Agreement of anthropometric equations with the 4‐component model in the prediction of body fat in obese schoolchildren

Aim: To evaluate the agreement between body fat determined by the 4‐component (4C) model and anthropometric equations in obese schoolchildren. Methods: The sample included 61 obese children (body mass index ≥ p 95) of both sexes, aged 8 to 13 years, from families with a history of chronic non‐transmissible disease, recruited from a school in a district of the city of Santiago. The multidimensional determination of body composition (not carried out in a Chilean population) included isotope dilution, air‐displacement plethysmography and radiographic absorption. Body fat was calculated using the Fuller 4C model. The results of this model were compared with the anthropometric equations generated by Slaughter, Ellis, Huang, Johnston and Deurenberg. This comparison was performed using Lin's agreement coefficient and the Bland and Altman method. Results: The anthropometric equation that best correlated with the four reference components was Slaughter for males (r = 0.94; p < 0.0001) and Ellis equation (r = 0.96; p < 0.0001) in the females. The Slaughter equation underestimated body fat in males by −0.93 (−6.81 4.96) kg. In females, all of the anthropometric equations underestimated body fat, while Ellis showed the closest difference of 1.12 (−2.92 5.17) kg. Conclusions: The Slaughter equation for obese boys and the Ellis equation in obese girls allowed an adequate estimation of total body fat, applicable to clinical and public health situations.     

Validation of foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the assessment of body composition in young children: the EarlyBird cohort

Foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is simple and non-invasive, making it particularly suitable for use in children. There is insufficient evidence of the validity of foot-to-foot BIA compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the criterion method in healthy young children. Our objective was to assess the validity of foot-to-foot BIA against DEXA in a large cohort of healthy young children. Body composition was measured by foot-to-foot BIA and DEXA in 203 children (mean age 8.9 (SD 0.3) years). Bland-Altman and simple linear regression analyses were used to determine agreement between methods. BIA overestimated fat-free mass by a mean of 2.4% in boys and 5.7% in girls, while fat mass was underestimated by 6.5% in boys and 10.3% in girls. The percentage fat recorded by BIA was, accordingly, also lower than by DEXA (boys 4.8%; girls 12.8%). In boys, however, there were correlations between the size of the difference between methods and the size of the measure under consideration such that in smaller boys fat-free mass was underestimated (r-0.57; P<0.001) while fat mass and percentage fat were overestimated (r 0.74 for fat mass; r 0.69 for percentage fat; both P<0.001) with the reverse in bigger boys. Mean differences between techniques were greater in the girls than in the boys but in boys only, the direction of the differences was dependent upon the size of the child. Therefore, BIA may be useful for large-scale studies but is not interchangeable with DEXA and should be interpreted with caution in individuals.     

Adiposity Adversely Influences Quality of Life Among Adolescents

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, percent body fat (%BF), and weight status (overweight/obese) with health-related quality of life (QOL) in adolescents.MethodsOf 2,353 children (median age 12.7 years) examined, 1,213 (51.7%) with complete data were resurveyed 5 years later, and an additional 475 adolescents were newly recruited. Weight, height, waist circumference, %BF, and body mass index were obtained and defined using standardized protocols. QOL was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL).ResultsIn cross-sectional analyses, obese boys differed significantly from normal weight boys in the PedsQL physical summary only (multivariable-adjusted p = .005). Boys with the highest %BF (≥95th percentile) compared to their peers in the 6th to 94th percentiles had a significantly lower total PedsQL score (7.7-unit difference, p = .0003), and had adjusted mean scores: 7.92, 7.54, 7.35, 6.51, and 8.56 units lower in the physical summary (p = .0003), psychosocial summary (p = .004), emotional (p = .03), social (p = .02), and school (p = .04) domains, respectively. Nonsignificant cross-sectional associations were observed in girls. Adolescents who remained obese (n = 41) compared to those who were non-overweight/obese (n = 704) over the study period, had lower PedsQL physical summary score 5 years later: 85.6 versus 90.5 (p = .03). Conversely, individuals who were overweight/obese at baseline but who became non-overweight/obese at follow-up (n = 92), had significantly higher physical summary scores than those who remained obese 5 years later (n = 41), 91.4 versus 85.6 (p = .03).ConclusionAdiposity in adolescent boys, but not girls, was associated with poorer QOL.     

