某地既往有偿供血人群艾滋病歧视状况研究

目的 了解因既往有偿供血造成艾滋病流行地区艾滋病歧视现象及其产生原因和影响因素.方法 在安徽省某地利用目的抽样法从人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者、家庭成员、村民及卫生工作者中各选择20名共80名作为调查对象.采用一对一深入访谈的方法,了解艾滋病歧视现象,分析产生原因与影响因素.结果 80名调查对象中,1名未完成调查,在完成调查的79名中,歧视的主要表现形式是扩大的歧视[81.0%(64/79)],嫌弃、回避及抛弁,看病时受到歧视[47.4%(28/59)],失去社会支持[33.3%(13/39)]等.艾滋病流行严重的村庄歧视相对较轻,艾滋病流行较轻的村庄歧视较严重.对艾滋病存在错误认识[57.5%(23/40)]、恐惧[32.5%(13/40)]及道德判断是歧视产生的主要原因.为了避免家人和孩子的正常生活受到影响,多数HIV感染者不愿暴露身份.结论 由于对艾滋病的错误认识等,导致歧视现象严重,亟须开展减少歧视相关工作.     

Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa

AIDS stigmas interfere with HIV prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and can become internalized by people living with HIV/AIDS. However, the effects of internalized AIDS stigmas have not been investigated in Africa, home to two-thirds of the more than 40 million people living with AIDS in the world. The current study examined the prevalence of discrimination experiences and internalized stigmas among 420 HIV-positive men and 643 HIV-positive women recruited from AIDS services in Cape Town, South Africa. The anonymous surveys found that 40% of persons with HIV/AIDS had experienced discrimination resulting from having HIV infection and one in five had lost a place to stay or a job because of their HIV status. More than one in three participants indicated feeling dirty, ashamed, or guilty because of their HIV status. A hierarchical regression model that included demographic characteristics, health and treatment status, social support, substance use, and internalized stigma significantly predicted cognitive-affective depression. Internalized stigma accounted for 4.8% of the variance in cognitive-affective depression scores over and above the other variables. These results indicate an urgent need for social reform to reduce AIDS stigmas and the design of interventions to assist people living with HIV/AIDS to adjust and adapt to the social conditions of AIDS in South Africa.     

Disclosure of parental HIV/AIDS to children in rural China

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the complex issue of disclosure of parental HIV/AIDS to children in rural China. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with children affected by HIV/AIDS aged 8–17 (n?=?16), their caregivers (n?=?16) and key informants in the community (n?=?5). Findings showed that most children were shielded from knowing the HIV/AIDS status of their parents, although many children may have drawn their own conclusions through observation or sources outside the family. Caregivers felt discouraged and hesitated to discuss parental HIV/AIDS with children due to societal stigma and lack of knowledge and skills. Interventions are needed to improve caregivers' skills to communicate about HIV/AIDS with children. Interventions are also needed to reduce the stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS and their families.     

HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana

ObjectiveTo assess HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Kumasi, Ghana.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was conducted.ResultsFour stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of HIV positive people, revelation of HIV status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to PLWHA (p<0.05), but disapproved of revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying PLWHA (p<0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing HIV status (p<0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with PLWHA (p<0.05).ConclusionsThese findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi.     

Help-seeking in a context of AIDS stigma: understanding the healthcare needs of people with HIV/AIDS in China

Despite the rapid increase of HIV infection cases in China, the majority of this population have not yet accessed AIDS-related healthcare services. Most current research in China focuses on HIV prevention and disease control, and pays inadequate attention to the barriers facing HIV-infected individuals in accessing and adhering with healthcare services. This article, as part of a research project on the illness experiences of people with HIV/AIDS in China, aimed to explore these individuals' healthcare experiences, shedding light on the gaps between their needs and existing healthcare services. Data for this qualitative study were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 21 HIV-infected adults in China. The results of data analysis suggest that these individuals' healthcare experiences were greatly affected by social discrimination and the limitations of healthcare resources. While AIDS stigma has reduced the social resources available for this population, HIV-related health institutions were perceived by them as an indispensable source of social support. It is concluded that healthcare institutions, as one of the few places in which HIV-infected people are willing to disclose their HIV positive status, should incorporate social care into healthcare service development and delivery so as to facilitate this population's accessing healthcare services and to address their unmet needs that go beyond the conventional scope of health care. Improving the visibility of people with HIV/AIDS in health care will also have a long-term impact on their own well-being and on HIV prevention in China.     

