军队精神分裂症患者MMPI测试结果的聚类分析

目的:探索军队精神分裂症患者MMPI的分类模式.方法:使用网络心理CT系统对68例军队精神分裂症患者进行MMPI测试,然后根据测试结果进行Q型聚类分析.结果:经聚类分析,68例军队精神分裂症患者的MMPI测查结果被分成3类,经方差分析检验,这3个类别具有统计学差异(P＜0.01).第Ⅰ类,效度量表呈L＞F＜K型,各临床量表平均T分值＜60;第Ⅱ类,效度量表呈L＜F＞K型,各临床量表,除癔症、男女子气、社会内向外,余七项平均T分值均＞60,最高平均T分值出现在偏执和精神分裂两量表;第Ⅲ类,效度量表呈L=F=K型,各临床量表平均T分值＜60;除癔症、男女子气外,各效度量表和临床量表平均T分值均在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类之间.结论:精神分裂症的MMPI模式具有异质性.     

精神分裂症和抑郁症患者MMPI测试的对比分析

目的：探讨精神分裂症与抑郁症患者的MMPI特征。方法：使用网络心理CT系统对328例精神分裂症患者（精神分裂症组）和34例抑郁症患者（抑郁症组）进行MMPI测试，并与58例正常人（正常对照组）进行对照分析。结果：①效度量表与临床量表：除量表说谎、男女子气外，大部分量表均示两患者组高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）；精神分裂症组与抑郁症组比较，后者在疑病、抑郁、癔症、精神衰弱、社会内向等量表高于前者（P〈0．05）；②心理防御机制量表两患者组在退缩、转移、投射等量表高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）；精神分裂症组与抑郁症组比较，后者在量表转移一项高于前者（P〈0．05）。结论：精神分裂症和抑郁症患者均有明显的MMPI偏离模式；临床医生在治疗疾病时要注重对患者心理防御方式的干预。     

MMPI在抑郁症患者早期发现及治疗干预中的应用分析

目的：探讨抑郁症患者的人格特征,为抑郁症的早期发现及治疗提供帮助,同时为临床心理干预提供参考依据。方法：采用明尼苏达多相个性测验（MMPI）量表对150例抑郁症患者（病例组）进行测试并与100例中国常模（对照组）进行比较。结果：疑问量表（Q）、说谎量表（L）、诈病量表（F）、校正量表（K）得分值在两组间比较,Q在两组间比较差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0.05）,对照组的L、K得分值高于病例组、病例组的F得分值高于对照组且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;4个量表中T分值均没有大于70分,所测结果有效。临床量表10个因子的比较中,病例组和对照组的Ma、Mf因子得分差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0.05）;病例组和对照组的Hs、D、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc、Si比较两组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：通过MMPI量表测试,抑郁症患者的Hs、D、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc、Si因子与常模间存在显著差异,可以通过MMPI量表测试对抑郁症进行早期诊断及疗效判定。     

精神分裂症偏执型MMPI81例分析

明尼苏达多相人格调查表 (简称 MMPI)是用于测定人格倾向的心理测验量表之一 ,由于具有一定的信度和效度 ,特别是在精神病临床使用上更有意义 [1 ]。近 2 0年来 ,我国关于此方面的文献资料渐增多 ,精神分裂症呈 6 8/ 86两点编码模式 [2、3、4]。本研究对现住院的精神分裂症偏执型患者 81例进行MMPI测验 ,结果男女患者总体样本 MMPI测图模式呈F6 8/ 86型 ,支持以上观点。1　资料与方法1.1　研究对象 :病例系选自 1999年 11月至 2 0 0 0年 1月住院的精神分裂症偏执型患者 81例 ,均符合 CCMD- 诊断标准。男性 49例 ,年龄 16～ 5 8岁 ,…     

精神分裂症和抑郁症患者MMPI测试的对比分析

目的:探讨精神分裂症与抑郁症患者的MMPI特征.方法:使用网络心理CT系统对328例精神分裂症患者(精神分裂症组)和34例抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)进行MMPI测试,并与58例正常人(正常对照组)进行对照分析.结果:①效度量表与临床量表:除量表说谎、男女子气外,大部分量表均示两患者组高于正常对照组(P＜0.05);精神分裂症组与抑郁症组比较,后者在疑病、抑郁、癔症、精神衰弱、社会内向等量表高于前者(P＜0.05);②心理防御机制量表两患者组在退缩、转移、投射等量表高于正常对照组(P＜0.05);精神分裂症组与抑郁症组比较,后者在量表转移一项高于前者(P＜0.05).结论:精神分裂症和抑郁症患者均有明显的MMPI偏离模式;临床医生在治疗疾病时要注重对患者心理防御方式的干预.     

