芝麻素胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

目的评价芝麻素胶囊的毒理学安全性。方法应用小鼠急性经口毒性试验评价芝麻素胶囊的急性毒性;通过Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验评价其遗传毒性;采用大鼠30d喂养试验评价其亚急性毒性。结果雌、雄小鼠急性经口试验的最大耐受量15g/kg·b.wt.,毒性等级为无毒级。Ames试验为阴性,无致基因突变作用。与对照组比较,各剂量组小鼠细胞微核率、睾丸染色体畸变细胞率差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。雌、雄大鼠经30d喂养后总增重、总食物利用率、脏体比差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05),大鼠血常规指标、血生化指标均在正常范围内,主要脏器无病变。结论在本实验条件下,该芝麻素胶囊无急性毒性、遗传毒性、亚急性毒性,具有较高安全性。     

褐藻胶寡糖食用安全性毒理学评价

目的:对褐藻胶寡糖的食用安全性进行毒理学评价。方法:采用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验)和大鼠28天经口毒性试验。结果:小鼠急性经口半数致死剂量(LD50)大于15000 mg/kg BW;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验结果均为阴性;在28天经口毒性试验中,大鼠的生长发育、血液学、血生化、尿常规及病理组织学检查未见与受试物相关的异常变化。结论:在试验剂量范围内,褐藻胶寡糖为实际无毒,无遗传毒性,28天经口毒性试验未发现明显毒性反应。     

3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱对小鼠骨髓细胞微核和染色体的影响

为探讨3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱(DATF)对小鼠骨髓细胞的遗传毒性,将健康SPF级昆明小鼠按体重随机分为5组,分别为0(阴性对照)、67.5、135、270 mg/kg DATF染毒组和阳性对照[40 mg/kg环磷酰胺(CP)]组,每组10只,雌雄各半。采用小鼠骨髓嗜多染细胞微核试验检测微核率和嗜多染红细胞与正染红细胞(PCE/NCE)的比值,采用骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验检测染色体畸变率。结果显示,各剂量DATF染毒组与阴性对照组小鼠体重和骨髓PCE微核率、PCE/NCE值和染色体畸变率间比较,差异均无统计学意义。提示在本实验剂量范围内,DATF对小鼠骨髓细胞无致突变和致畸变效应。     

氟化钠对小鼠的急性毒性和致染色体突变作用研究

目的:研究氟化钠对小鼠的急性毒性及致染色体突变作用。方法:采用急性毒性试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验。设35.0 mg/kg、55.56 mg/kg8、8.18 mg/kg1、39.97 mg/kg2、22.18 mg/kg3、52.67 mg/kg5、59.79 mg/kg 7个剂量组NaF,观察氟化钠的急性毒性,计算经口半数致死量(LD50);另设高(34 mg/kg)、中(17 mg/kg)、低(8.5 mg/kg)3个剂量组NaF及环磷酰胺阳性对照组(50 mg/kg)、生理盐水空白对照组,观察小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的变化。结果:急性毒性实验各剂量组中毒小鼠均出现不同程度的抽搐、中枢神经系统先兴奋后抑制等表现,氟化钠经口LD50为168.34 mg/kg;氟化钠能诱变小鼠骨髓细胞微核率增高,中、高剂量组微核率均明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01),低剂量组微核率与空白对照组相比,差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:氟化钠属中等毒性,高浓度氟有致突变作用,能引起染色体损伤,具有潜在的遗传毒性效应。     

维康粉的安全性毒理学评价

目的对维康粉进行毒理学安全性评价。方法按《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》,以维康粉为受试物,进行急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验、Ames试验、30d喂养试验。结果小鼠最大耐受剂量15 000mg/kg,属无毒级。小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验和Ames试验未见潜在致突变作用;以2 083、4167和8 333mg/kg喂养SD大鼠30d,各剂量组动物生长发育良好,体重、增重、进食量、食物利用率、血常规、血生化、脏器重量、脏/体比及组织病理学与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论维康粉急性毒性属无毒级,未见明显潜在致突变作用,30d喂养未见明显毒性。     

深海鱼油毒理学安全性评价

目的对深海鱼油进行毒理学安全性评价,为其食用安全性提供科学依据。方法采用急性经口毒性试验,遗传毒性试验和30 d喂养试验进行检测评价。结果深海鱼油对两种性别的大、小鼠经口急性毒性最大耐受量(MTD)均大于15.0 g/kg;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验结果均为阴性;30 d喂养试验也未见明显的毒性作用。结论深海鱼油为无毒级,无遗传毒性,是一种安全的保健食品。     

四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷致小鼠骨髓细胞突变性的实验研究

目的通过小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验研究四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)的致突变性。方法两个试验各取50只SPF级小鼠随机分为5组,分别为阴性对照组,阳性对照组(环磷酰胺30mg/kg)和3个TAIW染毒组(剂量分别为500、1 000、2 000mg/kg),每组10只,雌雄各半。采用小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验检测微核率,小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验检测染色体畸变率。结果 TAIW 3个剂量组微核率(3.95‰、3.4‰、3.75‰)和嗜多染红细胞与正常红细胞的比值(1.06、1.05、1.03)与阴性对照组(3.85‰、0.95)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),TAIW 3个剂量组染色体细胞畸变率(0.5%、1.1%、1.5%)与阴性对照组(0.4%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论当前试验条件下,TAIW无诱发骨髓细胞微核和染色体畸变的作用。     

锌化物的毒性研究

本文对锌化物(ZnS0_4·7H_2O)的毒性进行了一系列试验。结果表明,经口灌胃急性毒性试验,锌对大白鼠属低毒物质。对小白鼠属中等毒物质。蓄积毒性试验,锌对大白鼠仅有弱的蓄积毒性作用。骨髓细胞和睾丸细胞染色体畸变试验,剂量为58.25mg/kg,畸变率增高。亚慢性毒性试验,最大无作用剂量为195ppm。     

