细针穿吸细胞学检查在腮腺区肿块诊断中的价值

目的评价细针穿吸细胞学检查(FNAC)在腮腺区肿块诊断中的应用价值。方法应用细针穿吸方法,对121例腮腺区肿块患者进行细胞学检查,其中男性62例,女性59例;年龄5～95岁,平均年龄57.88岁。将细胞学检查结果与术后组织病理和随访资料进行比较研究。结果FNAC的定性诊断准确率为92.56%(112/121),诊断准确率为89.26%。肿瘤的敏感性为91.25%,特异性为100%;7例患者为假阴性,假阴性率为8.75%;良、恶性病变的敏感性为70.97%,特异性为100%;9例患者为假阴性,假阴性率为29.03%,无假阳性患者。无临床并发症。结论FNAC在腮腺区肿块的诊断中有重要作用,是一种经济、快速、安全、并发症少见和诊断准确率高的细胞学诊断手段。     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland tumours: a 10-year retrospective analysis

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary gland tumours performed at a tertiary cancer hospital over a time period of 10?years.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out between 1995 and 2004 to review the cases of patients with salivary gland tumours who had undergone pre-operative FNA and for whom definite histology was either by tru-cut biopsy or by histopathological examination of the operative specimen.

Results

A total of 107 cases of salivary gland tumours were treated during that period, but only 82 cases diagnosed by FNAC could be correlated with histological and clinical data and were considered for this study. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, PPV and NPV were estimated considering 54 benign and 28 malignant cases. Sensitivity was 90% (28/31), specificity was 98% (54/55), diagnostic accuracy was 95.1% (82/86), PPV was 96% and NPV was 94%.

Discussion

This study confirms that FNA cytology is a technique that offers high sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy in salivary gland tumour diagnosis.     

Is ultrasound alone sufficient for imaging superficial lobe benign parotid tumours before surgery?

Ultrasound (US) is a valuable technique for the assessment of salivary gland disease and regional nodes. When used in combination with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or core biopsy it has a high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of tumours. The role of additional cross-sectional imaging (computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR)) to help with the diagnosis of benign parotid tumours is questionable except when there is deep lobe extension or the suggestion of malignancy. We investigated 37 FNAC-confirmed benign parotid tumours in patients who had undergone both US and CT or MRI investigations, to find out whether cross-sectional imaging had provided any further useful diagnostic information before operation. Three patients had bilateral Warthin tumours. Tumours ranged in size from 11 to 45 mm (mean 22). Of the 37 patients 35 (95%) had a clearly delineated mass in the superficial lobe of the parotid on US and no further information was gained from additional CT or MRI. On US 34 patients (92%) had features suggestive of a benign tumour, and three had features suggestive of malignancy but these were found to be benign on FNAC and after operation. CT or MRI confirmed these suspicious findings. In two different patients the deep margin was not visible on US (suggestive of deep lobe extension) and this was confirmed on MRI. The mean time delay between US and CT or MRI was four weeks (range 1-44). These results suggest that additional imaging is not required in most patients with a sonographically and FNAC confirmed benign lesion confined to the superficial lobe of the parotid and confirmed by FNAC or biopsy examination.     

A multicentre retrospective clinico-histopathological review of 250 patients after parotidectomy

