郑州市未婚女青年人工流产现状的定性研究

目的：了解郑州市未婚女青年流产现状和避孕措施使用情况,为开展计划生育流产后服务及减少未婚女青年非意愿妊娠提供决策依据。方法：采用小组专题讨论（FGD）和个人深入访谈（IDI）的方法,对在郑州市8家市级以上医院做人工流产的21名未婚女青年进行面对面访谈。结果：多数未婚女青年能意识到人工流产影响自身健康;由于避孕、生殖健康知识缺乏未采取避孕措施及避孕失败是导致流产的直接原因。目前医院人工流产后提供的避孕、生殖健康知识服务有限,不能满足妇女需求;同时医务人员的态度和就医环境需要改善,还建议男伴要参与计划生育。结论：针对未婚人群,加强有效避孕知识的宣教,改善医院人工流产后计划生育服务,提高避孕的有效性和可及性,降低非意愿妊娠,促进未婚女青年的生殖健康。     

1998～2007年负压吸引人工流产术人群特征回顾性分析

目的：探讨近年来人工流产人群特征及流行病学变化趋势。方法：采用流行病学系统抽样的研究方法,逐年抽取1998～2007年每个季度第3个月在本院施行人工流产手术者21869例进行回顾性分析。结果：受术者平均年龄28岁,其中以20～29岁者居多,占66.5%;未婚者占19.5%;未产者占64.2%;外地户籍者占30.7%;术前未采取避孕措施者占71.3%。随着年代递进,未婚、未产、术前未采取避孕措施及外地户籍的比例分别由1998～2002年的15.5%、58.6%、62.2%和23.6%上升至2003～2007年的22.1%、67.8%、77.2%和35.2%。结论：20～29岁年龄组以及未产妇女在此调查中所占比例最大,是进行流产后计划生育服务的重点人群,对未婚、未产及流动人口应加大服务力度。     

未婚流产女性在医院获得的咨询与教育服务

目的：通过调查国内3个城市未婚女性在寻求人工流产过程中获得的咨询与教育服务情况及避孕意愿,为流产后保健服务体系的制定与完善提供参考依据。方法：对在上海、成都和太原三城市不同等级医院内寻求人工流产、25岁以下的1 271例未婚女性进行描述性问卷调查。结果：80%以上的对象本次在医院人工流产过程中获得过信息宣教。宣教内容主要为“流产后注意事项”、“人工流产方式”和“流产可能并发症”;宣教形式以与医生面对面交流为主（77.84%～89.34%）,其次为宣传册子（25.68%～29.55%）和海报（20.11%～38.52%）。在获得过宣教的对象中,能够理解人工流产后注意事项者的比例为34.72%～50.77%,能够理解人工流产并发症者的比例为22.46%～29.59%,能够理解避孕知识者的比例为30.49%～44.11%。三地对象获得避孕药具者的比例为2.11%～12.47%。56.24%～81.46%的对象主动咨询过问题,以“流产后注意事项”和“流产对身体的影响”居多,其中约66%的对象满意医生的解释。与过去半年内实际实施避孕情况相比,流产后对象愿意使用避孕方法者的比例上升,其中愿意使用不安全避孕方法者的比例下降。结论：尽管未婚女性在流产后避孕意愿有所改善,但医院在流产后咨询与教育方面存在医生宣教信息不足,医患间交流较弱,宣传册、海报、录像等辅助宣教方式利用不充分等诸多薄弱环节。     

Exploring the pathways of unsafe abortion in Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract Nearly 40 years after enactment of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, unsafe abortion continues to be a neglected women's health issue in India. This prospective study of women presenting for post-abortion care in 10 selected hospitals in Madhya Pradesh, India, aimed to understand the incidence, types and severity of post-abortion complications, probable causes of complications and consequences to women in terms of hospitalisation and incurred costs. Among 1565 women presenting for induced abortion-related services between July and November 2007, 381 women with post-abortion complications consented to participate. Data reveal a high prevalence of post-abortion complications (29%). Approximately half of women originally attempted to induce abortion at home using medication, home-made concoctions or traditional methods. Ninety percent sought care from either qualified (37%) or unqualified providers. More than half of the women were hospitalised as a result of post-abortion complications. This study suggests that supporting access to safely induced abortion services and improving community awareness on legal aspects, safe methods and approved providers are all necessary to reduce morbidity associated with unsafe abortion.     

