Postburn head and neck reconstruction in children with the fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap

Postburn deformities or scar contractures in the head and neck region of children represent a challenge with unique problems compared with the rest of the body. Fourteen children suffered from neck contractures following burns, and 4 children required reconstruction following panfacial burn deformities. The experience of late-phase secondary burn reconstruction in the head and neck region of 18 pediatric patients (age range, 9-17 years) with 22 fasciocutaneous supraclavicular island flaps, including 5 preexpanded flaps, is reported. Clinical follow-up was performed between 10 and 29 months postoperatively. High functional and esthetic requirements could be fulfilled in all patients. Flap complications occurred in 9%, with low donor site morbidity (9%). The fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap is reliable and safe for immediate or late resurfacing of facial defects and to release cervical contractures. Customized flap design with tissue expansion without the need for microsurgery allows extended indications and optimized skin utilization, while good texture and color match is generally difficult to achieve in the head and neck region of severely burned children.     

Large bilobed flap in the repair of face and neck defects

While the bilobed flap is an extremely useful flap and its usefulness in coverage of the small facial defects has been well described, there is no report related to its usage as an alternative to regional flaps, tissue expansion technique and free tissue transfers in the face and neck reconstruction. This report presents our experience with nine patients who had skin defects of their face and neck areas reconstructed with large bilobed flaps from adjacent areas. The results of the repair were satisfactory with respect to colour match, texture and functional properties. The purpose of this paper is simply to emphasize that this old and well-known technique for small-sized defects can also be suitable for reconstruction of large defects in the face and neck in selected cases.     

游离上臂外侧皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复的临床应用

目的 探讨以桡侧副动脉后支供血的游离上臂外侧皮瓣的设计和应用技术.方法 临床应用游离上臂外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损9例.结果 9例皮瓣均完全存活,效果良好.结论 上臂外侧皮瓣血管蒂恒定,皮瓣薄且质地佳,手术操作方便,供区隐蔽,适合修复头颈肿瘤尤其口腔术后缺损.     

The tunneled supraclavicular island flap--a fasciocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstructions

Reconstructive procedures in the head and neck region use a wide range of flaps for defect closure. The methods range from local, mostly myocutaneous flaps and skin grafts to free microsurgical flaps. To ensure a satisfactory functional and aesthetic result, good texture and color of the flap are always essential. Moreover, the donor-site defect needs to be reduced, with no resulting functional or aesthetic impairment. We have found that the shoulder is a region providing an optimum skin texture match to the neck and face. Fasciocutaneous island flap, nourished by the supraclavicular artery is used purely as a subcutaneously tunneled island flap. The tunneling maneuver significantly improves the donor site by reducing scarring. The flap is characterized by a long subcutaneous pedicle of up to 20 cm. The pivot point is in the supraclavicular region and allows the flap to be used in the upper chest, neck, chin, and cheek. In this article we present clinical cases in reconstructive procedures with supraclavicular flap and its expanded indications.     

吲哚菁绿荧光造影在背部扩张穿支皮瓣设计中的应用

目的探究吲哚菁绿荧光造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)在采用扩张穿支皮瓣修复大面积缺损中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2018年10月至2019年10月,上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院收治的22例使用背部扩张穿支皮瓣行面颈部缺损修复的病例资料,其中,男12例,女10例,年龄4~26岁,平均19岁,均为烧伤后下面部、颈部软组织损伤患者,以背部为供区,设计单蒂或多蒂扩张穿支皮瓣进行治疗。术中切取皮瓣后保留主要穿支进行ICGA,评价穿支的血供范围,确定是否采用增压方式将皮瓣设计为多蒂皮瓣,皮瓣转移至面颈部、切口缝合后,再次行ICGA,判断皮瓣血运情况。术后统计皮瓣坏死等并发症发生情况。结果22例皮瓣平均大小27 cm×17 cm。在ICGA的指导下,15例设计为单蒂,其中5例带蒂颈浅动脉皮瓣,10例游离旋肩胛动脉穿支皮瓣;7例采用增压方式设计为多蒂皮瓣,包括2例带蒂颈浅动脉皮瓣+旋肩胛动脉穿支增压,5例游离旋肩胛动脉穿支皮瓣+胸背动脉穿支增压。术后静脉栓塞1例,重新吻合后血供恢复正常;术后1周20例皮瓣完全存活,2例尖端坏死,伤口换药后恢复。随访5~16个月,皮瓣色泽、质地均良好,面颈部功能改善。结论ICGA可作为一项安全、有效的术中检测手段,指导选择合适的穿支,判断是否采用血管增压的临床决策,优化皮瓣设计,提高手术成功率。     

