是滑膜的皱折,其受损可能是颈项痛的原因之一.     

颈椎横突孔及其附近骨性结构的观察

作者观察356个颈椎(51具成人干燥骨骼)的横突孔。观察有关横突孔指向、圆度、变异及其附近骨性结构的骨赘和横突孔内骨棘诸项内容,对变异、骨赘和骨棘的好发部位及临床意义进行讨论。     

Cervical facet joint injections in the neck and shoulder pain

The effects from cervical facet joint injections in those patients who have been complaining cervical zygapophyseal joint pain were compared. The patients were diagnosed originally as myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), cervical herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Patients with the zygapophyseal joints pain of C5-6 and C6-7 were classified by their pain origin as MPS, HNP, and WAD. All patients had been undergone cervical zygapophyseal joints injections with the mixture of lidocaine and triamcinolone unilaterally or bilaterally through the posterior approach under C-arm imaging guide. The therapeutic effects were compared with reduction of numeric rating scale (NRS) of pain before and immediately after blockade and symptom-free periods in each group after 12 months. Symptom durations before injections were 16.1+/-9.6, 4.6+/-1.9 and 4.1+/-1.1 months in each MPS, HNP, and WAD groups. The reductions of NRS immediately after the blockade among the three groups were not different. However, the symptom-free duration after blockade lasted longer in the HNP group than the other two groups. In patients with cervical zygapophyseal pain syndromes, the analgesic effect from cervical facet joint blocks lasted longer in cervical HNP than MPS or WAD.     

Clinical efficacy of radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal neurotomy in patients with chronic cervicogenic headache

The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency (RF) cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy in patients with cervicogenic headache. A total of thirty consecutive patients suffering from chronic cervicogenic headaches for longer than 6 months and showing a pain relief by greater than 50% from diagnostic/prognostic blocks were included in the study. These patients were treated with RF neurotomy of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and were subsequently assessed at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and at 12 months following the treatment. The results of this study showed that RF neurotomy of the cervical zygapophyseal joints significantly reduced the headache severity in 22 patients (73.3%) at 12 months after the treatment. In conclusion, RF cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy has shown to provide substantial pain relief in patients with chronic cervicogenic headache when carefully selected.     

The orientation of the articular facets of the zygapophyseal joints at the cervical and upper thoracic region

Knowledge of the orientation of facet joints in the cervical and upper thoracic region is important for understanding the biomechanical properties and clinical conditions relevant to the neck. The study was undertaken on dry macerated bones from 30 adult male human vertebral columns. The orientation of the superior articular facets in relation to their inclination with the sagittal and transverse planes was examined between C3 and T3 vertebrae in each column. The linear dimensions of the superior articular facets and the width/height ratio were also calculated. The results show that all vertebrae at C3 level and 73% at C4 level displayed posteromedially facing superior articular facets. Similarly at T1 level (C7/T1 joint) and below, all columns showed posterolaterally facing superior articular facets. The level of change in orientation, from posteromedial to posterolateral facing superior facets, was not constant and occurred anywhere between C4 (C3/C4 joint) and T1 (C7/T1 joint). The change in orientation followed 2 different patterns, i.e. sudden or gradual. The C6 vertebra (C5/C6 joint) was the most frequent site to show the transition. The shape of the superior articular facets was circular to oval at C3, C4 and C5 levels and gradually changed to a transversely elongated surface at C7 and T1. These findings correlate well with various cervical movements and associated clinical conditions.     