艾滋病毒感染者/艾滋病患者与其家属艾滋病相关羞辱和歧视的研究

目的 了解某农村社区艾滋病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)与其家属遭遇的羞辱和歧视,并分析造成相关羞辱和歧视的原因.方法 采用自制调查问卷,对某农村艾滋病流行区的117例HIV/AIDS及其相应的190名健康家属进行面对面问卷调查.结果 HIV/AIDS与其家属遭受到的羞辱和歧视可分为两类,即内在的羞辱和歧视及外在的羞辱和歧视;这两种羞辱和歧视在HIV/AIDS与其家属之间的差异有统计学意义(t=-12.540,P=0.000);且HIV/AIDS与其家属遭受的内在的羞辱和歧视要高于外在的羞辱和歧视.艾滋病内在的羞辱和歧视与研究对象的自我效能(OR=0.558,P=0.041)、家庭功能(OR=0.650,P=0.027)、是否感染HIV(OR=2.116,P=0.004)等因素有关.艾滋病外在的羞辱和歧视与研究对象的自我效能(OR=0.468,P=0.028)、家庭功能(OR=0.427,P=0.000)、是否感染HIV(OR=3.412,P=0.001)有关.结论 某农村社区HIV/AIDS与其家属在社会环境中均遭受到一定的内在、外在的羞辱和歧视,应采取有针对性的策略和措施,减少并消除这种羞辱和歧视.     

农民接受艾滋病病毒检测意向和结果告知范围的研究

目的 研究农村居民接受艾滋病病毒(HIV)自愿检测意向和检测结果告知范围。方法 运用两阶段整群抽样方法,调查l057名15-49岁的农村居民,采用匿名问卷表,面对面和耳机听问题答卷的方式。结果 在听说过HIV的653名调查对象中,575名(88．1％)有接受HIV检测的意向。其中,90．2％愿意将检测结果告知配偶,77．1％愿告诉其他家庭成员,54．8％愿告诉朋友,50．8％愿告诉邻居。logistic回归分析提示,与接受检测意向有关联的因素为男性,HIV／AIDS知识水平较高。结论 HIV／MDS知识知晓程度影响居民接受HIV检查意向,应开展HIV／AIDS知识的健康教育,提高农村居民对AIDS的警觉性。     

HIV/AIDS stigma attitudes among educators in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

BACKGROUND: One hundred and twenty educators from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, underwent HIV/AIDS training. The educators were surveyed about their attitudes toward people with HIV. METHODS: The educators completed self-administered survey questionnaires both before and after 2 interventions. Measures included demographic characteristics, teachers' knowledge about HIV/AIDS, self-efficacy in handling HIV/AIDS situations, and attitudes (stigma and otherwise) toward HIV-related issues. The first intervention was a CD-ROM and the second intervention involved educators receiving a 2-day workshop on HIV transmission, risk factors, and actions that educators should know and undertake. The first step entailed testing the stigma instrument for its internal consistency and developing and testing potential subscales from the instrument. The second step entailed testing for the statistical associations between stigma (as measured by the stigma instrument and its subscales) and various demographic and HIV knowledge-related variables. RESULTS: The overall stigma scale had a Cronbach α coefficient of .66. Educators in the workshop generally had lower baseline levels of stigma than those in the CD-ROM intervention. Following both interventions, the stigma levels of both groups of educators were significantly reduced. Improvements in the general knowledge about HIV as a disease and in the specific knowledge about HIV transmission risks were both statistically significantly associated with reductions in stigma attitudes, having controlled for educators' baseline stigma levels and demographic profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of teachers' stigma attitudes were statistically significantly lower after both types of HIV/AIDS training and were also statistically significantly associated with improvements in HIV knowledge.     

