重度早产儿视网膜病变早期治疗后眼屈光状态研究进展

临床上发现在早产儿视网膜病变阈值期、阈值前期I型以及急进性后部型的患儿行早期治疗,如冷凝治疗、激光光凝治疗、玻璃体内注射抗血管内皮生长因子药物后,对眼部结构、眼球发育和眼屈光状态有影响,不同治疗方法间也有差异.本文旨在对近年来重度早产儿视网膜病变早期治疗术后眼的屈光状态研究进行综述.     

早产儿视网膜病变的治疗研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是早产儿和低体重儿发生的一种视网膜血管增生性病变。目前的治疗方法有冷凝治疗,光凝治疗,巩膜扣带术治疗,玻璃体切除术治疗,药物及基因治疗尚在动物实验研究中。     

早产儿视网膜病变患儿屈光不正的机制研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)是发生于早产儿的未成熟视网膜血管的异常增生性疾病，是目前婴幼儿致盲的主要原因之一。无论是否接受治疗，ROP患儿发生屈光不正(尤其是近视和散光)的概率均较高，发生屈光不正性弱视、斜视等视觉异常的危险性高，这为临床上ROP的治疗及屈光不正的矫正提出了挑战。然而，目前ROP患儿屈光不正的发病机制尚未完全阐明，本文旨在对目前提出的相关机制进行综述，从而为临床上优化ROP屈光不正的矫治方式提供理论基础。     

急性进展性后部型早产儿视网膜病变的治疗研究进展

急性进展性后部型早产儿视网膜病变(aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity,AP-ROP)是一种少见且进展很快的严重性早产儿视网膜病变,可不遵循1~3期的经典病程,而迅速进展为5期病变,最终导致不可逆的视力丧失。目前常用的治疗方式有激光光凝、玻璃体腔内注射抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、玻璃体切除术。本文将从以上三个方面入手,对AP-ROP的治疗方式进行综述。     

早产儿视网膜病变致病相关基因多态性研究现状

早产儿视网膜病变是一种发生于短孕周、低出生体重早产儿的视网膜血管增生性疾病。不同国家、不同种族中,早产儿视网膜病变的发病率不同,相同干预措施下疾病的转归也不同。由此表明早产儿视网膜病变可能与遗传因素有关。目前认为有数种基因在早产儿视网膜病变中起作用,因此有必要就早产儿视网膜病变的相关致病基因研究现状进行综述。     

抗VEGF药物玻璃体内注射治疗对早产儿视网膜病变神经系统发育的影响

早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)是以视网膜血管异常增生为主要病理特征的儿童致盲眼病。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是一种特异性刺激血管内皮细胞增生及新生血管形成的生长因子。早产儿视网膜局部缺血、缺氧环境促使眼内VEGF表达代偿性升高, 进而诱导视网膜血管病理性生长。玻璃体内注射抗VEGF药物可抑制眼内VEGF的生物活性, 从而延缓视网膜新生血管形成, 可有效治疗ROP。然而, ROP患者常伴有血-视网膜屏障损伤, 导致视网膜微环境稳态失衡, 抗VEGF药物易透过血-视网膜屏障及血-脑屏障进入全身血液循环, 可能导致ROP患儿神经系统发育异常。目前抗VEGF药物玻璃体内注射是否影响患儿神经系统发育仍是眼科研究的热点。本文就VEGF在ROP发病机制和神经发育中的作用以及抗VEGF药物玻璃体内注射对ROP患儿神经系统发育的影响进行综述, 以期为临床合理、安全应用抗VEGF药物提供依据。     

玻璃体内注射贝伐单抗治疗早产儿视网膜病变的临床进展

血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)在早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的发生过程中发挥重要作用.在ROP的新生血管增生阶段,应用抗VEGF类药物抑制VEGF可以阻断视网膜血管的异常增生.本文就抗VEGF类药物贝伐单抗(Avastin)单纯玻璃体内注射、玻璃体内注射联合视网膜光凝或玻璃体切除手术等不同方式治疗ROP的临床研究进行回顾,并就贝伐单抗治疗ROP的安全性评价进行汇总.     