Changes in Food and Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality on a Low-Fat Vegan Diet Are Associated with Changes in Body Weight,Body Composition,and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BackgroundConsuming different food groups and nutrients can have differential effects on body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity.ObjectiveThe aim was to identify how food group, nutrient intake, and diet quality change relative to usual-diet controls after 16 weeks on a low-fat vegan diet and what associations those changes have with changes in body weight, body composition, and measures of metabolic health.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial conducted between October 2016 and December 2018 in four replications.Participants/settingParticipants included in this analysis were 219 healthy, community-based adults in the Washington, DC, area, with a body mass index (BMI) between 28 and 40, who were randomly assigned to either follow a low-fat vegan diet or make no diet changes.InterventionA low-fat, vegan diet deriving approximately 10% of energy from fat, with weekly classes including dietary instruction, group discussion, and education on the health effects of plant-based nutrition. Control group participants continued their usual diets.Main outcome measuresChanges in food group intake, macronutrient and micronutrient intake, and dietary quality as measured by Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), analyzed from 3-day diet records, and associations with changes in body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity were assessed.Statistical analyses performedA repeated-measure analysis of variance model that included the factors group, subject, and time was used to test the between-group differences throughout the 16-week study. Interaction between group and time was calculated for each variable. Within each diet group, paired comparison t tests were calculated to identify significant changes from baseline to 16 weeks. Spearman correlations were calculated for the relationship between changes in food group intake, nutrient intake, AHEI-2010 score, and changes in body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. The relative contribution of food groups and nutrients to weight loss was evaluated using linear regression.ResultsFruit, vegetable, legume, meat alternative, and whole grain intake significantly increased in the vegan group. Intake of meat, fish, and poultry; dairy products; eggs; nuts and seeds; and added fats decreased. Decreased weight was most associated with increased intake of legumes (r = ?0.38; P < 0.0001) and decreased intake of total meat, fish, and poultry (r = +0.43; P < 0.0001). Those consuming a low-fat vegan diet also increased their intake of carbohydrates, fiber, and several micronutrients and decreased fat intake. Reduced fat intake was associated with reduced body weight (r = +0.15; P = 0.02) and, after adjustment for changes in BMI and energy intake, with reduced fat mass (r = +0.14; P = 0.04). The intervention group’s AHEI-2010 increased by 6.0 points on average, in contrast to no significant change in the control group (treatment effect, +7.2 [95% CI +3.7 to +10.7]; P < 0.001). Increase in AHEI-2010 correlated with reduction in body weight (r = 0.14; P = 0.04), fat mass (r = ?0.14; P = 0.03), and insulin resistance as measured by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR; r = ?0.17; P = 0.02), after adjustment for changes in energy intake.ConclusionsWhen compared with participants’ usual diets, intake of plant foods increased, and consumption of animal foods, nuts and seeds, and added fats decreased on a low-fat vegan diet. Increased legume intake was the best single food group predictor of weight loss. Diet quality as measured by AHEI-2010 improved on the low-fat vegan diet, which was associated with improvements in weight and metabolic outcomes. These data suggest that increasing low-fat plant foods and minimizing high-fat and animal foods is associated with decreased body weight and fat loss, and that a low-fat vegan diet can improve measures of diet quality and metabolic health.     

The relationship between body composition and selected metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents in South Africa: The PLAY study

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between body composition and selected markers of the metabolic syndrome in black adolescents.MethodsThe group consisted of 232 adolescent boys and girls aged 15–19 y attending two secondary schools in a low socio-economic status area of Potchefstroom, South Africa. Body mass (kg), stature (cm), and waist (WC) and hip circumferences were measured using standard methods. Body mass index and waist:hip ratio were calculated. Percentage body fat and lean body mass were measured by air displacement plethysmography. Fasting plasma insulin, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure were measured.ResultsChildren with a high body fat percentage (boys >20%, girls >25%) had significantly higher serum leptin concentration than children with normal body fat percentage (boys, P = 0.005; girls, P < 0.0001). Girls with a high body fat percentage also reported significantly higher SBP (P = 0.004), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.03), plasma insulin (P = 0.004), and HOMA-IR (P = 0.004) than girls with normal body fat percentage. Body fat percentage had a significant positive association with HOMA-IR (P = 0.02) and SBP (P = 0.02), respectively. A significant positive correlation was also found between plasma leptin concentration and body mass index (P < 0.0001), WC (P < 0.0001), body fat percentage (P < 0.0001), and fat:height index (P < 0.001).ConclusionA significant positive association was found between body fat percentage and both SBP and HOMA-IR, respectively. Girls with a high body fat percentage had significantly higher BP, plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR than girls with normal body fat percentage, indicating risk of non-communicable diseases.     