A clinicopathological review of parotid tumours treated surgically in two oral and maxillofacial surgery departments was conducted. The performance of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was also assessed. This retrospective study included 250 consecutive patients treated surgically for parotid gland-related tumours. Benign tumours (n = 211, 84.4%) were more prevalent than malignancies (n = 39, 15.6%). A predominance of pleomorphic adenoma (48.8%) was identified, and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (3.6%) was the most common malignant tumour. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 64% and 99%, respectively. Subgrouping resulted in sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 100% for clinically assisted FNAC versus, 72% and 99% for ultrasound guidance. Surgically, 31.6% underwent complete superficial parotidectomy and 28.4% underwent extracapsular dissection. Overall, facial nerve palsy was the most prevalent postoperative complication, affecting 29.2% (70/240); loss of function was transient in 21.2% (51/240) and permanent in 7.9% (19/240). Extracapsular dissection and superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation were the treatments of choice when a benign tumour was suspected. Facial nerve palsy was quite frequent; treatment options however are scarce. Preoperative diagnostic workup using imaging and ultrasound-guided FNAC was essential in identifying malignancy so that surgical planning could be adapted.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology: a reliable tool in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41 : 106–112 Background: Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is used as the main initial diagnostic investigation for lumps in the head and neck region. Major salivary glands and some minor salivary glands are easily accessible; therefore, they are optimal targets for FNAC. The aim of this study was to discuss the advantages and pitfalls of FNAC as compared to histopathology in the salivary gland lesions. Material and methods: A total of 127 FNAC were carried out on salivary gland lesions from January 2006 to December 2010 – a 5‐year period. Histopathological follow‐up data were obtained in 56 cases. The study was conducted to examine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FNAC for salivary gland swellings in comparison with histopathology. Results: The male‐to‐female ratio was 2.4:1. Parotid gland was involved in 51.1%, submandibular gland in 37%, sublingual gland in 4.7%, and minor salivary glands in 7% of patients. There were 55.9% cases of non‐neoplastic lesions and 44.1% cases of neoplastic lesions on biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FNAC for malignant neoplastic lesions were 84.61%, 86.48%, 68.75%, and 94.11%, respectively, whereas for benign neoplastic lesions, they were 84.61%, 91.66%, 91.6%, and 85%, respectively. Conclusion: Fine‐needle aspiration cytology is found to be a good sensitive and specific technique for the diagnosis of most of the salivary gland lesions. FNAC should be adopted as an initial investigation for all salivary gland swellings in conjunction with other investigations where appropriate.     

The accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in the clinical diagnosis of minor salivary gland tumours

The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and biopsy for the clinical diagnosis of minor salivary gland tumours (MSGTs). This retrospective study of 32 MSGT cases was conducted over a 5-year period. Clinical features including age, sex, and location of the tumour were obtained from the patient clinical records. All cases were also assessed histologically according to the 2017 World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. The results of FNAC and biopsy were correlated with those of histopathology, and their sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic efficacy were calculated using histopathology as the gold standard. Eighteen malignant MSGTs (56.3%) and 14 benign MSGTs (43.8%) were diagnosed by pathological diagnosis. The most common malignant tumour was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (seven cases, 38.9%). Most benign cases were pleomorphic adenomas (13 cases, 92.9%). FNAC was performed for 23 cases and biopsy for 13 cases. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 66.7% and 91.0%, respectively, while those of biopsy were 90.0% and 100.0%, respectively. Although FNAC is a minimally invasive and cost-effective procedure, it is less accurate than biopsy in the assessment of MSGTs. Repeated FNAC or biopsy should be considered in negative and unsatisfactory FNAC cases.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary gland tumours: Repeat aspiration provides further information in cases with an unclear initial cytological diagnosis

Introduction

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for salivary gland tumours requires expertise in interpretation. When a diagnosis is not clear (despite a cellular aspirate), published work is lacking on the value of repeating the test.

Methods

A retrospective study of 135 patients who had FNAC followed by definitive excision for a suspected salivary gland tumour. Accuracy was compared among those requiring repeat FNAC on one more occasion because of a non-diagnostic initial cytology report.

Results

33 patients (24% of study group) had repeat FNAC. A definite cytological diagnosis was subsequently made in 27/33 patients (82%). The sensitivity (84%) and specificity (93%) of repeat FNAC in distinguishing benign from malignant tumours was similar to initial FNAC (70% and 95%, respectively).

Conclusions

Repeat FNAC may provide a cytological diagnosis in cases where the initial diagnosis is not clear, although cytology should be used in conjunction with other investigations of salivary tumours, including image-guided biopsy examination where appropriate. Ideally salivary gland FNAC should be interpreted by a specialist pathologist.     

