Role of Leu72Met of GHRL and Gln223Arg of LEPR Variants on Food Intake,Subjective Appetite,and Hunger-Satiety Hormones

Appetite regulation has been recognized as a promising target for the prevention of obesity, which has become a worldwide health issue. Polymorphisms in the genes of hormones or receptors including Leu72Met for ghrelin and Gln223Arg for the leptin receptor could play a role in dietary intake, hunger, and satiety process. The aim of this study was to analyze subjective appetite assessments, dietary intake, and appetite hormones in relationship to these polymorphisms. Subjects (n = 132) with normal BMIs were enrolled. Dietary intake was analyzed with 3-day diet records. Subjective appetite was measured by visual analogue scales. Biochemical parameters were measured after 12 h of fasting and 120′ following ingestion of a test meal. Ghrelin and leptin levels were measured by ELISA assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and insulin by chemiluminescence assay. The polymorphisms were determined by allelic discrimination using TaqMan^® probes. Fasting ghrelin levels differed significantly between men and women. The consumption of fruit and bread/starch with added sugar servings, as indicated by dietary records, and measured ghrelin levels were higher in carriers of Leu72Met/Met72Met compared to Leu72Leu carriers; total sugar intake was higher in Gln223Gln carriers than in Gln223Arg/Arg223Arg carriers. In conclusion, the Leu72Met and Gln223Arg polymorphism in ghrelin and LEPR may contribute to differential responses to a standardized meal as evidenced by higher postprandial levels of ghrelin and may also contribute to a higher dietary sugar intake.     

Genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1, alcohol consumption, and the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan

Background

X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) polymorphisms affect DNA repair capacity and may therefore be of importance in colorectal carcinogenesis. Alcohol consumption, an important risk factor for colorectal cancer, may induce carcinogenesis through DNA damage caused by the toxic effects of alcohol or its metabolites. Therefore, we examined the associations of XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp polymorphisms with colorectal cancer and the impact of the association between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer risk.

Methods

This case-control study in Fukuoka, Japan including 685 cases and 778 controls. The cases were incident patients with histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma. The controls were randomly selected community subjects.

Results

The XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotype was significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% CI 1.01–2.42; relative to 399Arg/Arg genotype). The association was strongest in individuals with high alcohol consumption. The Arg280His polymorphism modified the association between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer risk (interaction P = 0.049). The OR of colorectal cancer in individuals with the 280His allele was 0.45 (95% CI 0.26–0.78) as compared with the 280Arg/Arg genotype limited to the 399Gln allele (interaction P = 0.001). The adjusted ORs for 399Gln/Gln-280Arg/Arg-194Arg/Arg and 399Arg/Gln-280Arg/Arg-194Arg/Trp were 1.71 (95% CI 1.02–2.87) and 1.57 (95% CI 1.05–2.33), respectively, with 399Arg/Arg-280Arg/Arg-194Arg/Arg as reference (interaction P = 0.418).

Conclusions

The findings are additional evidence that individuals with the XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotype have an increased risk of colorectal cancer, and that XRCC1 polymorphisms have an important role in colorectal cancer risk associated with alcohol consumption or gene-gene interaction.Key words: XRCC1 polymorphisms, alcohol consumption, colorectal cancer     

Effect of Acute and Chronic Dietary Supplementation with Green Tea Catechins on Resting Metabolic Rate,Energy Expenditure and Respiratory Quotient: A Systematic Review

The consumption of green tea catechins (GTC) is associated with modulations of fat metabolism and consequent weight loss. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of GTC on resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory quotient (RQ). Eligible studies considered both the chronic and acute intake of GTC-based supplements, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) doses ranging between 100–800 mg. Findings from 15 studies (n = 499 participants) lasting 8–12 weeks (for chronic consumption) or 1–3 days (for acute intake) are summarized. This review reveals the positive effects of GTC supplementation on RQ values (272 subjects). Regarding the effects of acute and chronic GTC supplementation on RMR (244 subjects) and EE (255 subjects), the results did not allow for a definitive conclusion, even though they were promising, because some reported a positive improvement (two studies revealed an increase in RMR: one demonstrated an RMR increase of 43.82 kcal/day and another demonstrated an increase of 260.8 kcal/day, mainly when subjects were also engaged in resistance training exercise). Considering GTC daily dose supplementation, studies in which modifications of energetic parameters occurred, in particular RQ reduction, considered GTC low doses (100–300 mg). GTC may be useful for improving metabolic profiles. Further investigations are needed to better define adequate doses of supplementation.     

瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与肥胖的关联研究

目的探讨瘦素受体基因多态性与肥胖发生的关系。方法采用PCR-RFLP对502例肥胖患者、400例体重正常者进行瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性检测。结果肥胖组瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg的GG、GA和AA基因型表达频率分别为0.777、0.197及0.026。单因素分析显示携带AA基因型与携带GG基因型相比,发生肥胖的风险为OR=0.478,P=0.043。多因素分析表明,瘦素受体基因多态性、年龄>65岁、吸烟以及口味偏重与肥胖发生的相对危险度分别为:OR=1.36,95%CI:0.999~1.849,P=0.05;OR=0.55,95%CI:0.366~0.825,P=0.004;OR=1.475,95%CI:1.064~2.045,P=0.02;OR=1.506,95%CI:1.042~2.176,P=0.029。结论瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性可能与肥胖发生有关。     

瘦素受体Gln223Arg基因多态性与肥胖关系的研究

目的 研究瘦素受体Gln223Arg基因多态性与肥胖的关系。方法 2004年在山西省盂县选取一组人群，凋查其心血管病危险因素，同时抽血检测瘦素受体Gln223Arg基因多态性的基因型，并分析Gln223Arg基因多态性与肥胖的关系。结果 该组人群GG、GA及AA的基因型频率分别为0．7679、0．2171和0．0151；G和A等位基因频率分别为0．8764和0．1236。基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P=0．934）。单因素分析结果表明携带A等位基因的研究对象具有更高的体重（63．2kg vs．61．9kg；P=0．0307）和体重指数（24．4kg／m^2 vs．24．1kg／m^2；P=00898）；在调整年龄、性别、体力活动和膳食之后，携带A等位基因者仍然具有较高的体重指数（24．5kg／m^2 vs．24．1kg/m^2；P=0．0396）和肥胖患病率（OR=1．30，95％CI：0．957～1．767；P=0．0935）。结论 瘦素受体Gln223Arg基因多态性与肥胖可能有关。     

LEPR基因Gln223Arg多态性与上海某区汉族儿童的相关性研究

目的探究瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与上海某区儿童超重肥胖的关系及相关生化指标的相关性。方法采用PCR-RFLP对上海松江区六所小学7-11岁超重肥胖与正常体重儿童(各262名)的血样进行LEPR基因Gln223Arg多态性检测,logistic回归分析其与儿童超重肥胖的相关性,并分析了生化指标在超重肥胖组与正常组儿童以及不同基因型间的差异。结果超重肥胖组与对照组之间LEPR基因Gln223Arg AA频率与A等位基因频率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。对其收缩压(SBP),舒张压(DBP),胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),血糖(GLU),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)进行t检验,得出SBP,DBP,TG,HDL-C和LDL-C在超重肥胖组与对照组中差异显著。在控制了混杂因素BMI等后,LEPR基因Gln223Arg各基因型组的生化指标差异分析表明基因型可能与LDL-C相关(P<0.05)。进一步两两比较结果表明LDL-C水平在基因型AA组比AG(P=0.019)与GG组(P=0.017)低,而AG与GG组之间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.517)。结论 LEPR基因Gln223Arg多态性可能与儿童超重肥胖的发生无关,而LDL-C(P<0.05)可能与LEPR基因Gln223Arg基因型有相关性。     

Leptin and leptin-receptor polymorphisms in fertile and infertile men

The association of leptin (LEP) -2548G/A and/or leptin receptor (LEPR) Gln223Arg polymorphisms with male infertility and plasma FSH, LH, and testosterone (T) levels was examined. The genotypes and allele frequency distributions of LEP -2548G/A and LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphisms were investigated in 150 fertile and 150 infertile men by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Also, plasma levels of FSH, LH, and T were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes of LEP-2548G/A polymorphism were statistically different in fertile and infertile men (p=0.012). The AG genotype showed a protective effect which could decrease risk of male infertility about 3 fold (p = 0.004). We did not observe any differences in frequencies of LEPR Gln223Arg alleles and genotypes between groups (p > 0.05). Sperm counts from infertile men with the AG and GG genotypes of the LEP polymorphism were significantly higher than AA genotype (p<0.05). Moreover, infertile men who carried the RR genotype of LEPR showed a statistically higher percentage of sperm with progressive motility than individuals with other genotypes (p = 0.004). There was no correlation between different combinations of LEP and LEPR genotypes and LH, FSH, and T levels (p > 0.05). Our study suggests that the LEP -2548G/A polymorphism may play a role in male fertility and the AG genotype may have a protective effect through increasing sperm counts. The distribution of genotypes of LEP -2548G/A polymorphism are different in fertile and infertile males and may be a useful tool in evaluation of male infertility.

