乙型肝炎病毒携带者的肝脏病理学特点

目的研究慢性HBV携带者和非活动性HBsAg携带者的肝脏组织病理改变。方法对219例HBsAg阳性且血清ALT持续正常6个月以上的HBV携带者进行了肝组织病理学和免疫组织化学检查,同时检测血清HBV DNA和HBV血清标记物,研究HBV携带者肝组织炎症和纤维化的发生率和程度,分析感染者组织学改变与血清病毒水平、HBeAg及年龄的关系。结果HBV携带者中95．0％（208／219）肝脏组织学有改变,其中轻度炎症和（或）纤维化（G0～1／S0～1）者占50．0％（104／208）,有8．7％（18／208）炎症活动度和（或）纤维化程度在3级（期）或以上。炎症活动度和纤维化程度的分布在慢性HBV携带者与非活动性HBsAg携带者两组间比较,差异无统计学意义;在慢性HBV携带组中,以HBeAg阳性和阴性分层分析,炎症活动度在两组间差异无统计学意义,但纤维化性程度在HBeAg阴性组严重于HBeAg阳性组（χ^2=9．551,P〈0．05）;不同年龄组炎症活动度和纤维化程度总体上差异无统计学意义,但40岁以上年龄组S3～4占21．1％,18岁以下年龄组S3～4仅占7．7％。免疫组织化学检查219例HBsAg全部阳性,HBcAg在慢性HBV携带者组均是阳性,在非活动性HBsAg携带者组中10例阳性（33．3％）。结论绝大部分HBV携带者存在不同程度肝脏炎症和纤维化,其中约50％为轻度改变,8．6%炎症和（或）纤维化程度在3级（期）或以上。炎症活动度和纤维化程度与血清病毒水平无显著相关。     

HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBeAg与肝组织病理的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎（cHB）患者血清HBeAg与肝组织炎症活动度及纤维化程度的关系。方法采用回顾性病例序列研究方法,搜集我院2005年1月至2009年12月行肝组织活检术的137例HBeAg阳性CHB患者的临床资料,血清HBeAg滴度均采用微粒子免疫发光法检测,血清HBVDNA采用荧光定量PCR法检测。结果肝组织炎症分级及纤维化分期与血清HBeAg滴度呈负相关,与ALT水平呈正相关,与HBVDNA水平无相关性;血清HBeAg和ALT水平可独立预测肝组织炎症≥G2和纤维化≥S2,优于血清HBVDNA水平和年龄;且血清HBeAg预测肝组织炎症≥G2的价值优于ALT,而预测纤维化≥S2的价值略低于ALT。肝细胞HBcAg阳性组血清HBeAg、HBVDNA水平均高于肝细胞HBcAg阴性组（均P〈0．01）。血清HBeAg滴度预测肝细胞表达HBcAg的灵敏度、特异度分别为80．02％和65．89％,高于血清HBVDNA（78．89％和43．21％）。血清HBeAg滴度与HBVDNA水平呈正相关（r=0．274,P=0．002）,与ALT水平呈负相关（r=0．212,P=0．013）。结论血清HBeAg与肝组织炎症程度及纤维化分期呈负相关;血清HBeAg滴度预测肝组织炎症程度的价值优于年龄、血清ALT、HBVDNA水平,预测肝纤维化程度的价值低于ALT。血清HBeAg较血清HBVDNA更能反映肝细胞内HBV复制情况。     

ALT≤2倍正常值上限的HBeAg+/-慢性HBV感染者肝脏病理及临床特征

目的对比ALT≤2倍正常值上限(ULN)的慢性HBV感染者中,HBeAg阳性与HBeAg阴性患者肝组织病理学及临床改变的差异,并寻找这两部分患者中与肝组织学改变相关的因素。方法将196例患者分为HBeAg阳性组136例与HBeAg阴性组60例,对比两组患者性别、年龄、血清ALT、HBVDNA定量、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径、肝脏炎症活动度、纤维化程度的差异,并进一步分析这两部分患者中,不同肝脏病理改变时上述临床资料的变化。结果 HBeAg阳性患者肝脏炎症改变在G1-G2级,纤维化程度在S0-S2期,其中G2、S2者分别为70例(51.5%)、14例(10.3%);HBeAg阴性患者,肝脏炎症改变在G1-G3级,纤维化程度在S0-S2期,其中G2、S2者分别为49例(81.7%)、19例(31.7%)。HBeAg阴性患者的男性比例、年龄、血清ALT、HBVDNA定量及肝脏病变程度均明显高于HBeAg阳性患者,差异有统计学意义。在HBeAg阳性患者中,随着肝脏炎症程度的加重,血清ALT、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径明显增加,而性别比例、年龄、HBVDNA定量无明显变化;随着肝纤维化程度的加重,脾脏厚度、门静脉内径明显增加,而性别比例、年龄、血清ALT、HBVDNA定量无明显变化。在HBeAg阴性患者中,随着肝脏炎症及纤维化程度的加重,男性比例、年龄、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径均明显增加,且血清ALT水平、HBVDNA定量随肝脏炎症程度的加重亦明显增加,差异均有统计学意义,但以上两指标随肝纤维化程度的加重无明显变化。结论对于ALT≤2×ULN的慢性HBV感染者,HBeAg阴性患者的肝脏病变明显重于HBeAg阳性患者,密切随访血清ALT、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径,有助于了解肝脏病理变化;对于HBeAg阴性患者,尤其是男性患者,应同时密切随访年龄、HBVDNA水平。     