对比数字化X线牙片与CBCT对牙根纵裂诊断价值分析

目的：对比数字化X线牙片与CBCT对牙根纵裂的诊断价值。方法：以济南市口腔医院口腔内科的50例牙根纵裂患者为研究对象。将患者分别定义为观察组和对照组。对照组行数字化X线牙片检查,观察组行CBCT检查。分别根据x线片诊断标准和CT诊断标准对影像学检查结果做出独立判断。再根据牙根纵裂临床诊断金标准分别对x线根尖片的诊断结果和CBCT检查的诊断结果进行比较,得出两组真阳性（TP）、假阳性（FP）、真阴性（TN）、假阴性（FN）,计算敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果：牙根纵裂临床诊断金标准判断结果显示：本组50例患者中,牙齿纵裂确定46例,排除4例。X线根尖片检查诊断牙根纵裂的敏感度为77％,特异性为75％,阳性检出率为96．88％,阴性检出率为16．67％;CBCT诊断牙根纵裂的敏感度为95．65％,特异性为100％,阳性检出率为100％,阴性检出率为66．67％。CBCT扫描诊断牙根纵裂的敏感度、特异性、阳性检出率明显大于X线根尖检查（P〈0．01）。CBCT扫描诊断牙根纵裂的阳性检出率大于x线根尖片检查（P〈0．05）。结论：在牙根纵裂的临床诊断中,CBCT诊断的敏感度、特异性、阳性检出率、阴性检出率均高于x线牙片,具有更高的临床应用价值。     

弹响消除试验在颞下颌关节可复性关节盘前移位诊断中的信度和效度分析

目的: 分析弹响消除试验在颞下颌关节可复性关节盘前移位诊断中的信度和效度。方法: 选择2019年7月—2019年12月因关节弹响于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院颞下颌关节康复门诊就诊的患者102例。先后接受A、B 2名评估者独立进行弹响问诊与体格检查以及弹响消除试验检查,初步判断患者是否存在可复性关节盘前移位;然后行双侧颞下颌关节磁共振成像;根据磁共振成像诊断关节盘移位的影像学标准,将关节盘位置关系分为正常盘-髁关系、可复性关节盘前移位、不可复性关节盘前移位3类。以磁共振成像诊断结果为金标准,计算弹响消除试验的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比;Kappa检验计算A、B 2名评估者之间弹响消除试验结果的Kappa系数。采用SPSS 13.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: A、B评估者弹响消除试验的阳性率分别为35%（72/204）、37%（76/204）。评估者A弹响消除试验的敏感度为71%、特异度为91%、阳性预测值为85%、阴性预测值为81%、阳性似然比为7.61、阴性似然比为0.32（P<0.01）;评估者B弹响消除试验的敏感度为76%、特异度为91%、阳性预测值为86%、阴性预测值为84%、阳性似然比为8.11、阴性似然比为0.27（P<0.01）。A、B评估者之间的Kappa系数为0.873±0.036（P<0.01）。结论: 颞下颌关节弹响消除试验简单、易操作,对判断颞下颌关节可复性关节盘前移位有较好的诊断价值。     

The value of cone beam computed tomography in the detection of salivary stones prior to sialendoscopy

This study aimed to assess the value of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of salivary stones in patients with signs and symptoms of salivary gland obstruction. A total of 142 major salivary glands were analysed in a cohort of 127 patients with signs and symptoms of salivary gland obstruction. CBCT scans were performed in order to determine the presence of one or more salivary stones. All glands were also investigated by sialendoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for the submandibular gland, the parotid gland, and the whole group, based on the observers’ abilities to diagnose the presence or absence of calculi in the CBCT scan using the sialendoscopy data as the gold standard. Fifty salivary stones were detected in the CBCT scans of the 142 glands analysed: 34 in the submandibular gland and 16 in the parotid gland. The sensitivity (94%), specificity (90%), positive predictive value (84%), and negative predictive value (97%) for the whole group were good to excellent, with an overall accuracy of 92%. CBCT appears to be an ideal first-line imaging modality for patients with signs and symptoms of obstructed major salivary glands.     

The role of operator experience in fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck masses

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed on 95 patients presenting with a mass in the head and neck region, where a subsequent surgical pathological diagnosis and adequate documentation were available. In this group, 70% of the samples were found to be of diagnostic yield. Of these, the number of true-positives was 27, and true-negatives 35. This gives a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 97%, respectively. The accuracy was 100% when performed by a consultant and 91% when performed by junior staff. These sensitivity and specificity levels compare favourably with those reported in other studies using FNAC in head and neck lesions. Greater experience of the operator appears to improve the accuracy rate. FNAC is a useful diagnostic tool for head and neck tumours, as shown by the high specificity and sensitivity rates in this study.     