山西省某市外来务工人员艾滋病自愿咨询检测意愿及其影响因素

目的研究山西省某市外来务工人员对艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）的接受意愿及其影响因素。方法采用配额抽样的方法,在市场、饭店、宾馆等流动人口较为集中的6类工作场所里招募外来务工人员1280名,进行匿名问卷调查。结果VCT的知晓率低,56．6%的外来务工人员听说过VCT。当调查对象被告知有开展免费的艾滋病咨询检测的单位后,64．5%愿意接受VCT,愿意接受VCT的地点或方式主要有：疾病预防控制中心（48．7%）、医院门诊（27．0%）、上门服务（18．5%）。logistic回归分析显示,与接受VCT有关的因素为曾经做过HIV检测、较高HIV知识水平、不歧视HIV感染者和有较高的艾滋病意识。结论有必要在流动人口聚集的社区开展旨在普及艾滋病防治知识、推动VCT和消除对HIV感染者歧视的健康教育。     

Response of religious groups to HIV/AIDS as a sexually transmitted infection in Trinidad

Background  

HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are significant determinants of HIV transmission in the Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), where the adult HIV/AIDS prevalence is 2.5%. T&T is a spiritually-aware society and over 104 religious groups are represented. This religious diversity creates a complex social environment for the transmission of a sexually transmitted infection like HIV/AIDS. Religious leaders are esteemed in T&T's society and may use their position and frequent interactions with the public to promote HIV/AIDS awareness, fight stigma and discrimination, and exercise compassion for people living with HIV/AIDS (PWHA). Some religious groups have initiated HIV/AIDS education programs within their membership, but previous studies suggest that HIV/AIDS remains a stigmatized infection in many religious organizations. The present study investigates how the perception of HIV/AIDS as a sexually transmitted infection impacts religious representatives' incentives to respond to HIV/AIDS in their congregations and communities. In correlation, the study explores how the experiences of PWHA in religious gatherings impact healing and coping with HIV/AIDS.     

Network stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS and their caregivers: An egocentric network study

HIV stigma occurs among peers in social networks. However, the features of social networks that drive HIV stigma are not well understood. The objective of this study is to investigate anticipated HIV stigma within the social networks of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) (N = 147) and the social networks of PLWHA's caregivers (N = 148). The egocentric social network data were collected in Guangxi, China. More than half of PLWHA (58%) and their caregivers (53%) anticipated HIV stigma from their network peers. Both PLWHA and their caregivers anticipated that spouses or other family members were less likely to stigmatise them, compared to friend peers or other relationships. Married network peers were believed to stigmatise caregivers more than unmarried peers. The association between frequent contacts and anticipated stigma was negative among caregivers. Being in a close relationship with PLWHA or caregivers (e.g., a spouse or other family member) was associated with less anticipated stigma. Lower network density was associated with higher anticipated stigma among PLWHA's alters, but not among caregivers' alters. Findings may shed light on innovative stigma reduction interventions at the social network level and therefore improve HIV/AIDS treatment utilisation.     

Willingness to seek HIV testing and counseling among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ogun State, Nigeria

HIV counseling and testing (CT) is slowly being introduced as one of several key components of the comprehensive package of HIV/AIDS prevention and care in Nigeria, particularly in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). A cross-sectional survey of 804 women attending antenatal clinics (ANC) in Ogun State, Nigeria was done using questionnaires to assess their willingness to seek and undergo CT and know the determinants. Focus group discussions were also held in the general community: 84.3% of respondents believed in AIDS reality, while 24.3% thought they were at risk of HIV infection. Only 27% knew about MTCT, while 69.7% of 723 who had heard of HIV/AIDS did not know about CT. Only 71 (8.8%) had thought about CT and 33 (4.5%) mentioned HIV testing as one of antenatal tests. After health education on CT, 89% of the women expressed willingness to be tested. Their willingness for CT was positively associated with education (p < 0.05), ranging from 77% (no education) to 93% (post-secondary). More of those with self-perceived risk expressed willingness to test for HIV (p < 0.05). Those willing to be tested had a higher knowledge score on how HIV spreads than those not willing. Multiple regressions identified four key factors that were associated with willingness for CT: increasing educational level; not fearing a blood test; perception that the clinic offered privacy; and perceptions of higher levels of social support from relatives and peers. Those unwilling or undecided about CT expressed strong fear of social stigma/rejection if tested positive. The results provided insights for planning promotional programs and showed that not only are IEC efforts needed to boost knowledge about HIV/AIDS, but that change in clinic setting and community are imperative in creating supportive environment to encourage uptake of CT services.     