50例乙型肝炎病毒携带者肝组织病理与血清学指标关系的探讨

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）携带者肝组织病理与血清学指标的关系。方法对50例HBV携带者进行肝穿刺取肝组织送病理,研究病理结果与血清学指标的关系。结果 26例HBeAg阳性患者中,全部为HB-VDNA阳性,其中肝组织病理显示6例为G3S1,全为40岁以上的患者,12例G2S1,有1例40岁以上患者,8例为G2S0。18例抗HBe阳性患者中,有12例HBVDNA阳性患者,其中肝组织病理显示6例为G2S1,（有2例40岁以上）,6例为G2S0,有6例HBVDNA阴性患者,其中5例为G2S0,1例为G1S0。6例HBeAg与抗HBe均阴性的患者中,有HBVDNA阳性4例,其中2例为G2S1,2例为G2S0。HBVDNA阴性2例,其中1例为G2S1,1例为G2S0。结论 40岁以下的HBV携带者肝穿均指示有程度不等的炎症和有或无肝纤维化,且炎症程度和肝纤维化程度与HB-VDNA高低不成正比,无明确关系,与HBeAg是否阳性也无正比关系。     

ALT持续正常的慢性HBV感染者的肝组织病理特征及临床意义

目的探讨ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者的肝组织病理特征,并分析性别、年龄、ALT、血清HBV DNA及HBeAg对肝组织病理改变的影响。方法选取123例肝功能正常的慢性HBV感染者进行肝组织病理检查,根据性别、年龄、ALT、血清HBV DNA及HBeAg进行分组,并分别比较各组患者肝组织炎症分级和纤维化分期之间的差异。统计学处理采用方差分析。结果 HBV携带者性别、HBV DNA水平对肝脏损害程度的影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);随年龄增加、ALT水平升高,肝组织炎症及纤维化呈加重的趋势(P<0.01);血清HBeAg阳性与阴性对纤维化程度的影响差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于年龄>40岁、ALT水平接近正常值上限的HBV携带者,应尽早进行肝脏活组织检查,根据不同病理结果决定是否进行抗病毒治疗。     

HBeAg阳性和阴性的慢性乙型肝炎患者组织病理学及免疫组化学研究

目的探讨HBeAg阴性和阳性慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者组织病理学及免疫组化学的特点。方法对156例HBeAg阴性和阳性CHB患者肝组织炎症分级（G）及纤维化分期（S）的结果进行对比分析,并分别探讨两组CHB患者HBVDNA与ALT、G及S的关系,检测CHB患者肝组织HBsAg和HBcAg阳性表达率。结果HBeAg阴性CHB患者HBVDNA含量明显低于HBeAg阳性者,肝组织炎症程度高于后者,HBVDNA水平与ALT、G和S呈正相关,HBeAg阳性CHB血清HBVDNA与ALT、G无相关性。CHB患者肝组织HBcAg阳性率随炎症程度升高而升高。结论与HBeAg阳性CHB相比,HBeAg阴性者HBVDNA水平低,炎症程度高,HBVDNA水平与ALT、G、S正相关。CHB患者肝组织HBcAg阳性率随炎症程度增高而升高。     

血清ALT持续正常及HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者86例肝脏病理特征分析

目的分析86例血清ALT持续正常者和HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者的肝脏病理特征,指导临床治疗。方法采用回顾性分析方法,收集2003年1月-2008年12月住院的86例血清ALT持续正常、HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者,所有患者均进行肝穿刺组织活检,分析病理特征。结果86例患者肝组织病理均表现为不同程度的炎症或纤维化,其中中到重度炎症程度或纤维化程度（至少G2或S2）达45．3％,发生率高低无性别差异,但20岁以上中到重度炎症程度或纤维化程度发生率显著高于20岁以下患者,同时有11．6％的患者血清HBV DNA水平超过10^4 copies／ml。结论我国血清ALT持续正常、HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者肝组织病理不存在真正的“非活动性”状态,年龄20岁以上患者应密切随访,及时进行肝活检,明确病情,并给予恰当的治疗。     