玻璃酸钠中间体遗传毒性试验

目的研究玻璃酸钠中间体的遗传毒性。方法采用鼠伤寒沙门菌/哺乳动物微粒体酶试验(Ames试验)、微核试验、染色体畸变试验研究玻璃酸钠中间体的遗传毒性。结果 (1)Ames试验:在加与不加大鼠肝微粒体酶(S-9)条件下,玻璃酸钠中间体在0.8~500μg/皿剂量范围内,各菌株回变菌落数均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,亦无剂量-反应关系。受试物未引起TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102试验菌株基因突变,Ames试验阴性。(2)微核试验:玻璃酸钠中间体各剂量组(67、134、268mg/kg)所诱发的微核率分别为1.7‰、1.7‰和1.9‰,与阴性对照组(1.7‰)比较差异无显著性,说明在该试验条件下,该样品无致小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核作用,小鼠骨髓微核试验呈阴性。(3)中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变试验:在加与不加S-9两种条件下,并于24 h后收集细胞进行染色体畸变分析,发现玻璃酸钠中间体各剂量组的染色体畸变率与阴性对照组相比差异无显著性。结论本试验条件下,玻璃酸钠中间体Ames试验结果为阴性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,无细胞毒性作用,体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验结果为阴性。     

番茄红素片的安全性研究

目的为番茄红素片安全性评价提供毒理学依据。方法按卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》,进行急性毒性试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、睾丸染色体畸变试验、Ames试验、30d喂养试验。结果番茄红素片雌、雄小鼠经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均>15 000mg/kg。Ames、小鼠骨髓微核和睾丸染色体试验未发现潜在致突变作用。30d喂养体重、增重、摄食量、食物利用率、肝、肾、脾、睾丸重量及各脏体比、血细胞、血生化和病理学指标与对照组比较均无统计学差异。结论本次实验条件下,番茄红素片属无毒级,未显示潜在遗传毒性,雌、雄大鼠30d喂养试验未观察到有害作用最大剂量(NOAEL)分别为1 960、1 832mg/(kg.d)。     

蒜氨酸口服液的毒性试验研究

[目的]对蒜氨酸口服液的毒性进行了试验研究。[方法]采用小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30d喂养试验。[结果]该口服液对雌雄小鼠LD50均大于20g／kg，属无毒物质；Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性；对大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标均未产生明显影响。[结论]在本次试验条件下，该口服液安全无毒。     

Antimony toxicity

Antimony toxicity occurs either due to occupational exposure or during therapy. Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation, pneumoconiosis, antimony spots on the skin and gastrointestinal symptoms. In addition antimony trioxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Improvements in working conditions have remarkably decreased the incidence of antimony toxicity in the workplace. As a therapeutic, antimony has been mostly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis. The major toxic side-effects of antimonials as a result of therapy are cardiotoxicity (~9% of patients) and pancreatitis, which is seen commonly in HIV and visceral leishmaniasis co-infections. Quality control of each batch of drugs produced and regular monitoring for toxicity is required when antimonials are used therapeutically.     

Zinc toxicity

Although consequences of zinc deficiency have been recognized for many years, it is only recently that attention has been directed to the potential consequences of excessive zinc intake. This is a review of the literature on manifestations of toxicity at several levels of zinc intake. Zinc is considered to be relatively nontoxic, particularly if taken orally. However, manifestations of overt toxicity symptoms (nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, lethargy, and fatigue) will occur with extremely high zinc intakes. At low intakes, but at amounts well in excess of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (100-300 mg Zn/d vs an RDA of 15 mg Zn/d), evidence of induced copper deficiency with attendant symptoms of anemia and neutropenia, as well as impaired immune function and adverse effects on the ratio of low-density-lipoprotein to high-density-lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) cholesterol have been reported. Even lower levels of zinc supplementation, closer in amount to the RDA, have been suggested to interfere with the utilization of copper and iron and to adversely affect HDL cholesterol concentrations. Individuals using zinc supplements should be aware of the possible complications attendant to their use.     

Lead toxicity

Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental toxins. Despite intensive study, there is still vigorous debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, but any legislation must be based on a genuine scientific evaluation of the available evidence.     

Digitalis toxicity

Digitalis toxicity is a frequently encountered clinical problem. Drug interactions leading to digitalis toxicity are very common. Within this group, the interaction of digitalis and verapamil is increasingly recognized as an important cause of digitalis toxicity. The use of digoxin-binding antibodies represents a significant advance in the treatment of this problem and can be lifesaving in the setting of massive overdose. A case report of digitalis toxicity and a review of this problem and its treatment are presented.     

水飞蓟提取物的急性毒性、遗传毒性和亚慢性毒性研究

目的研究水飞蓟提取物的急性毒性、遗传毒性和亚慢性毒性。方法根据GB 15193.3-2003、GB 15193.4-2003、GB 15193.5-2003、GB 15193.7-2003、GB 15193.13-2003,采用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、三项遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)、90 d喂养实验对水飞蓟提取物的安全性毒理学进行研究。结果水飞蓟提取物对雌、雄昆明种小鼠的最大耐受剂量(MTD)均大于20.0 g/kg·bw,属无毒级;Ames试验、骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性,90 d喂养试验各剂量组大鼠体重增加、食物摄入量、食物利用率、脏器/体重比值与对照组比较均无异常,血液学指标和生化指标值在正常范围内,大鼠主要脏器组织未见有意义的病理学改变;未观察到有害作用剂量大于2.5 g/kg·bw。结论在本实验条件下,水飞蓟提取物未见明显毒副作用。