Optimising HIV programming for transgender women in Brazil

In Brazil, little data is available to inform HIV prevention programming for travestis and transgender (‘trans’) women, despite the existence of a social movement that has gained strength in recent years. We conducted formative research in Rio de Janeiro to gather trans women’s perspectives on combination HIV prevention approaches. Framing the analysis within the model of gender affirmation, we found that several social and contextual factors inhibited participants’ access to HIV prevention and treatment. Experienced and anticipated gender-related discrimination and HIV stigma were linked to the avoidance of HIV testing, health services and HIV status disclosure. Participants recommended HIV prevention interventions which combined socio-structural interventions, such as peer-based empowerment and social support, with biomedical interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Participants expressed a preference for programmes and interventions that emphasised a gender-affirmative approach, promoted autonomy and aimed to reduce stigma and discrimination in public health services.     

A comparison of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in four countries: Negative attitudes and perceived acts of discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination have a substantial impact on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the associations of two constructs of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination (negative attitudes towards PLHA and perceived acts of discrimination towards PLHA) with previous history of HIV testing, knowledge of antiretroviral therapies (ARVs) and communication regarding HIV/AIDS and (2) to compare these two constructs across the five research sites with respect to differing levels of HIV prevalence and ARV coverage, using data presented from the baseline survey of U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Project Accept, a four-country HIV prevention trial in Sub-Saharan Africa (Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Africa) and northern Thailand. A household probability sample of 14,203 participants completed a survey including a scale measuring HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination. Logistic regression models determined the associations between negative attitudes and perceived discrimination with individual history of HIV testing, knowledge of ARVs and communication regarding HIV/AIDS. Spearman's correlation coefficients determined the relationships between negative attitudes and perceived discrimination and HIV prevalence and ARV coverage at the site-level. Negative attitudes were related to never having tested for HIV, lacking knowledge of ARVs, and never having discussed HIV/AIDS. More negative attitudes were found in sites with the lowest HIV prevalence (i.e., Tanzania and Thailand) and more perceived discrimination against PLHA was found in sites with the lowest ARV coverage (i.e., Tanzania and Zimbabwe). Programs that promote widespread HIV testing and discussion of HIV/AIDS, as well as education regarding and universal access to ARVs, may reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination.     

社会支持和羞辱歧视与HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗的关联分析

目的 探讨社会支持和艾滋病相关羞辱歧视对艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy, ART)的影响,为进一步提高ART覆盖率提供指导依据。方法 对山东省现存活HIV/AIDS进行问卷调查,了解其社会人口学特征、艾滋病及ART相关知识知晓情况、社会支持及艾滋病相关羞辱与歧视情况,运用逐步logistic回归模型分析上述因素与HIV/AIDS接受ART间的关系。结果 本研究共调查1 294例HIV/AIDS,其中接受ART的有1 047人,治疗率为80.9%。Logistic回归结果显示,主观支持分数高的HIV/AIDS比分数低者更愿意接受ART (OR=1.06, 95%CI:1.03～1.08);与不知晓ART副作用的HIV/AIDS相比,知晓者更愿意接受ART (OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.12～2.00);与家庭歧视分数高的HIV/AIDS相比,分数低者更愿意接受ART (OR=0.98, 95%CI:0.96～0.99);与未婚HIV/AIDS相比,已婚有配偶(OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.09～2.04)...     