双能X线吸收法与生物电阻抗法测量肥胖儿童身体成分结果比较

目的比较7～15岁肥胖儿童双能X线吸收法（DEXA）与生物电阻抗法（BIA）身体成分测量结果及其与正常儿童的比较,为BIA在肥胖儿童体重控制中的应用提供基础数据。方法选择7～15岁体重正常和肥胖儿童共356名,每组各性别、年龄约10名,分别采用DEXA和BIA测定身体脂肪组织和非脂肪组织成分及骨矿含量,分析肥胖儿童2种方法测量结果的相关性和一致性以及与正常儿童的差异。结果7～15岁男、女肥胖儿童肌肉组织、骨矿含量、脂肪组织和脂肪百分比BIA与DEXA测量结果的相关系数除11～15岁女生骨矿含量外,差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.05）,脂肪组织相关系数高于其他指标。7～15岁肥胖儿童BIA与DEXA脂肪百分比测量结果的差值均值有随年龄增长而降低的趋势。男生BIA与DEXA脂肪百分比测量值比较的一致性限为-7.5%～8.6%,女生为-7.5%～11.0%。低年龄（〈13岁）高脂肪百分比组（≥35%）和高年龄（≥13岁）低脂肪百分比组（〈35%）肥胖男、女生脂肪组织指数（FMI）和非脂肪组织指数（FFMI）差值均值较小。结论肥胖儿童BIA与DEXA身体成分测量值的相关性以及一致性与体重正常儿童相比时,结果更好。     

Early programming of body composition and fat distribution in adolescents

Size at birth and early postnatal growth are determinants of adult height and BMI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of birth weight on body composition and fat distribution in a group of Spanish adolescents. Current body composition was assessed by both skinfold thickness and dual X-ray absorptiometry in 234 adolescents born at term (140 girls and 94 boys), now aged 13-18 y and living in the city of Zaragoza. Relative fat distribution was estimated using the ratio of the subscapular to triceps skinfolds (S:T). Birth weight and gestational age were assessed by a questionnaire. Birth weight was inversely associated with the S:T ratio (P < 0.05) in boys and directly associated with bone mass (P < 0.01) and fat-free mass (P < 0.05) in girls. This association was independent of factors such as age, Tanner stage, gestational age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and height. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that impaired fetal growth, measured by birth weight, may be related to central fat distribution in boys and decreased bone and fat-free mass in girls.     

Unravelling the relation between physical activity,self-esteem and depressive symptoms among early and late adolescents: A mediation analysis

PurposeDepression is a serious public health issue among adolescents; however, few studies have examined the role of protective factors, such as engagement in physical activity, on depressive symptoms. Preliminary evidence using community samples of mainly adolescent girls suggests that self-esteem may influence the benefits of physical activity on depressive symptoms. Thus, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the inverse relation between physical activity and depressive symptoms would be mediated by self-esteem in both early and late adolescent boys and girls.MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted using self-reported measures of physical activity, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and socio-demographic information completed by a sample of girls (n = 2109) and boys (n = 2095) during early (M_age = 14.7) and late (M_age = 16.2) adolescence selected from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Using the method suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986), mediation was tested separately for boys and girls during early and late adolescence.ResultsDuring early adolescence, self-esteem fully mediated the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms for adolescent boys only. Full mediation was obtained for both boys and girls during late adolescence.ConclusionsIn early and late adolescent boys, and only late adolescent girls, associations between physical activity and depressive symptoms were no longer significant once self-esteem was statistically controlled for. The study has important implications for depression prevention initiatives including the inclusion of physical activity components that are effectively structured to reliably enhance self-esteem, especially among early adolescents.     