明尼苏达多相个性测验结果在抑郁症和焦虑症患者中个性特性差异的应用研究

目的：根据对抑郁症和焦虑症患者的明尼苏达多相个性测验（MMPI）结果,为两者的早期发现、治疗及临床心理干预提供参考依据。方法采用 MMPI 量表对150例抑郁症患者（抑郁症组）及150例焦虑症患者（焦虑组）进行测试,并与正常人群（对照组）进行对照分析。结果效度量表：疑问量表（Q）、说谎量表（L）、诈病量表（F）、校正量表（K）的分值在三组间比较,Q 在三组间比较差异不具有统计学意义,抑郁组和焦虑组的 L、K 得分值低于病例组,病例组的 F 得分值高于对照组且差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;4个量表中 T 分值均没有大于70分,所测结果有效。临床量表：疑病（Hs）、抑郁（D）、癔症（Hy）、病态人格（Pd）、男子—女子气（Mf）、偏执（Pa）、精神衰弱（Pt）、精神分裂（Sc）、轻躁狂（Ma）、社会内向性（Si）的比较中,抑郁组、焦虑症的 D、Si 得分差异显著高于对照组且差异具有统计学意义,抑郁组 D、Si 得分显著高于焦虑组且差异具有统计学意义;三组间 Hs、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc、Mf、Ma 比较差异均不具有统计学意义。结论抑郁症及焦虑症患者的神经质、偏执及病态人格较为突出,可能存在偏执、神经质、病态人格等心理特质,其抑郁（D）、社会内向性（Si）显著高于正常人群。     

精神分裂症与抑郁症患者MMPI测试的对比分析

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者和抑郁症患者的MMPI测查差别,两种疾病同一化的可能性。方法：对精神分裂症患者和抑郁症患者进行MMPI心理测查,选取中国常模K校正的T分值的Hs、D、Hy、Pd、Mf、Pa、Pt、Sc、Ma、Si10个因子分数进行对比分析,以均分T≥60分为界。结果：两组Mf、Ma、Si因子分数均低于中国常模,两组Pd、Pa、Sc因子分数均高于中国常模。抑郁症组Hs、D、Hy、Pt因子分数高于中国常模,而分裂症组低于中国常模,且Hs、D、Pt两组相比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,Hy、Pd、Mf、Pa、Sc、Ma、Si因子分数两组相比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：精神分裂症和抑郁症主要鉴别在情感症状是否协调,而非是否存在感觉和思维内容障碍上,两种疾病有本质的不同,应区别诊断。     

某部官兵社会认知偏离与人格特质的关系

目的：探讨某部官兵社会认知偏离与人格特质的关系。方法采用社会认知偏离量表（ SCBS）、明尼苏达多项个性测查问卷（MMPI）和卡特尔16项人格因素问卷（16PF）对某部653名军人进行调查,并进行相关性和回归分析。结果 SCBS各因子与 MMPI多个维度呈明显相关性（P〈0.01）,其中除与说谎（L）和校正（K）呈负相关外,与其他维度均呈正相关;SCBS社会认知偏离总分、社会抑郁、社会焦虑均与精神衰弱（ Pt）相关度最高,社会攻击与精神分裂（Sc）相关度最高。SCBS各因子与16PF多个维度呈弱相关（P 〈0.05,P 〈0.01）。K 对社会认知偏离总分、社会抑郁、社会焦虑的贡献最大,MMPI的诈病（ F）对社会攻击贡献最大。结论社会认知偏离与人格特质存在一定程度的相关性,且异常人格与认知偏离相关性更强。     

维、汉民族酒精依赖患者MMPI测查结果分析与比较

目的：分析和比较维、汉民族酒精依赖患者的人格特征和心理卫生状况。方法：运用明尼苏达多项人格测验（MinnesotaMultiphasicPersonalityInventory,MMPI）问卷进行调查、统计分析及比较。结果：维、汉族酒精依赖患者的MMPI临床量表中除L、K、Ma、Si外,其他临床量表得分与对照组均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;维、汉民族两组酒精依赖患者MMPI的临床量表中Pd、si得分比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：在新疆地区生活的维、汉民族酒精依赖患者与正常组在人格方面均存在显著的特征;但维、汉民族之间的酒精依赖患者人格差异性并不显著。     

应用艾森克个性问卷调查预防围生期抑郁症的研究

目的降低围生期抑郁的发生率，提高孕产妇的生活质量。方法本研究应用艾森克个性问卷调查早孕妇女，根据不同的情况，运用医学心理学、社会学知识，采取不同的干预措施，以期解除致病的心理因素，减轻心理负担和躯体症状，对具有抑郁倾向的孕产妇实施孕产期干预，以期降低围生期抑郁的发生率。结果N量表分值〉60分或〈40分者，围生期抑郁症发病率明显，较N量表分值在40—60分之间者高；E量表分值〉60分或〈40分者围生期抑郁症发病率明显较E量表分值在40一60分之间者高；P量表分值〉50分者围生期抑郁症发病率明显较P量表分值在〈50分者高。及时根据艾森克个性问卷调查结果中各分最表分值进行干预，可明显降低围生期抑郁症的发病率。结论通过对早孕妇女进行艾森克个性问卷调查后进行大约为期1年的跟踪随访，结果表明，根据艾森克个性问卷中各量表值，针对不同心理状态的孕妇在产前教育、孕期产检、住院分娩、产后护理时采取不同的指导方式，可以降低围生期抑郁症的发生率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.