The interaction between axes of inequality in studies on discrimination,stigma and HIV/AIDS: Contributions to the recent international literature

This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review in order to identify how recent studies have addressed the interaction between social inequality and the processes of exclusion and marginalisation related to HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination. The review was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases and included publications from 2008 to 2011. Of 497 summaries found in the review, 42 were selected and classified based on topic, population, axes of inequality employed, conceptualisation of stigma and relationship between stigma and vulnerability. Results demonstrated that there is a predominance of research on stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS, sexual and racial/ethnic minorities and migrants. The axes of inequality examined in the literature were linked to specific cultural and socio-economic dimensions and analysed as factors that behave synergistically to increase social groups' vulnerability to HIV. Half of the 42 articles viewed expression of stigma/discrimination to be the result of power dynamics that reinforce the processes of social exclusion. The other half of the articles tended to describe stigma as intrinsic to social interaction. Some researchers are making a visible effort to devise consistent theoretical and methodological approaches in order to understand stigma as a complex social process produced at the intersection of different axes of inequality. These efforts provide vital information that can inform how best to address HIV/AIDS stigma.     

Drug abuse, HIV/AIDS and stigmatisation in a Dai community in Yunnan, China

The latest data indicate that between 540,000 and 760,000 people are infected with HIV in China. Although minority nationalities represent 8.1% of China's total population, they account for more than 30% of the reported HIV/AIDS cases. This study examined stigma and discrimination against drug abusers and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in a Dai minority nationality community in Yunnan, China. The study used qualitative research methods, which included participatory observations, in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, transect walking and community mapping. A combination of different sampling strategies was used to maximise diversity of the initially selected sample. The data revealed deeply entrenched stigma and overt discrimination against drug abusers and PLHA that manifested in familial, work, civil and institutional contexts. The stigma reflected pre-existing cultural, religious sanctions against "deviant behaviours". Intervention programmes that were insensitive to the local culture and religion may have also contributed in part to the stigmatisation of drug abusers and PLHA. The major impact of stigma was that it created a vicious cycle of social isolation, marginalisation and thus addiction relapse. This in turn reinforced the stigmatisation and discrimination against drug abusers and thus hindered efforts towards prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.     

河南省HIV/AIDS社会支持与社会适应能力现况

目的 分析河南省HIV/AIDS社会支持与社会适应能力的现状及其相关关系,为提高HIV/AIDS生活质量提供参考依据。方法 采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法,按照河南省18个地级市HIV/AIDS流行分布特点选择6个研究现场,包括驻马店市上蔡县和周口市沈丘县（高流行区）、驻马店市确山县和商丘市永城市（中流行区）、济源市和三门峡市（低流行区）,以我国艾滋病防治基本信息系统中截至2017年河南省6个研究现场累计报告HIV/AIDS存活者为目标人群,根据估算样本量528例,采用随机数字表抽取研究对象。采用社会支持量表和社会适应能力量表,分别收集HIV/AIDS的客观支持、主观支持及支持的利用度3个维度、认知意愿、社会交往及角色适应3个维度的信息,分析其社会支持与社会适应能力的特点及相关关系。结果 共调查506例HIV/AIDS,其社会支持总分为36.30±9.34,其中客观支持得分为7.48±3.01,主观支持得分为22.35±5.79,对支持的利用度得分为6.28±2.38,HIV/AIDS的社会支持总分及3个维度得分均低于全国常模分值,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;HIV/AIDS社会适应能力总分为39.10±7.10,其中认知意愿得分为9.96±3.23,社会交往得分为18.57±3.25,角色适应得分为10.57±2.52,HIV/AIDS的社会适应平均得分不足总分的2/3,认知意愿得分不足其维度总分的1/2。不同性别、年龄、婚姻状况、职业、传播途径、症状数的HIV/AIDS在社会支持及社会适应能力得分的差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。HIV/AIDS社会支持与社会适应能力之间存在相关性（r=0.14,P<0.05）。结论 HIV/AIDS存在社会支持和社会适应能力偏低的现状,社会支持可能为HIV/AIDS社会适应能力的促进因素。