Abbreviations: LEP: leptin; LEPR: leptin receptor; T: testosterone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone     

A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the FIT Game’s Efficacy in Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Few children eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (FV). Although incentive-based interventions can increase FV consumption, this approach is costly and may be viewed as controversial due to the possible negative effects on intrinsic motivation. The FIT Game was designed to address these challenges. Four elementary schools were randomly assigned to either cooperatively play the FIT Game (n = 881) for ~8 weeks or to a no-game Control condition (n = 978). The FIT Game was presented daily as comic-book formatted episodes projected onto a large screen in the school cafeteria throughout lunchtime. All children could see the episodes which communicated daily whole-school vegetable-eating goals and illustrated the progress of the game’s heroes when these goals were collectively met. Photo estimates of FV consumption and skin carotenoid concentrations (biomarker of carotenoid consumption) were collected at baseline, during the last 5 days of the FIT Game, and 3 months after the intervention concluded. Control schools followed the same FV consumption-monitoring procedures for the same duration. At the conclusion of the intervention phase, children attending the FIT Game schools consumed more vegetables (d = 0.41), more fruit (d = 0.39), and had higher skin carotenoids (d = 0.66) than at baseline. These statistically significant increases were maintained at a 3-month follow-up for vegetables (d = 0.21, the food targeted for change) and carotenoids (d = 0.53). Thus, the no-cost virtual incentives of the FIT Game increased FV consumption in the short- and long-run, without negatively impacting intrinsic motivation.     

The Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Thermogenesis and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men: A Pilot Study

Objectives: The development of obesity is characterized by an increase in adipose tissue mass and by concomitant and profound changes in almost all organ functions leading to diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Recent data from human studies indicate that the consumption of green tea and green tea extracts may help reduce body weight, mainly body fat, by increasing postprandial thermogenesis and fat oxidation. However, human studies investigating the metabolic effects of the most predominant tea catechin, EGCG, alone are absent.

Methods: In a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study, six overweight men were given 300 mg EGCG/d for 2d. Fasting and postprandial changes in energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation were assessed.

Results: Resting EE did not differ significantly between EGCG and placebo treatments, although during the first postprandial monitoring phase, respiratory quotient (RQ) values were significantly lower with EGCG compared to the placebo.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that EGCG alone has the potential to increase fat oxidation in men and may thereby contribute to the anti-obesity effects of green tea. However, more studies with a greater sample size and a broader range of age and BMI are needed to define the optimum dose.     

中国人群瘦素受体Gln223Arg、Pr01019Pro基因多态性与肥胖关联性的Meta分析

目的 探讨瘦素受体(LEPR) Gln223Arg、Prol019Pro基因多态性与肥胖的关联性.方法 计算机检索万方、CNKI、维普、CBM、PubMed、EMBASE数据库,收集1979-2010年公开发表的关于中国人群LEPR Gln223Arg、LEPR Pro1 019Pro基因多态性与肥胖的病例对照研究的文献,选择OR值及其95％CI作为Meta分析指标.利用Stata 10.0软件对各研究结果进行异质性检验和效应值合并计算.结果 根据统一的纳入和剔除标准,纳入15篇文献,其中LEPRGln223Arg基因多态性相关文献9篇,共有肥胖者1096例,对照组949人;LEPR Prol019Pro基因多态性相关文献8篇,共有肥胖者961例,对照组818人.LEPR Gln223Arg基因多态性与肥胖关联性的研究中,LEPR-668位点基因G/A的OR=0.66(95％CI:0.49～0.89),将有A→3基因突变的AG基因型和GG基因型合并后与AA基因型比较,肥胖易感性降低(OR=0.50,95％CI:0.32～0.77)有统计学意义;在LEPR Prol019Pro基因多态性与肥胖关联性的研究中,LEPR-3057位点基因A/G的OR=1,61 (95％CI:1.15～2.26),有G→A基因突变的基因型AG和基因型AA合并后与GG基因型比较,肥胖易感性升高(OR=1.50,95％CI:1.08～2.08),有统计学意义.结论 中国汉族为主的人群LEPR Gln223Arg和LEPR Prol019Pro基因多态性与肥胖的发生均有关联.     