The submental artery flap

The submental artery flap is a reliable source of skin of excellent color, contour, and texture match for facial resurfacing. This versatile flap was successfully used for various defects in 19 patients and all flaps have survived with a few minor complications: marginal necrosis, venous congestion, dog ear formation, and infection. Low morbidity and complication rates and constant pedicle diameter provide a wide range of applicability locally throughout the lower face and midface and also as a free flap all over the body.     

Pre-expanded arterialised venous free flaps for burn contracture of the cervicofacial region.

Despite the fact that arterialised venous flaps provide thin good-quality tissue to repair defects of the face and neck, their clinical applications have been limited by an unstable postoperative course and variable flap necrosis. In an effort to resolve these problems, a tissue-expansion technique has been applied to the arterialised venous flap before flap transfer. Three pre-expanded arterialised venous free flaps have been used to treat post-burn scar contracture of the cervicofacial region. The donor site was confined to the forearm in each case. A rectangular expander was usually placed over the fascia of the flexor muscles in the proximal two-thirds of the forearm. The mean expansion period, volume and flap size were 44 days, 420 cm(3)and 147 cm(2), respectively. There were no complications caused by insertion and expansion. The cervicofacial region was successfully reconstructed, after excision of the post-burn contractures, with pre-expanded arterialised venous flaps, with no marginal necrosis or postoperative instability. Large thin arterialised venous flaps are well matched with the recipient defect in the cervicofacial area and the colour and texture match obtained with forearm tissue produced an aesthetically favourable result. Pre-expanded arterialised venous flaps are another new option for free flap reconstruction of the face and neck.     

应用游离皮瓣修复头颈部大面积软组织缺损

目的 总结应用游离皮瓣修复头面颈部巨大软组织缺损的临床经验.方法 对头面颈部巨大软组织缺损应用游离皮瓣修复23例,其中股前外侧皮瓣15例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣5例,上臂外侧皮瓣3例,皮瓣切取面积范围分别为6 cm×10 cm～15 cm×22 cm、4 cm×9 cm～8 cm×16 cm和4 cm×6 cm～5 cm×9 cm.结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,1例发生动脉危象,经手术取出血栓重新吻合血管后皮瓣成活,1例发生远端表皮水疱,1例发生边缘少部分脂肪液化,均经换药治疗后愈合,术后随访3个月～10年,皮瓣外观良好.结论 应用游离皮瓣修复头颈部巨大软组织缺损临床效果良好.     

Reconstruction of large head and neck deformities: Experience with free gracilis muscle and myocutaneous flaps

Microvascular free flaps continue to revolutionize coverage options in head and neck reconstruction. The authors describe their experience with the gracilis free flap and the myocutaneous gracilis free flap with reconstruction of head and neck defects. Eleven patients underwent 12 free tissue transfer to the head and neck region. The reconstruction was performed with the transverse myocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap (n = 7) and the gracilis muscle flap with skin graft (n = 5). The average patient age was 63.4 years (range, 17–82 years). The indications for this procedure were tumor and haemangioma resections. The average patient follow‐up was 20.7 months (range, 1 month–5.7 years). Total flap survival was 100%. There were no partial flap losses. Primary wound healing occurred in all cases. Recipient site morbidities included one hematoma. In our experience for reconstruction of moderate volume and surface area defects, muscle flaps with skin graft provide a better color match and skin texture relative to myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flaps. The gracilis muscle free flap is not widely used for head and neck reconstruction but has the potential to give good results. As a filling substance for large cavities, the transverse myocutaneus gracilis flap has many advantages including reliable vascular anatomy, relatively great plasticity and a concealed donor area. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