成人颈椎小关节间隙穿刺路径的应用解剖 

目的 探讨颈椎小关节的关节类型、关节角大小、关节面倾角等,为临床行颈椎间隙穿刺提供可参考的路径。方法 采用正常成人脊柱标本38例（男27、女11）,通过断层解剖方法,从横断面上对C SUB>2-3/SUB>～C SUB>6-7/SUB>关节类型、关节角进行观测,并对40套成人椎骨标本的颈椎小关节关节面倾角及形态进行观测。结果C SUB>2-3/SUB>～C SUB>6-7/SUB>关节类型主要为平面椭圆形(79.2％)和曲面形(20.8％);自C2-3至C6-7颈椎关节突的关节角逐渐增大;关节面倾角CSUB>3/SUB>＞CSUB>4/SUB>＞CSUB>5/SUB>CSUB>6/SUB>CSUB>7/SUB>,倾角值呈     

人和大鼠腰椎关节突关节的SP能神经纤维的分布

目的：证实支配腰椎关节突关节的神经支配和化学性质，方法：用逆行荧光素标记结合免疫组化法，研究７只大鼠腰部脊神经节细胞的周围突分支投射到腰椎关节突关节及其递质性质以及３例人腰椎关节突关节囊上神经末梢的化学性质，结果：发现大鼠一侧Ｌ５和Ｌ６之间的关节突关节受同侧Ｌ２－５节段的脊神经节的部分细胞周围突分支支配，其中有３３．３９９％的中型和小型细胞为中ＳＰ能免疫反应阳性，人的关节突关节囊含有ＳＰ阳性的神经     

Degenerative changes of the sacroiliac auricular joint surface—validation of influential factors

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relevance of degenerative changes in the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the joints in the lower limb and lumbar spine using age estimation methods. We also examined the shape of the auricular surface to determine the effect of degenerative changes on each joint. A total of 200 iliac auricular surfaces from 100 Japanese male skeletons were examined macroscopically in accordance with conventional methods of age estimation. From the obtained estimated age, we calculated the deflection values, which represented the degree of degenerative changes of the joints. For comparison, we used osteophyte score data of the hip, knee, and zygapophyseal joints in lumbar spines from previous studies which had used the same bone specimens. As a quantitative indicator of auricular surface morphology, we defined the constriction ratio (CR) of the auricular surface and compared the CR values obtained with various measured values. Degenerative changes in the SIJ were positively correlated with those in both the hip joint and zygapophyseal joint, but a correlation with knee joints was found only on the left side. In skeletons from individuals aged ≥60 years as time of death, the CR was significantly different between the group with high scores and those with low scores in both the hip and sacroiliac joints. It has been suggested that degenerative changes in SIJs interact with those in the hip joint and zygapophyseal joint. In addition, the shape of the auricular surface may also be a relevant factor for degenerative changes in these joints.     

人工颈椎间盘置换术后邻近下位关节突关节压力变化的生物力学研究

目的:探讨人工颈椎间盘置换术后邻近下位关节突关节内压力的变化,为其在临床应用提供生物力学依据,方法:在11具保留C3至T1的新鲜成人颈椎标本上,采用自行设计的圆片状微阻电式传感器测量C5/6椎间盘完整、椎间盘摘除、人工椎间盘置换和椎间融合4个模型组C6/7关节突关节内的压力负荷.结果:人工椎间盘置换组C6/7关节突关节内的压力在轴向(16.98±3.74)N、左侧弯(26.87±5.78)N、右侧弯(12.91±3.50)N、前屈(20.88±5.77)N、后伸(20.63±5.30)N,与完整组接近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),高于椎间盘摘除组(P<0.05),低于椎间融合组(P<0.05).结论:人工颈椎间盘置换后邻近下位关节突关节内的压力接近正常,提示人工椎间盘置换符合颈椎正常生物力学要求.     

Intra-articular synovial folds of thoracolumbar junction zygapophyseal joints

Transverse histological sections from T10-11, T11-12, T12-L1, and L1-2 zygapophyseal joints were examined in 32 post-mortem spines, using light microscopy, to record the presence of intra-articular synovial fold inclusions. In addition, three mid-joint sections from each joint were photographed using 35 mm colour film. From these slides, linear dimensions of the extent of intra-articular synovial fold projection between the zygapophyseal joints were measured using computer-aided planimetry. Small, fibrous folds were commonly found at the joint margins extending from the ligamentum flavum and the fibrous joint capsule. Larger, fibro-adipose synovial folds, projecting between the articular surfaces, were also noted, particularly at T12-L1 and L1-2.