Energy expenditure in African American and white boys and girls in a 2-y follow-up of the Baton Rouge Children's Study

BACKGROUND: Previously reported race and sex differences in energy expenditure (EE) may play a role in body fat gain. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the relations between race, sex, Tanner stage, and EE. DESIGN: We conducted a 2-y follow-up study of EE in 114 African American (AA) and white girls and boys aged 12.7 +/- 0.1 y ( +/- SE), who were stratified as obese or lean and were part of the Baton Rouge Children's Study. Total daily EE (TDEE) was measured by using doubly labeled water. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of food were measured by using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: White children had significantly higher TDEE and RMR than did AA children when fat-free mass was considered. Boys had significantly higher TDEE and RMR than did girls, even after adjustment for differences in size. TDEE and RMR were significantly higher in obese children, as a result of their greater fat-free mass and body fat, than in lean children. Activity-related EE did not differ significantly between obese and lean children. There was a strong relation between initial and 2-y TDEE and RMR. There was a significant decrease in activity-related EE in both racial groups. AA children had significantly more lean limb mass than did white children. CONCLUSIONS: Average TDEE did not change over 2 y, but RMR increased significantly, and activity-related EE decreased significantly. Differences in trunk and limb lean mass of white and AA children may explain some of the ethnic differences in EE. The decrease in physical activity over 2 y may contribute to the risk of obesity.     

No association of defined variability in leptin,leptin receptor,adiponectin, proopiomelanocortin and ghrelin gene with food preferences in the Czech population

Abstract

Background: Previously, it has been reported that mutations in the genes encoding for adipokines may be associated with impaired food intake and may serve as potential obesity biomarkers. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations of defined variability in leptin, leptin receptor, adiponectin, proopiomelanocortin and ghrelin genes with food preferences in the obese and non-obese Czech population and evaluate their potential as the obesity susceptibility genes.

Patients and Methods: Using PCR followed by restriction analysis, we studied 185 volunteers. Basic anthropometrical characteristics associated to obesity were measured and the food intake was monitored using a 7-day record method. In the group of obese individuals, a subset of 34 morbidly obese patients was studied for plasma leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels.

Results: None of the examined polymorphisms was associated to anthropometrical or demographic characteristics of the study subjects. The Gln223Arg polymorphism within the leptin receptor gene was significantly associated with lower plasma leptin levels (the RR genotype being more frequent in patients with lower plasma leptin levels; P = 0.001). No associations of the examined polymorphisms with food preferences was observed.

Conclusions: Based on our results, the examined polymorphisms in the adipokine genes do not seem to be the major risk factor for obesity development in the Czech population nor significantly affect food preferences.     

LEPR G1n223Arg多态性对不同种族人群中乳腺癌危险性影响的meta分析

瘦素和瘦素受体参与了乳腺癌的发生发展过程。在瘦素受体基因（LEPR）6号外显子上第223个密码子A到G的转变可以导致谷氨酸到精氨酸的替换（Gln223Arg）。许多已发表的病例对照研究评价了LEPRGln223Arg多态性与乳腺癌的关系。然而,却未得出一致的结论。本篇meta分析囊括了8篇文献来评价LEPRGln223Arg多态性与乳腺癌的联系。用总体合并OR值作为研究共显性模型、隐性模型、显性模型的指标。结果显示总体研究中隐性模型（OR=1．32,95％CI：1．03～1．69）和Arg/Gln vs Gin／Gin基因型（OR=1．16,95％CI：1．01～1．34）显著提高了乳腺癌的危险性。种族分层分析中发现,非洲人群的以下几个基因型会提高患乳腺癌的危险性：Arg/Arg vs 8Gln/Gln（OR=1．86,95％CI：1．28-2．71）,Arg／Gln vs GIn/Gln（OR=1．48,95％CI：1．10—1．99）,显性模型（OR=1．60,95％CI：1．21～2．11）和隐性模型（OR=1．48,95％cI：1．07～2．05）;亚洲人群中,Arg／ArgvsGin／Gin基因型（OR=6．79,95％CI：3．42～13．47）和显性模型（OR=2．03,95％CI：1．42～2．90）提高了患乳腺癌的危险性。在欧洲人群中任何基因模型都没有发现能显著提高乳腺癌的危险性。总而言之,LEPR223Arg是乳腺癌发展的低风险因素,特别是在非洲女性中。     