Complications of unsafe abortion in sub-Saharan Africa: a review

The Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat undertook a study in 1994 to document the magnitude of abortion complications in Commonwealth member countries. The results of the literature review component of that study, and research gaps identified as a result of the review, are presented in this article. The literature review findings indicate a significant public health problem in the region, as measured by a high proportion of incomplete abortion patients among all hospital gynaecology admissions. The most common complications of unsafe abortion seen at health facilities were haemorrhage and sepsis. Studies on the use of manual vacuum aspiration for treating abortion complications found shorter lengths of hospital stay (and thus, lower resource costs) and a reduced need for a repeat evacuation. Very few articles focused exclusively on the cost of treating abortion complications, but authors agreed that it consumes a disproportionate amount of hospital resources. Studies on the role of men in supporting a woman's decision to abort or use contraception were similarly lacking. Articles on contraceptive behaviour and abortion reported that almost all patients suffering from abortion complications had not used an effective, or any, method of contraception prior to becoming pregnant, especially among the adolescent population; studies on post-abortion contraception are virtually nonexistent. Almost all articles on the legal aspect of abortion recommended law reform to reflect a public health, rather than a criminal, orientation. Research needs that were identified include: community-based epidemiological studies; operations research on decentralization of post-abortion care and integration of treatment with post-abortion family planning services; studies on system-wide resource use for treatment of incomplete abortion; qualitative research on the role of males in the decision to terminate pregnancy and use contraception; clinical studies on pain control medications and procedures; and case studies on the provision of safe abortion services where legally allowed.     

Exploring the pathways of unsafe abortion in Madhya Pradesh,India

Abstract

Nearly 40 years after enactment of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, unsafe abortion continues to be a neglected women's health issue in India. This prospective study of women presenting for post-abortion care in 10 selected hospitals in Madhya Pradesh, India, aimed to understand the incidence, types and severity of post-abortion complications, probable causes of complications and consequences to women in terms of hospitalisation and incurred costs. Among 1565 women presenting for induced abortion-related services between July and November 2007, 381 women with post-abortion complications consented to participate. Data reveal a high prevalence of post-abortion complications (29%). Approximately half of women originally attempted to induce abortion at home using medication, home-made concoctions or traditional methods. Ninety percent sought care from either qualified (37%) or unqualified providers. More than half of the women were hospitalised as a result of post-abortion complications. This study suggests that supporting access to safely induced abortion services and improving community awareness on legal aspects, safe methods and approved providers are all necessary to reduce morbidity associated with unsafe abortion.     

流产后服务对未婚女性避孕知识及措施的干预效果调查

目的:评价开展流产后避孕咨询服务在降低未婚女性再次人工流产中的作用。方法:选择2007年7～9月在本院妇科门诊就诊的、未婚且有过人工流产史者为研究对象400人。自愿接受流产后避孕咨询服务的200人为研究组,另200人作为对照组。研究组于流产后进行避孕咨询服务。术后1年采用电话追踪方法,对两组对象避孕知识的认知、再次人工流产的比率变化等进行调查。结果:对照组在人工流产前后对避孕知识的认知无差异,再次人工流产的比率28.3%;研究组再次人工流产率为10.37%,且对生殖避孕知识的认知有所提高。结论:开展流产后避孕咨询综合服务能降低未婚女性再次人工流产比率,应该提倡并广泛开展此项工作。     

A review of evidence for safe abortion care

Background

The provision of safe abortion services to women who need them has the potential to drastically reduce or eliminate maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion. The World Health Organization recently updated its evidence-based guidance for safe and effective clinical practices using data from systematic reviews of the literature.

Materials and Methods

Systematic reviews pertaining to the evidence for safe abortion services, from pre-abortion care, medical and surgical methods of abortion and post-abortion care were evaluated for relevant outcomes, primarily those relating to safety, effectiveness and women's preference.

Results

Sixteen systematic reviews were identified and evaluated. The available evidence does not support the use of pre-abortion ultrasound to increase safety. Routine use of cervical preparation with osmotic dilators, mifepristone or misoprostol after 14 weeks gestation reduces complications; at early gestational ages, surgical abortions have very few complications. Prophylactic antibiotics result in lower rates of post-surgical abortion infection. Pain medication such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories should be offered to women undergoing abortion procedures; acetaminophen, however, is not effective in reducing pain. Women who are eligible should be offered a choice between surgical (vacuum aspiration or dilation and evacuation) and medical methods (mifepristone and misoprostol) of abortion when possible. Modern methods of contraception can be safely initiated immediately following abortion procedures.

Conclusions

Evidence-based guidelines assist health care providers and policymakers to utilize the best data available to provide safe abortion care and prevent the millions of deaths and disabilities that result from unsafe abortion.     