Use of methylene blue as a diagnostic aid in early detection of oral cancer and precancerous lesions

We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of methylene blue staining in the diagnosis of oral cancer in 58 patients. The sensitivity was 90%, the specificity 69%, positive predictive value 74%, and negative predictive value 87%. Because of the number of false negatives and false positives we recommend that the diagnosis should always be confirmed by histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen. Methylene blue staining may, however, be useful as a screening tool for oral cancer in large, high-risk groups in a similar way to the more expensive toluidine blue.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the oral cavity and head and neck region

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of submucous nodules from the oral cavity and head and neck region as an auxiliary diagnostic tool. Fifty patients with nodule lesions in the oral cavity and the head and neck region were selected. All of them were submitted to FNAB and to either incisional or excisional biopsy. The diagnoses from the FNABs were compared with the biopsy diagnosis as the gold standard. All the cases of FNAB were analyzed by a single oral pathologist prior to the biopsy diagnosis. The results showed that the sensitivity of FNAB was 75%, its specificity was 96% and its accuracy was 58.8%. The false positive and false negative rates were 6.7% and 13.3%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 86% and the negative predictive value was 93%. The inconclusive rate was 16/50. FNAB displayed a high success rate for identifying both malignant and benign lesions, but a low accuracy for making a final diagnosis.     

氟脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射体层摄影术-CT判断头颈部鳞状细胞癌及其淋巴结转移的临床价值

目的 回顾性分析手术前行~(18)F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(fluorodeoxglucose,FDG)-正电子发射体层摄影术(position-emission tomography,PET)-计算机体层摄影术(CT)显像在头颈部鳞状细胞癌及其淋巴结转移诊断中的应用价值.方法 分析20例术前行~(18)F-FDG-PET-CT显像的头颈部鳞状细胞癌患者,对其显像结果 进行定性及定量评价.结果 ~(18)F-FDG-PET-CT正确显示了20例头颈部鳞状细胞癌肿块,其敏感度、特异性、阴性预测值和阳性预测值均为100%,肿块的平均标准摄取值(average standardized uptake value,SUV_(avg))为6.22±2.20;患者淋巴结转移的情况经~(18)F-FDG-PET-CT显像,其结果 与病理和随访结果 完全一致;以淋巴结为研究对象,统计分析转移淋巴结的SUV_(avg)为3.97±1.25,~(18)F-FDG-PET-CT检测转移淋巴结的敏感性为51%(22/43);特异性为97.7%(217/222);假阳性率为2.3%(5/222);假阴性率为49%(21/43);阳性预测值为82%(22/27);阴性预测值为91.2%(217/238).结论 ~(18)F-FDG-PET-CT在判断头颈部鳞状细胞癌和淋巴结转移方面具有一定的临床价值;SUV作为评价FDG摄取的指标,在判断肿瘤良恶性方面具有一定的指导意义,但判断头颈部鳞状细胞癌淋巴结转移的SUV切峰值有待进一步研究.     

局灶性腮腺病变三维超声成像的初步研究

目的探讨三维超声成像（3DUS）在局灶性腮腺病变的诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法对33例局灶性腮腺病变行三维超声检查,评价其立体形态、体积、与周围结构毗邻关系等信息,并初步判断病灶良恶性;诊断结果与术后病理结果进行比较,计算敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性及Youden指数等统计学指标。结果三维超声可以较好地显示病灶的形态、边缘及与周边结构的关系,其对病灶良恶性的判断敏感性为85.7%、特异性为100%、阳性预测值为1.0、阴性预测值为0.96、准确性为96.97%、Youden指数为0.857。结论3DUS在局灶性腮腺病变的诊断与鉴别诊断方面具有一定的应用价值。     

Evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of cervical lymph node lymphomas

Purpose

Surgical biopsy examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of lymph node lymphomas. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a quick and safe method in the management of cervical lymph nodes. Its value in confirming recurrent or residual lymphoma is well established. However, its role in the primary diagnosis of lymph node lymphoma remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess, in our experience, the reliability of FNAC in the diagnosis of cervical lymph node lymphomas.

锥形束CT在涎石症诊断中的应用价值

目的:通过比较不同的影像检查方法为涎石症患者寻找最佳的影像诊断方法.方法:分析32例涎石症患者在超声、X线、锥形束CT 3种不同影像检查方法的阳性率和阴性率,比较其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值.结果:锥形束CT的敏感性和阴性期望值(95.8％、80％)明显高于超声检查(83.3％、50％)和X线片检查(58.3％、20％),其差异有统计学意义.3种影像检查方法在特异性、阳性预测值方面的差异无统计学意义.结论:锥形束CT在诊断涎石症方面,能确定结石的数目、大小并定位,准确性高.     