The versatile uses of the posterior interosseous forearm flap

Sixteen patients with a posterior interosseous artery (PIA) forearm flap are presented. Fourteen distally based fasciocutaneous PIA island flaps, one distally based PIA fascial flap and one PIA free flap have been performed to cover defects of the dorsum of the hand (10), first web space (5) and lower leg (1). The size of the island flaps ranged from 3 to 5 cm in width and 6 to 13 cm in length. The maximum size of skin island was 13×4 cm. The area of reach for the distally based PIA flap was the MP joint. Venous congestion with partial flap loss was seen in two cases, radial nerve palsy with an incomplete extension of the fourth and fifth finger in one case. The donor site was closed primarily most times. In the majority of cases the scarring at the donor site was inconspicuous. There was practically no functional loss. The flaps contoured well to the recipient site and had good texture and color match. Received: 19 February 1998 / Accepted: 3 May 1999     

足底内侧动脉分支蒂皮瓣的临床研究

目的 探讨以足喊内侧动脉分支为蒂皮瓣的设计及临床应用效果。方法 在解剖基础上以足底内侧动脉及其分支为血管蒂，设计足内侧皮瓣、足底内侧皮瓣、联合皮瓣及双叶皮瓣顺、逆行转位或游离移植修复53例于足部皮肤缺损创面。结果 临床应用53例，51例皮瓣完全成活。45例术后随访6～24个门，皮瓣质地优良，手、足外形与功能改善满意。结论 该类皮瓣切取方便，血供可靠，厚薄适中，外形佳，足修复手、足部皮肤缺损的理想选择。双叶皮瓣及逆行皮瓣为临床提供了实用性的新方法。     

Clinical application and outcome of the internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) free flap for soft tissue reconstructions of the upper head and neck region in three patients

Background : The fasciocutaneous internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) island flap allows for superior esthetical and functional skin cover in the head and neck region in combination with limited donor site morbidity. Its modification as a free flap allows reconstruction of more cranial defects. Patients and methods : Three IMAP free flaps varying from 7 × 4 cm² to 10 × 6 cm² were transplanted in three patients with a mean age of 59 years (range, 54–69 years). Enhancement of the flap's vascular pedicle at least doubles the diameter of the internal mammary vessels to be anastomosed. Results : Coverage with excellent texture and color match was uneventfully obtained and the flaps' donor sites were primarily closed in all three cases. Conclusions : Our experience proves the consistent feasibility of successful transplantation of the IMAP free flap. Because of its characteristics, we suggest contemplating the use of this flap in the upper head and neck region. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

Gracilis muscle flap for aesthetic reconstruction in the head and neck region

Microsurgical tissue transfer has constantly improved the therapeutic options for reconstruction in the head and neck region, but the ideal flap has yet to be found. The purpose of this study is to discuss the aesthetic potential of the free gracilis muscle flap in difficult head and neck reconstruction. We report our experience with the free gracilis muscle flap in seven patients who underwent reconstruction in the head and neck region for a variety of indications. In all seven patients, the transplanted muscle flaps healed well, with no flap loss. Postoperative complications consisted of skin-graft loss in one patient requiring a second split-thickness skin graft. Donor-site morbidity was minimal in all patients. For difficult reconstruction in the head and neck region, the free gracilis muscle flap offers a number of advantages, including reliable vascular anatomy, relatively great plasticity, and a concealed donor area. Thus this type of flap offers a valuable option whenever an aesthetically pleasing result is sought.     

侧胸游离皮瓣修复面颈部软组织缺损

临床应用侧胸皮瓣进行带蒂、岛状、吻合血管的游离移植已多年。这一皮瓣具有多血管供血、质地薄软、无毛发生长、供区大而隐蔽及易于直接缝合等突出优点。我们为16名面颈部软组织缺损病例采用吻合血管的侧胸游离皮瓣修复,13例全部成活,3例失败。并对手术适应证和禁忌证、皮瓣的切取方式及范围进行了讨论。术中采用了血液稀释和血管吻合轮技术。     

侧胸游离皮瓣修复面颈部软组织缺损

临床应用侧胸皮瓣进行带蒂、岛状、吻合血管的游离移植已多年。这一皮瓣具有多血管供血、质地薄软、无毛发生长、供区大而隐蔽及易于直接缝合等突出优点。我们为１６名面颈部软组织缺损病例采用吻合血管的侧胸游离皮瓣修复，１３例全部成活，３例失败。并对手术适应证和禁忌证、皮瓣的切取方式及范围进行了讨论。术中采用了血液稀释和血管吻合轮技术。     

