The coagulation system in septic newborns

Coagulation factors were examined in 48 newborns with spesis caused mainly by Klebsiella enterobacteriaceae and E. coli. The first examination revealed increased mean values of fibrinogen, antiplasmin, trypsin inhibitory capacity, factors II and X. Thrombocytes, plasminogen, antithrombin III, alpha 2-macroglobulin and factor V were reduced on average. Serial examinations brought to light turbulent dynamics of the parameters. In most cases the fibrinogen level increased first together with factors II, V and X, and with antiplasmin, and followed by antithrombin III and alpha 2-macroglobulin after several days. Trypsin inhibitory capacity decreases progressively, starting from extremely high levels or after an initial rapid increase. Thrombocytopenia is the last to correct. Close correlations between the fibrinogen level and factors II and X in the initial values, as well as in the course of the disease, point to the dynamics of these components being similar. These findings are reason to believe the pathogenetic importance of the disseminated intravascular coagulation in many cases. Rapid overproduction of components takes place after disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis; overproduction has its limits in production capacity and thrombocytopoiesis is the weakest link in newborns.Certain parameters are of low diagnostic significance. Sepsis in newborns is well characterized by the discrepancy between thrombocytopenia and high fibrinogen levels, and thus by the difference between fibrinogen level and thrombocyte count. The value of this criterion in separating healthy newborns and those with respiratory distress syndrome from newborns with sepsis has been proved.The study forms part of the medical research programme Perinatology of the Ministry of Public Health of the GDR     

Mistral-Air充气式保温毯对全身麻醉新生儿术后凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨术中应用Mistral-Air充气式保温毯对接受全身麻醉的新生儿围术期体温、术后并发症及凝血功能的影响.方法 选取行择期开腹手术、接受全身麻醉的足月新生儿60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例.观察组对术中新生儿行Mistral-Air充气式保温毯的保温治疗,对照组则选择传统常规无保温毯式保温方法,术后均使用37℃保温箱送入麻醉苏醒室.分别记录新生儿麻醉前(T0),术中30 min(T1),拔管后(T2),入PACU后15 min(T3),30 min(T4)的鼻咽温、心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度,记录新生儿拔管时间、拔管后呼吸暂停及低氧血症的发生率,测量T0和T2时新生儿的凝血指标(PT、APTT、TT、Fib).结果 观察组术中及术后苏醒期体温高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组术中及术后苏醒期心率明显高于观察组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组拔管时间少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组术后PT、APTT、TT、Fib四项凝血指标优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 新生儿术中应用Mistral-Air充气式加温毯,能够改善术后凝血功能,有效预防新生儿术中及苏醒期体温降低,缩短拔管时间.     

Increased cerebral blood flow velocities in newborn infants of smoking mothers

Cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) were measured by the pulsed Doppler method in 41 infants of smoking mothers and in 59 apparently healthy control infants. Although gestational age, birth weight, and systolic blood pressure were lower in infants exposed to tobacco smoke prenatally, systolic (65±11 vs. 47±12 cm/s, mean ±SD;P<0.001), mean (36±6 vs. 25±6 cm/s;P<0.001), and diastolic (17±4 vs 13±4 cm/s;P<0.001) CBFVs in the anterior cerebral artery were significantly higher when compared to control infants. Similar differences were seen in the internal carotid and in the basilar arteries. Multiple regression analysis did not reveal differences other than maternal smoking to explain these observations. We conclude that prenatal tobacco smoke exposure is related to increased CBFVs in newborn infants. Further studies should determine whether this relation is not only statistical but causal and whether increased CBFVs are an indicator of prolonged effects of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure.     

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目的探讨围生期窒息新生儿PaCO2及pH快速变化及其与神经系统损害之间的关系。方法2002年1月至2003年12月南华大学第一附属医院将55例足月窒息新生儿分为3组组Ⅰ,pH>7.00,无神经系统异常,无需呼吸支持;组Ⅱ,pH≤7.00,余同组Ⅰ;组Ⅲ,pH≤7.00,神经系统异常,需辅助呼吸支持。采集脐动脉血、产后1h和2h桡动脉血进行血气分析并观察Apgar评分和临床经过。结果脐动脉血pH值和PaCO2各组间差异有显著性;产后1h动脉血pH组Ⅰ、Ⅲ间和组Ⅱ、Ⅲ间差异有显著性;产后1h动脉血pH、PaCO2分别和脐动脉血pH、PaCO2比较,差异有显著性;三组间有不同的神经系统表现;Apgar评分组Ⅲ较低。结论在严重酸中毒时,胎儿出生后pH、PaCO2会发生显著改变,需持续辅助机械通气的患儿有不良的神经系统预后。     

Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and inhaled nitric oxide on platelets in children with congenital heart defects

Nitric oxide (NO) reduces platelet aggregation in vitro. However, repeated measurements of platelet aggregation in infants and small children are impossible due to the large blood samples required. Instead, the expression of different platelet receptors mediating platelet adhesion (CD 36 and CD 42b), activation (CD 42b and CD 61) and aggregation (CD 41a) was measured repeatedly by flow cytometry. First, the expression of platelet receptors was quantified in platelet suspensions of 20 healthy volunteers after incubation with different concentrations of NO (0, 25, 100 and 640 ppm) and compared to changes in platelet aggregation and intrathrombocytic cGMP levels. It was then studied in 21 infants and children before, during and up to 3 days after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Seven of these patients required NO inhalation postoperatively. The in vitro experiments showed a reduced expression of the CD 41a, CD 42b and CD 61 receptors with increasing doses of NO, predominantly affecting the CD 41a receptor (−11% at 100 ppm and −20% at 640 ppm). This significant effect is in keeping with the observed NO-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation (−44% at 100 ppm) and the rise in platelet cGMP levels (+69% at 100 ppm). In patients without inhaled NO, the expression of CD 41a was slightly attenuated during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (−15%) but increased significantly afterwards (2 h: +31%, 1st day: +129%, 2nd day: +120%, 3rd day: +111%). Comparable results were obtained regarding the other adhesion molecules CD 36, CD 42b and CD 61. In patients with inhaled NO the same pattern was observed and analysis of variance did not reveal any significant difference between both groups of patients. Conclusions NO (≥100 ppm) decreases the expression of different platelet adhesion molecules and platelet aggregation, presumably via an increase in intracellular cGMP. However, due to the low dose range used in the clinical setting (1–40 ppm) this is clinically not relevant. Immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery the expression of these adhesion molecules is reduced, but recovers on the 1st postoperative day. Received: 20 February 1997 / Accepted: revised form: 2 September 1997     

新生儿窒息血气和电解质变化的临床分析

目的分析新生儿窒息时血气及电解质变化。方法49例窒息新生儿根据Apgar评分分为轻度窒息组(n=20)和重度窒息组(n=29)。采用美国855血气分析仪测定动脉血血气和电解质变化。结果重度窒息组的血pH值、BE值、PaCO2均明显低于轻度窒息组,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。窒息新生儿血清K 、Na 均低于正常水平,但轻、重度窒息组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。重度窒息患儿血清Cl-、Ca2 均明显低于轻度窒息者,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论新生儿窒息时血气变化以混合性酸碱失衡为主,重度窒息时血清Cl-、Ca2 明显降低,及时监测血气及电解质变化,有助于了解病情变化,指导治疗。     

围生期窒息新生儿血气分析与神经系统损害

目的探讨围生期窒息新生儿PaCO2及pH快速变化及其与神经系统损害之间的关系。方法将55例新生儿分为3组:组1 pH>7.00,无神经系统异常,无需呼吸支持;组2 pH≤7.00,余同组1;组3,pH≤7.00,神经系统异常,需辅助呼吸支持。采集脐动脉血、产后1 h和2 h桡动脉血进行血气分析并观察Apgar评分和临床经过。结果脐动脉血pH值和PaCO2各组间有显著差异;产后1h动脉血pH组1、3间和组2、3间有显著差异;产后1 h动脉血pH、PaCO2分别和脐动脉血pH、PaCO2比较,有显著差异;3组间有不同的神经系统表现;Apgar评分组3较低。结论在严重酸中毒时,胎儿出生后pH、PaCO2会发生显著改变,需持续辅助机械通气的患儿有不同的神经系统后遗症。     

Noradrenaline for management of septic shock refractory to fluid loading and dopamine or dobutamine in full-term newborn infants