早产儿视网膜病变的临床分析

目的 观察早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)发生发展特点、危险因素及冷冻治疗疗效，探讨其合 理的筛查时机及治疗模式。方法 采用间接检眼镜合并巩膜压迫器加压 的方法对829例胎龄 ≤35周，体重≤2000g的早产、低体重儿进行ROP筛查；对32例阈值前病变Ⅰ型及阈值 病变患 儿行视网膜冷冻手术治疗。手术后随访3~16个月，以附加(plus)病变消退，血管嵴消退，冷冻斑形成，玻璃体视网膜出血吸收及无视网膜不良结构出现作为病情控制指标；若有病变遗漏区、血管嵴发展或附加病变不消退甚至加剧者则再次冷冻；若玻璃体积血不吸收，病情仍进展，发展 为视网膜皱 襞或脱离者则行玻璃体切割手术。结果 发现ROP86例172只眼。ROP各组与未发生ROP组吸氧时 间有显著性差异；出生体重≤1000 g、1001~1500 g、1501~2000 g的早产儿ROP发病比例 分别为69.56%、16.38%、4.14%；出生胎龄≤30周、31~32周、33~35周的早产儿ROP发病 比例分别为37.14%、10.43%、2.91%；单生子早产儿中ROP患病率为7.52%，双生子及 多生子早产儿中ROP患病率为20.22%。32例接受视网膜冷冻手术治疗的患儿，30例病情控制 满意, 2例病情发展为视网膜脱离，伴有后部附加病变，周边视网膜出血。32周内发病患儿 冷冻手术成功机 率高。 结论吸氧时间长、出生体重≤1000 g，胎龄≤30周ROP发病 风险显著增高，建议加强筛查。32周内发病或伴后部附加病变、周边视网膜出血的ROP患儿要严密随访；阈值前病变Ⅰ型及阈值病变行视网膜冷冻手术效果满意且安全。     

5期早产儿视网膜病变的超声生物显微镜观察

近年来，随着新生儿医学的发展，低出生体重儿和极低出生体重儿的成活率大大提高，早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）的发病率及严重病变的出现率也有显著增高，ROP进展至5期时，视网膜全脱离，有时出现前房消失，需进行玻璃体手术治疗，因此，手术前需要对患眼玻璃体视网膜病变情况，尤其是周边部玻璃体视网膜的病变有明确了解。     

早产儿视网膜病变治疗方法及疗效分析

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)曾称为晶状体后纤维增生症,是婴幼儿致盲的重要原因之一,常发生于有高浓度吸氧史的早产儿或发育迟缓的低体重儿。随着低体重新生儿治疗成活率的提高,ROP患儿亦日益增加。早发现、早治疗是避免ROP患儿发生视网膜脱离,视力永久丧失的重要手段,目前治疗方法主要有视网膜冷凝治疗、视网膜光凝治疗、巩膜扣带术、玻璃体切割手术治疗等方法,药物及基因疗法尚处于动物实验阶段。     

Analysis of the clinical characteristics and refraction state in premature infants: a 10-year retrospective analysis

AIM: To report the visual outcomes and refractive status in premature infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) who were or not treated. METHODS: The clinical records of all premature infants with or without ROP and with or without treatment between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Basic demographic data, serial changes in ROP incidence, treatment and outcomes, and the refractive states were analyzed. Correlations among myopia and astigmatism progression, birth weight, gestational age, and treatment methods were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 562 screened premature infants (all Chinese, 1124 eyes), were recruited with a 378:184 male-to-female ratio. Birth weight did not directly influence ROP incidence. The overall ROP incidence was 16.55% (93/562 cases). The incidences in boys and girls were 16.14% (33/378 cases) and 17.39% (32/184 cases), respectively, and this difference was not significant. However, all infants with serious ROP (stage IV and V) were male. Myopia combined with astigmatism was common in premature infants with and without ROP (30.99%, 172/555 cases), and myopic refraction (including myopia and myopia combined with astigmatism) was more common in premature infants with ROP (48.84%, 42/86 cases). In the >8.00 diopter group, there were significantly more ROP infants than without ROP. Myopic refraction (including myopia and myopia combined with astigmatism) was most common in infants with ROP after treatment (63.63%, 7/11 cases). CONCLUSION: The refractive state is different between premature infants and mature infants. Those treated for ROP had a higher chance of developing myopia, astigmatism, and higher diopter.     