Food patterns of Australian children ages 9 to 13 y in relation to ω-3 long chain polyunsaturated intake

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine food patterns of Australian children ages 9 to 13 y in relation to ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 LCPUFA) intake.MethodsSecondary analysis was conducted on nationally representative food data of 1110 Australian children ages 9 to 13 y (525 boys and 585 girls) that was obtained using two 24-h recalls. Principle component factor analysis was used to identify food patterns. Discriminant function analysis was used to identify the relationship between the food patterns and total ω-3 LCPUFA intake.ResultsFour major food patterns emerged for each sex. For boys these were labeled: “snack foods,” “soft drinks,” “vegetables,” and “pork and meat chops, steak, and mince.” For girls they were labeled: “vegetables,” “take-away,” “tea, coffee, iced coffee drinks” and “canned meals and soup.” Fish consumption bought from take-away outlets was more frequently consumed in the “soft drink” (r = 0.577) and take-away (r = 0.485) food pattern in boys and girls, respectively. In contrast, fish prepared at home was more often consumed in “vegetables” in both boys (r = 0.018) and girls (r = 0.106), as well as in the “pork and meat chops, steak and mince” food pattern in boys (r = 0.060). There was a trend that in boys, the “vegetables” group discriminated children who consumed ω-3 LCPUFA levels similar to adequate intakes (AI) (P = 0.067), whereas in girls, the take-away food pattern discriminated for being a fish consumer (P = 0.060).ConclusionsDietary patterns associated with a high consumption of vegetables and “take-aways” food that include meat and fish are likely to positively influence dietary ω-3 LCPUFA intake in Australian children.     

Vitamin D status and body fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a general population of Japanese children

ObjectiveFor a general population of children, data on the relationship between vitamin D status and adiposity are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) and body fat variables measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a general population of Japanese children, including underweight, normal, and overweight children.MethodsThe source population comprised 521 fifth-grade children who attended either of the two public schools in Hamamatsu, Japan. Total and regional body fat mass (FM) measured by DXA were evaluated along with the serum concentration of 25-OH-D.ResultsWe were able to analyze the FM and 25-OH-D data of 400 of the 521 children. Among boys, significant inverse relationships were observed between serum vitamin D levels and body fat variables (total FM, r = ?0.201; trunk FM, r = ?0.216; appendicular FM, r = ?0.187; P < 0.05 for all values). Mean values of total FM and trunk FM in the vitamin D-deficient group (25-OH-D <50 nmol/L) were larger than those in the vitamin D-sufficient group (25-OH-D ≥75 nmol/L) after adjusting for confounding factors, such as sedentary behavior (P < 0.05). No relationship was observed between vitamin D status and FM among girls.ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency was associated with higher total and trunk adiposities in a general population of Japanese children, particularly boys.     

Weight loss and resting energy expenditure in male patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer

ObjectivesCancer cachexia is associated with impaired nutritional status and systemic inflammation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and resting energy expenditure (REE) changes in patients with newly detected esophageal cancer, and the influence of weight loss on REE.MethodsFifty-six patients and 30 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled, and patients were further divided into weight-stable (WS) and weight-loss (WL) subgroups. Body composition, measured REE (mREE), and the ratio of mREE to predicted REE (pREE) by Harris-Benedict formula were assessed. Blood levels of hemoglobin, albumin, prealbumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured in patients.ResultsCancer patients had lower body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass, but higher mREE and percentage of mREE/pREE compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). WS (n = 32) and WL patients (n = 24) had similar BMI and body composition indices, but the latter had obviously higher mREE, mREE per kilogram body weight (mREE/BW), percentage of mREE/pREE, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels, and lower albumin and prealbumin levels. Percentage of weight loss was positively correlated with REE/BW, hs-CRP, and IL-6 level (r = 0.238, P = 0.044; r = 0.446, P = 0.01; r = 0.196, P = 0.047, respectively).ConclusionImpaired nutrition status, elevated energy expenditure, and higher inflammation status tend to be apparent in weight-losing patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer, which suggested that early recognition of body weight change and routine nutritional risk screening followed by adequate nutrition intervention should be applied in these patients.     