AIM: To determine the effects of noradrenaline in full-term newborns with refractory septic shock. METHODS: Newborns of >35 weeks' gestation with persistent septic shock, despite adequate fluid resuscitation and high dose of dopamine/dobutamine were eligible. In this prospective observational study, we recorded respiratory and hemodynamic parameters prior to and 3 h after starting noradrenaline infusion. RESULTS: Twenty-two newborns were included (gestational age [GA] 39 +/- 1.7 weeks, birth weight (BW) 3110 +/- 780 g). Before starting noradrenaline, the infants received a mean volume expansion of 31 +/- 15 mL/kg and a mean infusion rate of dopamine of 14 +/- 5 microg/kg/min or dobutamine of 12 +/- 6 microg/kg/min. Three hours after starting noradrenaline (rate 0.5 +/- 0.4 microg/kg/min), the mean arterial blood pressure rose from 36 +/- 5 to 51 +/- 7 mmHg (p < 0.001). Urine output increased from 1 +/- 0.5 to 1.7 +/- 0.4 mL/kg/h (p < 0.05). Blood lactate concentration decreased from 4.8 +/- 2.3 to 3.3 +/- 1.8 mmol/L (p < 0.01). Despite an initial correction of hypotension, four infants died later. CONCLUSION: Noradrenaline was effective in increasing systemic blood pressure. An increase in urine output and a decrease in blood lactate concentration suggest that noradrenaline may have improved cardiac function and tissue perfusion.     

围生期窒息新生儿血气分析与神经系统损害

【摘要】目的探讨围生期窒息新生儿PaCO2及pH快速变化及其与神经系统损害之间的关系。方法将55例新生儿分为3组：组1pH〉7．00，无神经系统异常，无需呼吸支持；组2pH≤7．00，余同组1；组3，pH〈7．00，神经系统异常，需辅助呼吸支持。采集脐动脉血、产后1h和2h桡动脉血进行血气分析并观察Apgar评分和临床经过。结果脐动脉血pH值和PaC02各组间有显著差异；产后1h动脉血pH组1、3间和组2、3间有显著差异；产后1h动脉血pH、PaC02分别和脐动脉血pH、PaCO2比较，有显著差异；3组间有不同的神经系统表现；Apgar评分组3较低。结论在严重酸中毒时，胎儿出生后pH、PaC02会发生显著改变，需持续辅助机械通气的患儿有不同的神经系统后遗症。     

血同型半胱氨酸与危重新生儿弥漫性血管内凝血相关性研究

目的 探讨血同型半胱氨酸与危重新生儿弥漫性血管内凝(DIC)的相关性.方法 2004年8月至2007年1月收住我院NICU的危重新生儿共157例,其中诊断为DIC的36例为试验组,其余无合并DIC的危重新生儿中随机选取40例为对照组.对两组的血清同型半胱氨酸的水平进行对比,而且将试验组根据所处的时期分为A、B两组,A组20例,为DIC早中期,B组16例,为DIC晚期,研究在DIC早中期与晚期的疾病的转归及血清同型半胱氨酸的水平的相关性.结果 DIC新生儿组患儿血清同型半胱氨酸的水平明显高于无合并DIC的危重新生儿,而且DIC早中期血清同型半胱氨酸的水平明显升高,病情进展为DIC晚期血清同型半胱氨酸的水平迅速下降,而病情逐渐好转者,则逐渐下降.结论 血清同型半胱氨酸的水平与危重新生儿DIC是密切相关的.而且血清同型半胱氨酸的水平随DIC早中期病情的进展的不同而发生动态的变化.     

The apparent role of blood transfusions in the development of retinopathy of prematurity

During a 30-month-period, 184 very low birth weight infants from two Liverpool neonatal intensive care units were screened for evidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Seventeen clinical variables previously considered relevant to the development of ROP, blood gas and blood pressure data over the first 7 days, and the maximum stage of ROP reached in either eye were recorded, together with the need for cryotherapy and current visual status. Ninety-two infants developed any stage of ROP and 15 required cryotherapy or became blind. Logistic regression showed that only gestational age and frequency of blood transfusion were independently associated both with the risk of occurrence of ROP and its severity.     