早产儿出生后早期屈光状态及其影响因素早产儿出生后早期屈光状态及其影响因素

目的：探讨早产儿矫正胎龄32～40周的屈光状态,评估早产儿屈光发育与出生体质量、出生孕龄以及早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）的相关性。方法：选取2016年3-12月在浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院NICU及温州医科大学附属眼视光医院杭州院区接受ROP筛查的早产儿为研究对象,对早产儿屈光状态以及相关影响因素进行前瞻性研究。在矫正胎龄32～40周时右眼行睫状肌麻痹下检影验光,再进行ROP筛查并记录。记录早产儿的基本信息如出生体质量、出生孕龄、性别、吸氧史等以及接受检查时的矫正胎龄并进行统计分析。采用Pearson相关性分析来研究等效球镜度（SE）分别与出生体质量、出生孕龄、矫正胎龄之间的关系。采用独立样本t检验来比较矫正胎龄40周时有无ROP的SE差异。结果：共333例早产儿纳入研究,其中男175例,女158例。收集屈光记录542份。早产儿出生孕龄为26～36（31.3±2.1）周,出生体质量为740～3 390（1 643±418）g。SE随着早产儿矫正胎龄的增大而增大（r=0.455,P<0.001）。早产儿出生后4～5周,出生孕龄（r=0.373,P<0.001）、出生体质量（r=0.345,P<0.001）均和SE呈正相关。至早产儿矫正胎龄40周时,SE与出生体质量呈正相关（r=0.197,P=0.021）,与出生孕龄无相关性,合并ROP的早产儿相比没有ROP的有较低的SE（t=2.225,P=0.028）。结论：早产儿在出生后早期矫正胎龄32～40周时,屈光状态向远视发展。在出生后4～5周,出生孕龄小或出生体质量低的早产儿更偏向于近视状态。至矫正胎龄40周时,有ROP或者低出生体质量的早产儿有较低的SE,而与出生孕龄无相关性。     

Treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants over an 18‐year period

Background: To report the efficacy of laser diode therapy in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely premature (EP) infants over an 18‐year period. Design: Retrospective study. Participants: One hundred twenty‐eight eyes in 66 infants treated between 23 and 25.6 weeks. Methods: Five hundred fifty‐four infants between 23 and 25.6 weeks gestational age (GA) were admitted to The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) between 1992 and 2009. Three hundred seventy‐three patients survived to undergo screening, 304 were diagnosed with ROP, and 66 infants required diode laser therapy. Main Outcome Measures: Success of treatment, visual and refractive outcomes. Results: One hundred twenty‐eight eyes from 66 infants (18.8% of those screened) underwent laser treatment with a mean GA of 24.3 weeks and mean birth weight of 711.4g. Fifty‐six eyes were treated at pre‐threshold disease, and 72 eyes at threshold disease. Over the study period, the number of laser spots and regression rate of ROP increased, while the frequency of re‐treatment decreased. At 40 weeks, 119 eyes had regressed ROP (93%), two advanced to stage 4a, three to stage 4b and four to stage 5. Aggressive posterior ROP (AP‐ROP) occurred in 15 eyes (11.7% of those treated). Forty‐three patients (65%) were followed up for a mean of 56.5 months. The number of laser spots correlated well with subsequent refractive error but poorly with corrected visual acuity. Conclusions: In EP infants, laser diode therapy is an effective technique to halt the progression of ROP in most cases. AP‐ROP is uncommon, even in this subgroup of extremely premature infants.     

二极管激光光凝治疗早产儿视网膜病变

目的 探讨二极管激光光凝治疗早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP) 的效果。 方法 68例出生时妊娠期不足32周、体重小于1500 g 的早产儿，出生后6～7周开始ROP检查，确诊ROP阈值病变后48 h内均给予经瞳孔二极管激光光凝治疗，激光光凝治疗后随访4～ 6个月。1只眼因激光光凝治疗后1个月发现局部视网膜脱离，给予巩膜环扎手术治疗。手术后随访3个月。确诊ROP阈值病变眼均在出生后4个月时进行屈光状态的散瞳检影检查。 结果 6例12只眼 发现ROP阈值病变。发生ROP阈值病变的年龄平均为生后(10±2.89)周 (6～14周)。经瞳孔二极管激光光凝治疗后，ROP解剖治愈(视网膜在位)率91.67%；巩膜环扎手术眼手术后随访视网膜在位。散瞳检影检查巩膜环扎手术眼屈光度为-14.50 D，其余11只眼等值球镜平均为(-2.89±-1.86) D。 结论 二极管激光光凝可成功地治疗ROP阈值病变。 （中华眼底病杂志，2003，19：96-98）     