Service provider perspectives on post-abortion contraception in Nepal

The government of Nepal has articulated a commitment to the provision of post-abortion contraception since the implementation of a legal safe abortion policy in 2004. Despite this, gaps in services remain. This study examined the perspectives of abortion service providers and administrators regarding strengths and shortcomings of post-abortion contraceptive service provision. In-depth interviews were conducted with 24 abortion providers and administrators at four major health facilities that provide legal abortion in Nepal. Facility factors perceived to impact post-abortion contraceptive services included on-site availability of contraceptive supplies, dedicated and well-trained staff and adequate infrastructure. Cultural norms emerged as influencing contraceptive demand by patients, including method use being unacceptable for women whose husbands migrate and limited decision-making power among women. Service providers described their personal views on appropriate childbearing and the use of specific contraceptive methods that influenced counselling. Findings suggest that improvements to a facility’s infrastructure and training to address provider biases and misinformation may improve post-abortion family planning uptake. Adapting services to be sensitive to cultural expectations and norms may help address some barriers to contraceptive use. More research is needed to determine how to best meet the contraceptive needs of women who have infrequent sexual activity or who may face stigma for using family planning, including adolescents, unmarried women and women whose husbands migrate.     

Miscommunication between healthcare providers and patients may result in unplanned pregnancies

Our objective was to examine the impact of prior healthcare provider counseling on previous use of contraception and knowledge of emergency contraception in women seeking surgical abortion. We performed a retrospective analysis of 342 patient charts from women seeking an office abortion in a private practice setting from January 1999 to June 2001. Data extracted included demographic information, primary method of contraception over the preceding few months, compliance with that method, contraceptive history, knowledge of emergency contraception and postabortion contraception. Patients were primarily white (69%) and unmarried (63%) and had private insurance that covered abortion services (72%). Only 19% of women were using a birth control method with no recognized potential failure. Twenty-two percent of women were using their birth control method correctly but experienced an event that put them at risk for pregnancy, 32% were using their birth control method incorrectly and 27% were using no birth control method at all. Miscommunication between patients and their healthcare provider(s) negatively affected use of a primary contraceptive method in 14% of patients. Of the 77% of women who did not know about emergency contraception, nearly two thirds had an identifiable event for which emergency contraception could have been used. Healthcare providers may contribute to the occurrence of unintended pregnancy if they provide poor medical advice or miscommunicate with patients.     

Contraceptive Use Among Clients of the Atlanta Feminist Women’s Health Center at Three to Five Weeks Post-Abortion

Little is known about women’s contraceptive use and sexual activity in the immediate post-abortion period although effective contraceptive use is paramount during this time because fertility returns almost immediately. This study sought to learn more about women’s contraceptive use and sexual behaviors to inform abortion providers and help them serve their clients better, potentially leading to a decline in the rates of unintended pregnancy and repeat abortion. Abortion clients of an Atlanta, GA clinic were surveyed over the telephone 3–5 weeks post-abortion. Background information was collected from clinic medical charts. Simple and stratified frequencies and logistic regression were used to describe women’s sexual activity and contraceptive use in the immediate post-abortion period and to determine if variables known at the time of the abortion could predict contraceptive use 3–5 weeks post-abortion. 54.2% (n = 39) of women had engaged in sexual intercourse in the immediate post-abortion period. Of these, 30.8% (n = 12) were not using a contraceptive method or were not using it effectively. Women who said they did not want or need information about birth control on their medical history form were less likely to be using contraception 3–5 weeks post abortion. Emphasizing the rapid return of fertility and risk of conception in pre-abortion counseling sessions could prevent future unintended pregnancies among abortion clients. Further research could explore the interaction between a willingness to talk about contraceptive methods at the time of abortion and method use post-abortion.     

我国三城市未婚女青年人工流产后服务需求调查

目的:了解未婚青少年人工流产后计划生育服务需求。方法:在北京、上海、郑州3城市共随机选取27家医院,对2005年7～9月在所选医院寻求早孕人工流产服务的全部<25岁未婚女青年进行问卷调查。结果:39.3%的调查对象在20岁前发生首次性行为,4.1%经历过非意愿性行为,31.3%有重复人工流产史,65.4%本次妊娠缘于未采取避孕措施,仅25.3%选用过紧急避孕药。在用过避孕套的785人中,仅9.0%能坚持每次性行为都使用避孕套。54.7%能主动向医务人员寻求咨询服务,在服务中19.1%主动提出了关于避孕措施的问题,17.9%反映医务人员推荐了合适的避孕措施,仅0.9%获得了当场提供的免费避孕药具。未婚女青年年龄、首次性行为年龄、性伴数、婚前同居、文化水平是重复人工流产的影响因素;避孕知识受到调查对象年龄、首次性行为年龄、文化水平、咨询避孕相关问题主动性等因素的影响。结论:行人工流产的未婚青少年对流产后计划生育服务需求较大,但目前仍未被满足。     