Peripheral circulation in the newborn: Interaction of peripheral blood flow,blood pressure,blood volume,and blood viscosity

Peripheral blood flow and systolic blood pressure (strain-gauge plethysmograph), blood volume (Evans blue) and whole blood viscosity (cone-plate viscometer) have been measured in 66 premature and full-term infants 6 to 144h of age. Blood flow and blood volume were moderately decreased in the infants with respiratory distress. Highly significant (P<0.001) correlations were found betwen blood flow and blood volume (r=0.77), blood pressure and blood volume (r=0.50), peripheral resistance and blood volume (r=-0.44), blood flow and blood pressure (r=0.50), blood flow and peripheral resistance (r=-0.67), peripheral resistance and blood viscosity (r=0.45), and blood viscosity and haematocrit (r=0.86). There was no correlation between peripheral blood flow and blood viscosity. However, at given blood volume, peripheral blood flow decreased with increasing blood viscosity. These results indicate that in newborn infants peripheral blood flow, blood pressure and peripheral resistance are influenced by blood volume, but also depend on blood viscosity.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 147)     

Cord blood bilirubin and prediction of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and perinatal infection in newborns at risk of hemolysis

ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of umbilical cord bilirubin values to predict jaundice in the first 48 h of life and neonatal infection.MethodNewborn infants treated at a regional well-baby nursery born at ≥36 weeks of gestation were included in this retrospective cohort study. All infants born in a 3-year period from mothers with O blood type and/or Rh-negative were included and had the umbilical cord bilirubin levels measured. Hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h was defined as bilirubin levels above the phototherapy threshold. Neonatal infection was defined as any antibiotic treatment before discharge.ResultsA total of 1360 newborn infants were included. Two hundred and three (14.9%) newborn infants developed hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h of life. Hyperbilirubinemic infants had smaller birth weight, higher levels of umbilical cord bilirubin, a higher rate of infection and were more often direct antiglobulin test positive. Umbilical cord bilirubin had a sensitivity of 76.85% and a specificity of 69.58% in detecting hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h, with the cut-off value at 34 μmol/L. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.78–0.82). Umbilical cord bilirubin had a sensitivity of 27.03% and specificity of 91.31% in detecting perinatal infection. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.57–0.63).ConclusionsA positive correlation was found between umbilical cord bilirubin and hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h of life. Umbilical cord bilirubin is a poor marker for predicting neonatal infection.     

延迟脐带结扎对新生儿近远期影响的研究进展

新生儿娩出后通过脐带结扎与母体分离,临床上比较传统的做法是生后立即结扎脐带,但是随着对脐带结扎时间的深入研究,延迟脐带结扎的优势已经引起了人们的重视.该文围绕延迟脐带结扎分别对早产儿和足月儿的近远期影响这一课题进行探讨,发现延迟脐带结扎可以促进新生儿胎盘输血,使血容量增加,从而改善了新生儿的贫血状态,促进了循环与内环境的稳定,且未发现延迟脐带结扎对新生儿有不良影响.     

胆红素对新生儿脐血单核细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨胆红素对新生儿脐血单核细胞(CBMC)凋亡的影响.方法 采用纤维连接蛋白结合法分离新生儿CBMC.经含有不同浓度胆红素(6 mG/dl、9 mg/dl、12.9 mg/dl和18 mg/dl)的牛血清白蛋白溶液孵育1 h,再给予脂多糖(LPS,1μg/m1)刺激48 h,收集细胞.采用TUNEL法检测细胞的凋亡率.结果 LPS和低浓度(6 mg/dl)胆红素单独作用对CBMC的凋亡率均无影响.低浓度胆红素(6 mg/dl)与LPS共同作用不升高CBMC的凋亡率;较高浓度和高浓度胆红素(9 mg/dl、12.9 mg/dl、18 mg/dl)与LPS共同作用可升高CBMC的凋亡率,且这种作用随胆红索浓度的升高而增加.结论 较高浓度和高浓度胆红素可以升高CBMC的凋亡率,此种抑制作用可能与胆红素引起细胞膜破坏、Ca2+内流增多、线粒体功能障碍有关.     

胆红素对新生儿脐血单核细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To explore the effects of bilirubin on the apoptosis index(AI) of cord blood monocyte(CBMC).Methods The CBMC of normal full-term neonates selected randomly as subjects was isolated by the method of gelatin/plasma coated flasks.The CBMC was preincubated with unconjugated bilirubin dissolved in bovine albumin solution at various concentration(6 mg/dl、9 mg/dl、 12.9 mg/dl and 18 mg/dl).Bilirubin-treated CBMC was further cultured with LPS for inducing cellular activation for 48 hours,and then the CBMC was collected.The AI of CBMC after cultivation was detected by using TUNEL methods.Results No differences of AI among the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl (free-LPS) group(P ＞ 0.05) were found.In the presence of LPS,the AI of the 6 mg/dl group was similar to those of the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group(P ＞0.05),while the AIs of the 9 mg/dl group,12 mg/dl group and 18 mg/dl group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group,LPS group,6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group and 6 mg/dl group(P＜0.05).The increase of the AI of CBMC was corresponding to the raise of the bilirubin concentration.Conclusion The bilirubin can increase the AI of CBMC by destroing the configuration of the cell membrane,increasing intracellular calcium concentration and inducing the mitochondrial energy failure.     