Evaluation of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality

Abstract— The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were calculated by comparing the test results with a “gold standard”. The thermal tests studied were a cold test (ethyl chloride) and a heat test (hot gutta-percha). For the electrical test, the Analytic Technology Pulp Tester® was used. The examined teeth were 59 teeth with unknown pulpal status in need of endodontic treatment and 16 intact teeth, all with radiographically normal periapical bone structures. In total 46 teeth with vital pulps and 29 teeth with necrotic pulps were tested. This gave a disease prevalence of 39%. The gold standard was established by direct pulp inspection of the 59 teeth in need of endodontic treatment. In the 16 intact teeth the pulp was judged as vital. The number of true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) and false negative (FN) test results was calculated for each method as compared to the gold standard. Based on this, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for each method. The sensitivity was 0.83 for the cold test, 0.86 for the heat test and 0.72 for the electrical test. The specificity was 0.93 for the cold test, 0.41 for the heat test and 0.93 for the electrical test. The positive predictive value was 0.89 for the cold test, 0.48 for the heat test and 0.88 for the electrical test, and the negative predictive value was 0.90 for the cold test, 0.83 for the heat test and 0.84 for the electrical test. This indicated that the probability of a non-sensitive reaction representing a necrotic pulp was 89% with the cold test, 48% with the heat test and 88% with the electrical test. It also indicated that the probability of a sensitive reaction representing a vital pulp was 90% with the cold test, 83% with the heat test and 84% with the electrical test.     

Evaluation of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were calculated by comparing the test results with a "gold standard". The thermal tests studied were a cold test (ethyl chloride) and a heat test (hot gutta-percha). For the electrical test, the Analytic Technology Pulp Tester was used. The examined teeth were 59 teeth with unknown pulpal status in need of endodontic treatment and 16 intact teeth, all with radiographically normal periapical bone structures. In total 46 teeth with vital pulps and 29 teeth with necrotic pulps were tested. This gave a disease prevalence of 39%. The gold standard was established by direct pulp inspection of the 59 teeth in need of endodontic treatment. In the 16 intact teeth the pulp was judged as vital. The number of true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) and false negative (FN) test results was calculated for each method as compared to the gold standard. Based on this, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for each method. The sensitivity was 0.83 for the cold test, 0.86 for the heat test and 0.72 for the electrical test. The specificity was 0.93 for the cold test, 0.41 for the heat test and 0.93 for the electrical test. The positive predictive value was 0.89 for the cold test, 0.48 for the heat test and 0.88 for the electrical test, and the negative predictive value was 0.90 for the cold test, 0.83 for the heat test and 0.84 for the electrical test. This indicated that the probability of a non-sensitive reaction representing a necrotic pulp was 89% with the cold test, 48% with the heat test and 88% with the electrical test. It also indicated that the probability of a sensitive reaction representing a vital pulp was 90% with the cold test, 83% with the heat test and 84% with the electrical test.     

Exfoliative cytology: a helpful tool for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis

OBJECTIVE: To describe the main cytological findings associated with smears collected from oral lesions of paracoccidioidomycosis and to appraise the use of cytology as a diagnostic tool for the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Cytological smears and biopsies were collected from 40 lesions with a clinical suspicion of paracoccidioidomycosis. Evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and the positive likeness ratio of the oral smear when compared with the histological diagnosis, was performed. The latter is considered the 'gold standard' for comparison. RESULTS: The main morphological findings were the rounded-shaped, birefringent and multiple-budded fungi, Langhans' giant cells and epithelioid cells. The following associative measures were found: sensitivity, 67.9%; specificity, 91.7%; positive predictive value, 95.0%; negative predictive value, 55.0%; accuracy, 75.0%; and positive likeness ratio, 8.14. CONCLUSION: The cytological findings of paracoccidioidomycosis are characteristic and cytology is accurate in the diagnosis of the disease. Positive patients should be treated. Negative patients should be submitted to biopsy to confirm or to dismiss the diagnosis of this mycosis.