康柏西普治疗早产儿视网膜病变患儿屈光状态改变的临床研究

目的：观察玻璃体腔注射康柏西普（IVC）治疗早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）患儿后的屈光状态改变,探 讨ROP患儿屈光状态与注药次数、孕周、出生体质量、眼轴、视网膜血管发育情况之间的相关性。 方法：前瞻性临床研究。选取2017年4月至2021年6月就诊于潍坊眼科医院并诊断为“2型ROP阈值 前病变”的患儿64例（127眼）。根据其病情严重程度按需行IVC治疗,以治疗次数分为注药0次（A 组）共22例（43眼）、注药1次（B组）共30例（53眼）、注药2次（C组）共18例（31眼）,在其矫正胎龄3、 6、12个月时,观察屈光状态,记录等效球镜度（SE）、散光、眼轴、视网膜血管分区等情况。3组SE 比较采用单因素方差分析,散光比较采用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验,SE与孕周、出生体质量、眼轴 及视网膜血管分区的关系采用Pearson及Spearman相关性分析。结果：矫正胎龄3个月和6个月时,3 组SE及散光差异均无统计学意义;矫正胎龄12个月时,3组SE及散光差异均有统计学意义（F=6.59, P=0.002; H=7.39, P=0.025）。进一步两两比较,A组与B组、A组与C组之间SE差异有统计学意义 （P=0.006; P=0.007）,A组与C组散光差异有统计学意义（P=0.020）。矫正胎龄12个月时,3组屈光不 正发生率、近视率差异无统计学意义,散光发生率差异有统计学意义（χ2 =8.96, P=0.011）。进一步两 两比较,A组与C组、B组与C组差异有统计学意义（χ2 =7.08, P=0.008; χ2 =6.82, P=0.009）。矫正胎龄 3个月时,SE与孕周（r=-0.18, P=0.043）、出生体质量（r=-0.19, P=0.032）、眼轴（r=-0.26, P=0.003）、 视网膜血管分区（r=-0.20, P=0.023）均呈负相关;矫正胎龄6个月、12个月时,SE与眼轴呈负相关 （r=-0.30, P=0.001）。结论：矫正胎龄12个月时,IVC治疗后ROP患儿远视储备低于自发消退的ROP 患儿,重复注药对ROP患儿短期屈光状态无显著影响。     

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity

Over the past decade there has been a paradigm shift in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with the introduction of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments. Anti-VEGF agents have the advantages of being easier to administer, requiring less anesthesia, having the potential for improved peripheral vision, and producing less refractive error than laser treatment. On the other hand, it is known that intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF agents lowers VEGF levels in the blood and raises the theoretical concern of intraocular anti-VEGF causing deleterious effects in other organ systems, including the brain. As a result, there has been increased attention recently on neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants treated with anti-VEGF agents. These studies should be put into context with what is known about systemic comorbidities, socioeconomic influences, and the effects of extreme prematurity itself on neurodevelopmental outcomes. We summarize what is known about neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants with ROP, discuss the implications for determining the neurodevelopmental status using neurodevelopmental testing as well as other indicators, and review the existing literature relating to neurodevelopmental outcomes in babies treated for ROP.     

早产儿屈光和视力发育的研究进展

早产儿由于出生时发育不成熟,与正常足月儿相比,更易发生屈光不正、视力损害等视觉发育异常.通过了解早产儿屈光的特点、视力发育的影响因素及早产对其中无早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)者屈光或视力发育的影响,建立严密的随访体系,早发现并及时采取适合早产儿视觉正常发育的临床干预或治疗措施,对减少早产儿视觉发育异常、提高患儿的视觉质量和生存质量有重要意义.就早产儿屈光情况及早产儿视力发育的影响因素进行综述.     

Ocular growth and refractive error development in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity

PURPOSE: This investigation studied the factors involved in the development of refractive error (RE) in premature infants unaffected by retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Premature infants enrolled in the national ROP screening program were recruited and examined at 32, 36, 40, 44, and 52 weeks' postmenstrual age. At each examination, axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) were measured on the A-scan biometer. Corneal curvature (CC) was recorded with a video-ophthalmophakometer, and refractive state was determined with routine cycloplegic refraction. Multilevel modeling techniques were used to determine the relationships between all the variables throughout the study period, as well as individual growth rates. RESULTS: Sixty-eight premature infants were included. AXL and ACD showed linear patterns of growth, whereas LT changed little over the study period. CC showed a quadratic growth pattern, and unlike the previous variables, correlated well with refractive state. Premature infants were myopes at the start of the study, with refraction becoming emmetropic as they neared full term and then hypermetropic toward the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the components of refractive status showed linear patterns of growth during this early phase of ocular development. CC displayed a more complex pattern of growth, which correlated well with refractive state. Compared with full-term infants examined around term, this group has shorter AXLs, shallower anterior chambers, and more highly curved corneas. In addition, less of the expected hypermetropia developed in the premature group, which seems mainly due to the differences in ACD and corneal curvature.     

早产儿视网膜病变视觉电生理研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）是指可发生于未成熟儿的以视网膜血管异常增生为特征的视网膜血管疾病,是造成儿童视力损害的主要原因之一。ROP虽以视网膜血管发育异常为主要临床特征,但临床观察及动物实验证实,ROP同样影响视网膜视神经的发育,引起视网膜和视神经功能的异常,出现视网膜电图（ERG）暗视视杆反应、暗视振荡电位、多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）的异常,此外,对患儿屈光系统的发育也产生不同程度的影响。就ROP动物模型及ROP患者视觉电生理的特点及屈光系统的异常发育与病变之间的关系进行综述。