Feasibility of an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview Method to Self-Assess Sexual Maturation

PurposeSexual maturation assessment using physical examination may no longer be feasible in some large epidemiologic surveys, such as National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, because of the sensitivity of the examination and privacy concerns. This study tested the feasibility of a new automated audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) module for children and adolescents for self-assessment of sexual maturation.MethodsA cross-sectional feasibility study was conducted at a large urban children/adolescent clinic in Washington D.C. Self-assessed sexual maturation (Tanner stages) was reported by 234 youths (119 boys and 115 girls) aged 8–18 years by using the ACASI module. Girls assessed their breast and pubic hair development, and boys assessed their genital and pubic hair development. Self-assessments were compared with Tanner stages recorded by clinical examiners during routine well-child physical examinations conducted on the same day.ResultsThere was good/excellent agreement between boy's self-assessment and the examiner's assessment of their genital stage (weighted κ: .65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .55–.75) and pubic hair stage (weighted κ: .78, CI: .70–.86). There was excellent agreement between girl's self-assessment and the examiner's assessment of their breast stage (weighted κ: .81, CI: .74–.87) and pubic hair stage (weighted κ: .78, CI: .71–.86).ConclusionThe ACASI method is a feasible method of pubertal self-assessment for participants as young as 8 years in large epidemiologic surveys. However, additional testing is needed to determine the validity of this ACASI module.     

Reliability and Validity of a Modified MEDFICTS Dietary Fat Screener in South African Schoolchildren Are Determined by Use and Outcome Measures

BackgroundIn South Africa, noncommunicable diseases and obesity are increasing and also affect children. No validated assessment tools for fat intake are available.ObjectiveTo determine test–retest reliability and relative validity of a pictorial modified meats, eggs, dairy, fried foods, fats in baked goods, convenience foods, table fats, and snacks (MEDFICTS) dietary fat screener.DesignWe determined test–retest reliability and diagnostic accuracy with the modified MEDFICTS as the index test and a 3-day weighed food record and parental completion of the screener as primary and secondary reference methods, respectively.Participants/settingGrade-six learners (aged 12 years, 4 months) in an urban, middle-class school (n=93) and their parents (n=72).Outcome measuresPortion size, frequency of intake, final score, and classification of fat intake of the modified MEDFICTS, and percent energy from fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol of the food record.Statistical analysesFor categorical data agreement was based on kappa statistics, McNemar's test for symmetry, and diagnostic performance parameters. Continuous data were analyzed with correlations, mean differences, the Bland-Altman method, and receiver operating characteristics.ResultsThe classification of fat intake by the modified MEDFICTS was test–retest reliable. Final scores of the group did not differ between administrations (P=0.86). The correlation of final scores between administrations was significant for girls only (r=0.58; P=0.01). Reliability of portion size and frequency of intake scores depended on the food category. For girls the screener final score was significantly (P<0.5) correlated to total, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes (but not to percent energy from fat and saturated fatty acids intakes). The sensitivity of the modified MEDFICTS was very high (>90%), but chance corrected agreement between the classifications was poor. Parents did not agree with their children.ConclusionsTest–retest reliability and relative validity of a modified MEDFICTS dietary fat screener in South African schoolchildren depended on the use and outcome measures applied.     

Fat-free milk as a therapeutic approach for constipation and the effect on serum motilin and ghrelin levels

ObjectiveThis study explores the effects of fat-free milk supplementation on individuals with chronic constipation with regard to levels of motilin and acylated and des-acylated ghrelin (which affect intestinal motility) and compares them with data from control subjects given whole milk supplementation.MethodsThe investigation was designed according to the constipation severity test of individuals whose ages and body mass indexes were comparable. Individuals with mild constipation (n = 10) were supplemented with 400 mL of fat-free milk daily; moderate constipation cases (n = 10) were supplemented with 600 mL, and severe constipation cases (n = 10) were supplemented with 800 mL of fat-free milk daily. Healthy control subjects were administered 400 mL of fat-free milk (group 1), which was followed a month later by administration of 400 mL of whole milk for 3 days (group 2). Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and after milk supplementation for hormone analyses. Motilin and acylated and des-acylated ghrelin were quantified with ELISA assay.ResultsSupplementation of fat-free milk significantly increased levels of circulating motilin and ghrelin in all groups, including the control subjects, but whole milk supplementation led to a decrease in these hormone levels in the control subjects.ConclusionDrinking fat-free milk might be a new way of solving constipation.     