胆红素对新生儿脐血单核细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To explore the effects of bilirubin on the apoptosis index(AI) of cord blood monocyte(CBMC).Methods The CBMC of normal full-term neonates selected randomly as subjects was isolated by the method of gelatin/plasma coated flasks.The CBMC was preincubated with unconjugated bilirubin dissolved in bovine albumin solution at various concentration(6 mg/dl、9 mg/dl、 12.9 mg/dl and 18 mg/dl).Bilirubin-treated CBMC was further cultured with LPS for inducing cellular activation for 48 hours,and then the CBMC was collected.The AI of CBMC after cultivation was detected by using TUNEL methods.Results No differences of AI among the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl (free-LPS) group(P ＞ 0.05) were found.In the presence of LPS,the AI of the 6 mg/dl group was similar to those of the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group(P ＞0.05),while the AIs of the 9 mg/dl group,12 mg/dl group and 18 mg/dl group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group,LPS group,6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group and 6 mg/dl group(P＜0.05).The increase of the AI of CBMC was corresponding to the raise of the bilirubin concentration.Conclusion The bilirubin can increase the AI of CBMC by destroing the configuration of the cell membrane,increasing intracellular calcium concentration and inducing the mitochondrial energy failure.     

胆红素对新生儿脐血单核细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To explore the effects of bilirubin on the apoptosis index(AI) of cord blood monocyte(CBMC).Methods The CBMC of normal full-term neonates selected randomly as subjects was isolated by the method of gelatin/plasma coated flasks.The CBMC was preincubated with unconjugated bilirubin dissolved in bovine albumin solution at various concentration(6 mg/dl、9 mg/dl、 12.9 mg/dl and 18 mg/dl).Bilirubin-treated CBMC was further cultured with LPS for inducing cellular activation for 48 hours,and then the CBMC was collected.The AI of CBMC after cultivation was detected by using TUNEL methods.Results No differences of AI among the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl (free-LPS) group(P ＞ 0.05) were found.In the presence of LPS,the AI of the 6 mg/dl group was similar to those of the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group(P ＞0.05),while the AIs of the 9 mg/dl group,12 mg/dl group and 18 mg/dl group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group,LPS group,6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group and 6 mg/dl group(P＜0.05).The increase of the AI of CBMC was corresponding to the raise of the bilirubin concentration.Conclusion The bilirubin can increase the AI of CBMC by destroing the configuration of the cell membrane,increasing intracellular calcium concentration and inducing the mitochondrial energy failure.     

胆红素对新生儿脐血单核细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To explore the effects of bilirubin on the apoptosis index(AI) of cord blood monocyte(CBMC).Methods The CBMC of normal full-term neonates selected randomly as subjects was isolated by the method of gelatin/plasma coated flasks.The CBMC was preincubated with unconjugated bilirubin dissolved in bovine albumin solution at various concentration(6 mg/dl、9 mg/dl、 12.9 mg/dl and 18 mg/dl).Bilirubin-treated CBMC was further cultured with LPS for inducing cellular activation for 48 hours,and then the CBMC was collected.The AI of CBMC after cultivation was detected by using TUNEL methods.Results No differences of AI among the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl (free-LPS) group(P ＞ 0.05) were found.In the presence of LPS,the AI of the 6 mg/dl group was similar to those of the normal control group,LPS group and 6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group(P ＞0.05),while the AIs of the 9 mg/dl group,12 mg/dl group and 18 mg/dl group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group,LPS group,6 mg/dl(free-LPS) group and 6 mg/dl group(P＜0.05).The increase of the AI of CBMC was corresponding to the raise of the bilirubin concentration.Conclusion The bilirubin can increase the AI of CBMC by destroing the configuration of the cell membrane,increasing intracellular calcium concentration and inducing the mitochondrial energy failure.