Leptin levels,leptin receptor gene polymorphisms,and energy metabolism in women

OBJECTIVE: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is mainly determined by fat-free mass and additionally by age, sex, hormones, and possibly genetic differences. We evaluated whether leptin levels and polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene were associated with energy expenditure phenotypes. METHODS: RMR, body composition, and leptin levels were measured in 125 overweight and obese women. Three LEPR polymorphisms, Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg, and Lys656Asn, were typed on genomic DNA of another group of 192 women in whom RMR was measured. Fat, protein, and carbohydrate oxidation were calculated for 103 of these subjects. In 38 subjects, glucose-induced thermogenesis was measured over 3 hours. RESULTS: In the first study group, a negative correlation between RMR and leptin levels was found after controlling for fat and fat-free mass. In multiple regression analysis, leptin contributed significantly to RMR, independent of body composition. In the second study group, RMR was not associated with LEPR polymorphisms. Differences in substrate oxidation rates were found among genotypes at the Lys656Asn site. In fasting conditions, Lys656Lys showed a trend to oxidize more carbohydrates and less fat than Asn656 carriers, a trend which became significant after the glucose load when carbohydrate oxidation rate in Lys656Lys was 15% higher than in Asn656 carriers (p = 0.04), and fat oxidation rate was 44% lower (p = 0.02). DISCUSSION: These results suggest that DNA sequence variations in the LEPR gene could affect substrate oxidation. We hypothesize that this might be caused by differences in glucose levels, leading to differences in glucose oxidation rates.     

Melanocortin-4 receptor polymorphism rs17782313: Association with obesity and eating in the absence of hunger in Chilean children

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the association between melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) rs17782313 alleles with obesity and eating behavior scores in Chilean children.MethodsA case–control study was conducted with 139 normal-weight and 238 obese children (ages 6–12 y). MC4R rs17782313 genotypes were determined by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction allelic-discrimination assays. Eating behavior scores were evaluated in a subset of participants using the Chilean version of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Additionally, five normal-weight C-allele carriers of rs17782313 were matched by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) to five TT homozygous children to carry out the Eating in the Absence of Hunger (EAH) test.ResultsThe frequency of the C-allele of MC4R rs17782313 was higher in the obese group than in the control group, without achieving statistical significance (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–2.4; P = 0.16). CEBQ scores of “enjoyment of food” were higher (P = 0.04) and “satiety responsiveness” were lower (P = 0.02) in children with CC genotype than in those with TT genotype matched by sex, age, and BMI. In the EAH test, all five non-obese carriers of the C-allele (three CC and two CT) showed increased sweet snack consumption compared with five matched (by sex–age–BMI) non-carriers after a preload meal, without achieving statistical significance (P = 0.06).ConclusionMC4R polymorphism rs17782313 may contribute to childhood obesity, affecting enjoyment of food, satiety responsiveness, and possibly eating in the absence of hunger.     

Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in obese psychiatric patients taking olanzapine

ObjectiveThe prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is important to determine the energy expenditure of obese patients with severe mental illnesses (SMIs). However, there is lack of research concerning the most accurate RMR predictive equations. The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of four RMR equations on patients with SMIs taking olanzapine.MethodsOne hundred twenty-eight obese (body mass index >30 kg/m²) patients with SMIs (41 men and 87 women) treated with olanzapine were tested from 2005 to 2008. Measurements of anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference) and body composition (using the BodPod) were performed at the beginning of the study. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry. Comparisons between measured and estimated RMRs from four equations (Harris-Benedict adjusted and current body weights, Schofield, and Mifflin-St. Jeor) were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between the measured and predicted RMRs with all four equations (P < 0.001), with the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation demonstrating the strongest correlation in men and women (r = 0.712, P < 0.001). In men and women, the Bland-Altman analysis revealed no significant bias in the RMR prediction using the Harris-Benedict adjusted body weight and the Mifflin equations (P > 0.05). However, in men and women, the Harris-Benedict current body weight and the Schofield equations showed significant overestimation error in the RMR prediction (P < 0.001).ConclusionWhen estimating RMR in men and women with SMIs taking olanzapine, the Mifflin-St. Jeor and Harris-Benedict adjusted body weight equations appear to be the most appropriate for clinical use.     

Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss in obese subjects is associated with a reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Whether the reduction can be explained solely by a reduction in lean body mass remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether the reduction in RMR after weight loss was proportional to the decrease in lean mass alone or was greater than could be explained by body composition. DESIGN: We measured the RMR, fasting respiratory quotient (RQ), and body composition in 40 reduced-obese subjects [ie, 7 men and 33 women who had lost > or = 13.6 kg (30 lb) and maintained the loss for > or = 1 y] enrolled in the National Weight Control Registry and 46 weight-matched control subjects (9 men, 37 women). RESULTS: A stepwise multiple regression found lean mass, fat mass, age, and sex to be the best predictors of RMR in both groups. After adjusting RMR for these variables, we found no significant difference in RMR (5926 +/- 106 and 6015 +/- 104 kJ/d) between the 2 groups (P = 0.35). When we adjusted fasting RQ for percentage body fat and age, the reduced-obese group had a slightly higher (0.807 +/- 0.006) RQ than the control group (0.791 +/- 0.005, P = 0.05). This may have been due to the consumption of a diet lower in fat or to a reduced capacity for fat oxidation in the reduced-obese group. CONCLUSION: These results show that in at least some reduced-obese individuals there does not seem to be a permanent obligatory reduction in RMR beyond the expected reduction for a reduced lean mass.     

瘦素及瘦素受体基因多态性与乳腺癌的相关性研究

目的探讨瘦素及其瘦素受体基因多态性与乳腺癌发生的关系。方法采用PCR- RFLP对94例乳腺癌患者、128例健康对照者进行瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性检测;ELISA分析法测定瘦素水平。结果乳腺癌组瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg的GG、GA和AA基因型表达频率分别为69.15%、17.02%和13.83%;等位基因G和A为77.66%和22.34%与对照组82.03%、15.63%和2.34%及等位基因的89.84%和10.16%相比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004,P=0.001)。乳腺癌组瘦素水平,腰臀比(WHR)明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.001)。非条件logislic回归多因素分析表明,瘦素受体基因多态性、瘦素水平及WHR升高,与乳腺癌发生的相关危险度分别为:OR=4.87,95%CI:1.30-18.22,P=0.019;OR=1.53,95%CI:1.13-2.07,P= 0.006;OR=3.68,95%CI:1.34-10.11,P=0.011。结论瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性、瘦素及WHR升高,可能增加乳腺癌发生的风险性。     

Energy metabolism in healthy black Kenyan children

1. Twenty-four healthy black Kenyan children, mean age 29 (SD 19) months, were studied over a 24 h period. Energy expenditure (EE) was determined using a ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter; measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Metabolizable energy intake was measured in twenty children. Anthropometric measurements were used to estimate surface area and lean body-weight. 2. The mean daily intake of metabolizable energy was 338.4 (SE 28.4) kJ/kg; 70% of gross dietary energy being provided by carbohydrate. The level of postprandial EE was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than the resting level (12.6 (SE 0.47) and 11.38 (SE 0.37) kJ/kg per h respectively) while the level of the postprandial respiratory quotient (RQ) was similar to the resting level (0.94 (SE 0.02) and 0.98 (SE 0.03 respectively). In 33% of total observations of the resting RQ the value was more than 1.0. These findings suggest that short-term fat storage may be a normal feature of metabolism in children, and also that the energy cost of (postprandial) fat synthesis is increased by a high-carbohydrate diet. 3. Values for the resting metabolic rate and various estimators of body size were compared using regression analysis. It was evident that, in these young children with considerable variation in body composition, body-weight remained a satisfactory metabolic-size estimator.     

Onion peel extract reduces the percentage of body fat in overweight and obese subjects: a 12-week,randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe anti-obesity effect of quercetin-rich onion peel extract (OPE) was suggested in rats, but information from human studies is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of OPE on the body composition of overweight and obese subjects.MATERIALS/METHODSIn this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, parallel clinical trials were performed in overweight and obese Korean subjects. Randomly assigned subjects were instructed to take daily either the placebo (male, 6 and female, 30) or OPE capsules containing 100 mg of quercetin (male, 5 and female, 31). Body composition was measured by using bioimpedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were evaluated by using indirect calorie measurement methods. Fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, and leptin were determined.RESULTSQuercetin-rich OPE supplementation significantly reduced the weight and percentage of body fat as measured by DXA (P = 0.02). These effects were not shown in the control group. Levels of blood glucose (P = 0.04) and leptin (P = 0.001 for placebo, P = 0.002 for OPE) decreased in both groups. Significant increases in REE and RQ were observed in both groups (P = 0.003 for placebo, P = 0.006 for OPE) and in the OPE group alone (P = 0.02), respectively.CONCLUSIONSQuercetin-rich OPE supplementation changed the body composition of the overweight and obese subjects. This result suggests a beneficial role of the anti-obesity effect of OPE human subjects.