Body composition differences between adults with multiple sclerosis and BMI-matched controls without MS

BackgroundPersons with multiple sclerosis (MS) have many health conditions related to overweight and obesity, but little is known about how body composition among those with MS compares to those without MS at the same weight.ObjectiveTo compare differences in whole body and regional body composition between persons with and without MS matched for sex and body mass index (BMI).MethodsPersons with MS (n = 51) and non-MS controls (n = 51) matched for sex and BMI. Total mass, lean mass, fat mass, and percent body fat (%BF) of total body and arm, leg, and trunk segments were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).ResultsMen with MS had significantly less whole body lean mass (mean difference: 9933.5 ± 3123.1 g, p < 0.01) and higher fat mass (mean difference: 6079.0 ± 2137.4 g, p = .01) and %BF (mean difference: 9.43 ± 2.04%, p < 0.01) than BMI-matched non-MS counterparts. Further, men with MS had significantly lower lean mass in the arm (p = 0.02) and leg (p < 0.01) and higher fat mass in the arm (p = 0.01), leg (p = 0.03) and trunk (p = 0.03) than men without MS. Men with MS had significantly higher %BF in all three regions (p < 0.01) than men without MS. There were no differences between women with and without MS.ConclusionsWe observed significant differences in whole body and regional body composition between BMI-matched men with and without MS. Additional research is needed to further explore differences in body composition, adipose distribution, and the impact of these differences on the health and function of men with MS.     

The 7-day Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino Children: Validation of a Culturally Tailored Tool

ObjectiveTo validate a culturally tailored 7-day beverage intake questionnaire for Latino children (BIQ-L).DesignCross-sectional.SettingFederally qualified health center in San Francisco, CA.ParticipantsLatino parents and their children aged 1–5 years (n = 105).Variables MeasuredParents completed the BIQ-L for each child and three 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants’ height and weight were measured.AnalysisCorrelations between the mean intake of beverages in 4 categories as determined by the BIQ-L and three 24-hour dietary recalls were assessed. Multivariable linear regression examined the association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) servings as determined by the BIQ-L and child body mass index z-score.ResultsMean daily intake of SSB (r = 0.52, P < 0.001), 100% fruit juice (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), flavored milk (r = 0.7, P < 0.001), and unflavored milk (r = 0.7, P < 0.001) from the BIQ-L were correlated with intake assessed via three 24-hour dietary recalls. In the multivariable model, weekly servings of SSBs were associated with child body mass index z-score (β = 0.15, P = 0.02). Culturally specific beverages comprised 38% of the SSB intake reported on the BIQ-L.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe BIQ-L is a valid tool for assessing beverage intake among Latino children aged 1–5 years. The inclusion of culturally specific beverages is critical for accurately assessing beverage intake among Latino children.     

Body composition of African American and white children: a 2-year follow-up of the BAROC study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 2-year changes in body composition of white and African American boys and girls. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 114 boys and girls ages 12 to 14 years with equal sex and ethnic distribution between African American and white races participated in measurements of body composition using DXA, underwater weighing (densitometry), skinfold thickness, corporal diameters, circumferences, isotope dilution (H(2)(18)O), and bioelectric impedance. RESULTS: Sixty-eight of the 114 children advanced from Tanner Stages 1 and 2 to Tanner Stages 3 to 5 over a 2-year period. More than 50% of the children were in the top 15th percentile according to normative data for body mass index but not for triceps skinfold. All measures except for percentage of fat, density, and four of the six skinfolds increased significantly during the 2 years, with no differences between races, genders, or fat group. The boys who advanced in Tanner Stage reduced their percentage of fat and a number of skinfolds and increased their lean body mass, but the girls did not. The percentage of water was significantly higher in the fatter children and declined significantly over 2 years. Most children remained in the same quartile of body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral content over 2 years. DISCUSSION: The data are consistent with the hypothesis that over 2 years, growth is the major determinant of changing body composition, with body-fat group and sexual maturation being additional variables.     