穿支皮瓣移植修复头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损

目的探讨穿支皮瓣在修复头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损中的应用。方法对2006年1月至2008年3月,采用穿支皮瓣同期修复头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的29例患者资料进行分析。结果29例患者中,2例出现血管危象,1例皮瓣部分坏死,6例出现早期局部并发症。术后随访3个月至2年（平均14个月）。本组中,20例术后头颈部外形及功能基本恢复正常,受区和供区均无严重并发症;2例带瘤生存;7例分别因局部复发、颈淋巴结转移及远处转移等死亡。结论利用吻合血管的穿支皮瓣,更易于塑形修复,且供区并发症较少,是修复各种头颈肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的良好方法。     

穿支游离皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的 探索更为理想的穿支游离皮瓣修复技术，运用于头颈肿瘤术后缺损。方法 2003年12月-2005年5月用于头颈部手术缺损修复的穿支游离皮瓣共14例（股前外侧皮瓣8例，腹壁下深动脉穿支皮瓣6例）。其中10例为复发后挽救手术，12例曾行放疗（平均63．5Gy）。头颈部肿瘤手术缺损部位分别为舌体3例，颊黏膜3例，口咽壁3例，舌根2例，颅底、头皮以及中面部各1例。受区供吻合动脉主要是甲状腺上动脉和面动脉；静脉为颈内静脉。结果 13例穿支游离皮瓣成功（93％），有1例穿支皮瓣因吻合侧的颈内静脉血栓形成导致皮瓣坏死。受区未发现其它明显并发症。供区均直接缝合关闭并一期愈合，未发现腹壁疝和运动受限等手术并发症。结论 穿支游离皮瓣保留了供区的肌肉、筋膜和神经，将供区的并发症降到最低限度，是头颈部缺损修复新的可靠技术。     

吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后复杂缺损

目的：评价吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后复杂缺损修复中的作用。方法：1990年5月-2001年4月，应用吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣移植，修复口颊癌、喉癌、面部皮肤癌、上颌窦癌术后大面积软组织复杂缺损21例。结果：19例成功，1例皮瓣部分坏死，1例失败。随诊6个月到10年，9例无瘤生存，外观及功能满意；2例带瘤生存；5例死于局部复发；4例分别死于颈淋巴结转移、脑转移、第二原发癌及脑血管意外；1例失访。结论：吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣可提供充足的组织量、存活率高、供区隐蔽、不牺牲重要血管，适用于修复头颈肿瘤术后复杂缺损。     

改良桡动脉穿支皮瓣在修复额面部组织缺损中的应用

目的 探讨改良桡动脉穿支皮瓣在修复额面部中小面积缺损中的临床应用.方法 以桡动脉腕上皮支动脉和桡动脉伴行静脉为蒂.通过筋膜蒂营养的前臂近端桡侧皮瓣(最大面积10 cm×5 cm),游离移植修复额面部肿瘤切除后的组织缺损10例.结果 修复额部缺损6例,面颊都缺损4例,术后皮瓣全部存活,经随访6～12个月后行皮瓣修薄整形术.10例病例经8～18个月随访,平均随访11.3个月,其中7例于术后6～9个月进行二次整形.所有病例皮瓣柔软,瘢痕不明显,皮色与面颊部基本接近,皮瓣两点分辨率在20～40mm.结论 改良的前臂桡动脉穿支皮瓣是修复额面部中小面积缺损的主要方法之一.     

游离胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣修复手背、足背皮肤缺损

目的探讨游离胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣修复手背、足背皮肤缺损的方法与疗效。方法切取胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣,游离移植修复手背、足背皮肤缺损9例,修复缺损面积最小为3．0cm×6．0cm,最大为7．5cm×11．0cm。结果9例皮瓣完全成活,随访3-12个月,皮瓣质地柔软,色泽红润,功能及外形均比较满意。结论胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣不损伤胫后动脉主干,皮瓣薄且供区相对隐蔽,是修复手背、足背皮肤缺损的较好皮瓣。