血清GP73对慢性乙型肝炎病毒携带者肝脏炎症损伤的预测价值

目的观察慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)携带者血清GP73水平与肝脏病理变化的关系,探讨血清GP73水平对慢性HBV携带者肝脏炎症损伤的预测作用。方法选取2012年1月-2014年10月在解放军第一八〇医院就诊的慢性HBV感染者300例,其中慢性HBV携带者100例,慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)100例,HBV相关肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC)100例。选取同期健康体检者50名作为对照组。采用ELISA法检测血清GP73浓度。100例慢性HBV携带者进行肝脏穿刺活检术,分析血清GP73水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级(G)和纤维化分期(S)的关系。结果慢性HBV感染者血清GP73水平显著高于对照组(P0.001),且随着病情的进展,血清GP73浓度在慢性HBV携带者(47.21±17.69)ng/ml、CHB(98.45±65.29)ng/ml和HBV相关LC(229.93±95.00)ng/ml中持续升高,各组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。经过相关性分析,血清GP73含量与慢性HBV感染者病情严重程度呈正相关(r=0.746)。100例慢性HBV携带者进行肝脏穿刺活检术后发现,血清GP73含量随着肝脏炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化分期的加重而逐渐升高(P0.001),血清GP73水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级(r=0.549)和肝纤维化分期(r=0.528)呈正相关。在100例ALT正常的慢性HBV携带者中,有显著肝脏炎症(≥G2)和纤维化(≥S2)的患者分别为29例(29.00%)和33例(33.00%)。病理分级为≥G2和≥S2的慢性HBV携带者血清GP73水平显著高于无明显坏死性炎症(G0~G1)和纤维化(S0~S1)患者(P0.001)。多变量Logistic回归分析结果显示,诸因素中只有血清GP73水平被确定为预测肝脏坏死性炎症和肝纤维化的独立因素。结论血清GP73水平与慢性HBV携带者肝组织病理分级分期密切相关。部分慢性HBV携带者尽管ALT水平正常,但是肝组织却存在明显的炎症坏死和纤维化,其血清GP73水平明显升高。因此,血清GP73可用于慢性HBV携带者预测肝脏炎症损伤的标志物。     

352例ALT<2ULN慢性乙型肝炎患者肝活检病理分析

目的对比丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)2倍正常值上限(ULN)的慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者中,乙型肝炎E抗原(HBeAg)阳性患者与HBeAg阴性患者肝组织病理学炎症活动度及纤维化程度的差异,病理改变与年龄的关系。方法回顾性分析352例ALT2 ULN慢性HBV感染者,分为HBeAg阳性与HBeAg阴性组,对比两组患者肝脏炎症活动度、纤维化程度的差异;并分析所有患者病理改变与年龄关系。结果 (1)HBeAg阳性组患者144例,肝脏炎症改变在G1~G3级,纤维化程度在S0~S4期,其中达G2及以上、达S4者分别为121例(84.03%)、14例(9.72%);HBeAg阴性组患者208例,肝脏炎症改变在G1~G4级,纤维化程度在S0~S4期,其中G2及以上、达S4者分别为164例(78.85%)、67例(32.21%)。HBeAg阳性组与HBeAg阴性组患者炎症活动度无明显差异;HBeAg阴性组患者的肝脏纤维化程度明显高于HBeAg阳性组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)352例慢性乙型肝炎患者炎症活动度及纤维化程度随着年龄增长,炎症活动度无明显差异,但纤维化程度逐渐加重,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论ALT2ULN的慢性HBV感染者中,HBeAg阴性组患者的肝脏纤维化程度明显高于HBeAg阳性组患者,而两组患者炎症活动度无明显差异;随着年龄增长,慢性乙型肝炎患者纤维化程度则在加重。     

71例血清ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者临床与肝脏病理特征

目的 了解血清ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者的临床及肝脏病理特征.方法 分析71例血清ALT正常,且HBeAg阳性的慢性HBV感染者的年龄、性别、血清HBV DNA水平、肝脏病理改变等.结果 本组病例中＜30岁者61例(85.92%),≥30岁者10例(14.08%).45.07%感染者母亲HBsAg阳性,所有感染者血清HBVDNA为高水平复制,＞107copies/ml者占78.87%.95.77%感染者肝脏有轻度炎症反应,43.66%有不同程度的纤维化,未发现肝硬化.结论 血清ALT正常、HBeAg阳性的慢性HBV感染者多处于免疫耐受期,肝组织病理损害轻微,但部分患者肝脏有一定程度纤维化,显示ALT虽然正常,肝损伤可能在隐匿中进展.因此,对ALT正常的HBV感染者及早进行肝脏病理检查,有利于判断病情和确定治疗方案.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.