Fat-free mass depletion in cystic fibrosis: Associated with lung disease severity but poorly detected by body mass index

ObjectiveMalnutrition in cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with poorer survival, but the determinants of fat-free mass (FFM) depletion are not well-characterized. It is unknown whether routine nutritional indicators, including body mass index (BMI), are adequate for detecting FFM depletion. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FFM depletion in adults with CF, to compare fat-free mass index (FFMI) with BMI, and to identify predictors of FFM depletion.MethodsThis was a prospective cross-sectional study of 86 adults with CF (19–59 y old). Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine FFMI and BMI. FFMI percentiles and Z-scores were derived from a reference population of 156 healthy adults. FFM depletion was defined as an FFMI below the fifth percentile for age and gender and low BMI as <18.5 kg/m². Univariate and multivariate analyses identified predictors of FFMI and FFMI Z-score.ResultsMean FFMIs were 18.3 ± 1.9 kg/m² in men with CF and 15.8 ± 1.1 kg/m² in women with CF (P < 0.0005). FFM depletion was found in 14% of adults with CF, and low BMI was found in 18.6%. The sensitivity of BMI for detecting FFM depletion was 42%. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s as a percentage of predicted was independently associated with FFMI in women (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) and men (r = 0.28, P = 0.045) and FFMI Z-score (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001).ConclusionFFM depletion was found in 14% of adults with CF, but was undetectable by BMI in 58% of these patients. These findings, together with the association of FFMI with forced expiratory volume in 1 s predicted, suggest a role for body composition assessment in adult CF care.     

中国26个少数民族7~18岁学生生长迟缓比较研究

目的 比较我国26个少数民族7~18岁学生生长迟缓现况，为促进少数民族学生生长潜力，提高少数民族学生健康水平提供参考依据。方法 选择2014年"全国学生体质与健康调研"中26个少数民族7~18岁学生，根据《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准》（WS/T 456-2014）判断生长迟缓，对各少数民族学生成年身高和生长迟缓现况进行比较。结果 2014年我国26个少数民族男生18岁身高为（168.3±6.8）cm，女生为（156.2±5.9）cm。26个少数民族男生合并生长迟缓率均为5.4%，女生合并生长迟缓率为5.1%。水族学生生长迟缓率最高（男生：24.5%，女生：23.0%），回族学生生长迟缓率最低（男生：0.1%，女生：0.3%）。男、女生生长迟缓率均超过平均水平的9个少数民族中，布依族男生、傈僳族女生和哈尼族女生在4个年龄组生长迟缓检出率差异无统计学意义，撒拉族学生生长迟缓集中在7~9岁年龄组，佤族等少数民族学生生长迟缓大多集中在较高年龄组。西南地区学生生长迟缓率最高（8.1%），明显高于华北地区（0.8%）学生（OR=10.6，95% CI：7.8~14.4）。7~17岁生长迟缓率与18岁身高呈显著负相关（男生：r=-0.811，P<0.001；女生：r=-0.715，P<0.001）。结论 2014年我国26个少数民族学生18岁平均身高民族间差异较大。总体而言，男生生长迟缓检出率前5位的民族分别为水族、佤族、布依族、瑶族和彝族，女生生长迟缓检出率前5位的民族分别为水族、瑶族、布依族、佤族和苗族。西南地区少数民族学生生长迟缓检出率明显高于其他地区。应当针对生长迟缓率较高的民族和地区进行营养干预和健康教育，以促进少数民族学生生长潜力。     

Adiposity is not beneficial to bone mineral density in 0–5 year old Chinese children: The Jiangsu bone health study

ObjectiveData on obesity in relation to bone mineral density(BMD) in infants and preschool children were sparse in China. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and BMD.Subjects and methodsThis was a large population-based multicenter study in which the representative children aged 0–5 years were recruited from 13 Children’s Health Care Centers by a stratified cluster random-sampling method in Jiangsu Province, China. BMD was measured by using quantitative ultrasound. The association of BMD with BMI and obesity were evaluated using multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis taking into account the effects of confounders. The relations between age, weight, height, BMI and BMD were analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation and further tested using partial correlation in the additive model.ResultsA total of 5,289 children (2786 boys and 2503 girls) were recruited. The BMD was positively linear relation with age, length/height, and was inversely linear relation with BMI (r = 0.711, P < 0.001; r = 0.727, P < 0.001; r = −0.318, P < 0.001, respectively). The BMD gradually increased when the weight was in the range within 21.2 kg, but started to gain slowlyand even decreased when the weight was over 21.2 kg. After adjusting for confounders, compared with control group, children with obesityhad higher odds of low BMD (OR 95%CI: 2.73 (1.57, 4.76), P < 0.001), the speed of sound (SOS)value in children with obesity was lower 47.45 (β = −47.45, 95%CI = −85.07, −9.83, P = 0.013).ConclusionsAdiposity was not advantageous for bone mineral density in 0-5-year-old Chinese children.