北京市西城区育龄妇女流产后综合服务现状调查

目的:了解城区育龄妇女人工流产术后接受综合服务的现状,为开展规范化流产后服务提供依据。方法:随机抽取在北京市西城区4家计划生育技术服务医疗机构中自愿要求人工流产的育龄妇女400例,进行现场问卷调查。结果:调查对象年龄28.9±6.89(18～48)岁;本次妊娠主要原因,42.6%未使用避孕方法,55.6%避孕失败,其他原因占1.8%;已婚育龄妇女重复流产率(68.05%)高于未婚育龄妇女(37.25%);既往避孕措施使用频率最高的是避孕套(68.1%),其次依次为安全期(38.7%)、体外排精(33.5%)、紧急避孕(19.4%)等;调查对象获得的宣教信息,最多的是流产后注意事项,其次是避孕方法的种类、避孕药具的使用方法等;95%能确定流产后使用哪种避孕方法,并愿意接受计划生育宣教服务;62.0%主动询问了有关避孕方法的问题,在咨询时医生介绍避孕方法占91.2%,咨询时间的中位数和众数均为10min,医生当场提供避孕药具占77.8%。结论:育龄妇女人工流产术后接受计划生育宣教和咨询服务意愿强,开展规范化流产后综合服务,有助于促进妇女生殖健康。     

Abortion as agentive action: reproductive agency among young women seeking post-abortion care in Uganda

Abstract

Unsafe abortion in Africa continues to be a major contributor to the global maternal mortality which affects young women in particular. In Uganda, where abortion is legally restricted and stigmatised, unsafe abortion is a major public health issue. We explored reproductive agency in relation to unsafe abortion among young women seeking post-abortion care. Through in-depth interviews we found that reproductive agency was constrained by gender norms and power imbalances and strongly influenced by stigma. Lack of resources and the need for secrecy resulted in harmful abortion practices and delayed care-seeking. Women did not claim ownership of the abortion decision, but the underlying meaning in the narratives positioned abortion as an agentive action aiming to regain control over one′s body and future. Women′s experiences shaped contraceptive intentions and discourse, creating a window of opportunity that was often missed. This study provides unique insight into how young women negotiate and enact reproductive agency in Uganda. Health systems need to strengthen their efforts to meet young women’s sexual and reproductive health needs and protect their rights. Enabling young women’s agency through access to safe abortion and contraception is paramount.     

650例未婚人工流产女性生殖健康状况及需求调查分析

目的了解未婚女性的性行为及避孕方式、生殖健康知识水平及服务需求,为实施干预提供依据。方法 2009年8月~10月期间,对650例前来就诊的未婚女性进行匿名自填式问卷,内容涉及性行为、避孕方式、生殖健康知识的掌握程度和服务需求等。结果首次性交年龄<18岁者219例(33.7%),≥18岁者431例(66.3%);365例妇女(56.2%)本次妊娠是由于未采取避孕措施,285例妇女(43.8%)是由于避孕失败;生殖健康知识测试平均得分为6.2分,既往是否采用避孕措施与健康知识水平存在相关性(P=0.003<0.05),而与本次是否采用避孕措施和健康知识水平不存在相关性(P=0.646>0.05)。358例(55.1%)未婚女性希望得到避孕节育的知识咨询和指导,291例(44.8%)未婚者希望通过医生提供一对一的咨询指导。结论未婚女性对相关的生殖健康知识知晓率不高,医生应提供个性化的多方面流产后服务。     

Physical activity and nutrition-health information activities of the EU,WHO, European networks and national examples

The use of family planning methods reduces maternal mortality, prevents unwanted and high-risk pregnancies, the need for (un)safe abortion and protects from sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of the study was to assess the use of family planning methods by women in the municipality of Nis. We applied an observational cohort study that included 1,584 women age 15–49 who lived in the municipality of Nis. Data was collected through the opinion poll examination, which took place in the municipality of Nis from February to September 2002. We found 81.9% of interviewees having sexual relations protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy permanently or occasionally; 18.1% do not. Of interviewees who do not use protection and have sexual relations, 28.1% think it harms health and 27.7% think it is unsafe. Among women who use contraceptive protection, 57.9% use traditional (unsafe) methods while 42.1% use modern methods. Interviewees who use contraception mostly choose a particular method of their own accord without consultation (52.9%); 58.2% estimate their method of contraception as partly safe, 6.8% as unsafe and 35% as completely safe. As to the reason for contraception use, 40.4% state they already have their preferred number of children, 22.4% use contraception for health reasons, 17% because they are not married, 7.6% because of poor economic condition, and other reasons are present in significantly lesser percentages. Of the interviewees, 29.3% had intentionally interrupted pregnancies. The use of family planning methods is unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to promptly begin promoting protection of reproductive health and the use of modern family planning methods as a part of the nurturing of healthy lifestyles.     

Ordeal of women for induced abortion in a rural area of Bangladesh

The study was carried out to document the context of induced abortion, nature of its management, and post-abortion complications in Matlab, Bangladesh. The study included all 91 cases of induced abortion that took place in the study area from July to October 1995. Information was collected from women within 60 days after the abortion. A physician carried out in-depth interviews and physical examinations of 20 randomly-selected cases. The findings depicted a complex context, within which the women had to go for an abortion. In most cases, the complete lack of use or lack of use-effectiveness of family-planning methods resulted in unwanted pregnancies. The women in desperation sought abortion services from traditional sources first. When their conditions worsened, they contacted the available modern service facilities. At times, it was too late and led to serious health consequences. Limited access to safe abortion services, together with an absence of social support, put women in a life-threatening situation. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies and access to safe abortion services are needed to improve the situation.     

Peri-abortion contraception: a qualitative study of users' experiences

BACKGROUND: Contraceptive counselling is an essential element of induced abortion services but concerns remain about its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: The issues that influence peri-abortion contraception were explored as part of a study on the experiences of women undergoing induced abortion. METHOD: In-depth interviews with 21 women of varying ages, gestations and ethnicity, 3-9 weeks after termination of their pregnancy, with qualitative analysis of data. RESULTS: Contraceptive risk-taking was high both before and after abortion. After abortion, only a few women had changed either to using some method, or moving to more reliable methods. Health professionals had not explored the issues around contraception with sufficient clarity or detail to be effective. Discussion of contraception was often deferred to the post-abortion follow-up visit, which only 12 respondents had attended at the time of interview. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of peri-abortion contraception counselling was disappointing. We suggest that a family planning-trained outreach nurse attached to abortion providers with specific responsibility for contraception could improve uptake post-abortion.     

人工流产患者心理状态的护理干预及避孕宣教

目的：分析不同年龄层次人工流产孕妇的心理状态,进行有针对性的心理护理干预及避孕宣教,从而预防人工流产并发症的发生、降低人工流产率。方法：对本院2013年1月-2014年1月收治的1200例孕妇进行术前心理状态分析,并进行术前、术中、术后护理干预及术后中医艾灸应用和避孕宣教,统计护理干预结果。结果：干预后,1200例患者中,人工流产综合症72例（6.0%）,子宫穿孔6例（0.5%）,人流不全12例（1.0%）,感染4例（0.3%）。其中初产妇52例（4.3%）,未婚24例（2.0%）,经产妇18例（1.5%）。人工流产的并发症发生率为7.8%,明显低于国内报道13.5%（P〈0.05）。干预前后,患者的心理状态评分的比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：有效的心理护理可以减少人工流产并发症的发生率,提高孕妇心理应激能力;另外,避孕宣教可降低人工流产率及未婚妊娠的发生率,这些措施均值得在临床中推广应用。     

上海市人工流产妇女避孕节育状况调查

目的：了解上海市人工流产妇女的避孕节育现状,探讨人工流产对象避孕节育措施使用的影响因素。方法：2013年8月—10月在上海市4家医院对寻求人工流产服务的1 261例妇女进行匿名电子问卷调查。结果：近60%的流产对象为29岁及以下的妇女,未婚对象占32.6%;50%以上的对象属于重复流产。未婚者中未避孕的比例（48.0%）高于已婚者（33.9%）,而避孕失败的比例（38.6%）低于已婚者（47.8%）。Logistic回归分析显示,已婚人工流产对象中,年龄较小者、性生活频率低者更倾向于不采取避孕措施;年轻、未婚、收入较高、有人工流产史者更倾向于使用紧急避孕药。结论：上海市人工流产妇女年龄构成年轻化,重复流产比例较高;采取避孕措施比例低与避孕失败比例高是非意愿妊娠的主要原因;人工流产对象避孕意识淡薄和避孕节育知识匮乏;应加强流产后保健服务和避孕措施尤其是紧急避孕药的使用方法指导。