胆管癌性阻塞姑息性胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻的介入治疗

目的　探讨胆管癌性阻塞姑息性胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻的介入治疗方法。方法　 10例胆管癌性阻塞姑息性胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻患者 ,9例采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术 (PTCD)加金属内支架置入术 ,共使用 9枚金属内支架 ,1例置入内外引流管 ,并比较介入手术前后总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶的变化。结果　 10例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入金属胆道内支架或内外引流管均获得成功 ,均一次性置入支架。术后总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶均有明显下降 ,与术前比较差异有显著性。术后黄疸消退满意。结论　经皮经肝穿刺胆管内金属支架再置入术治疗胆管癌性阻塞姑息性胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻 ,疗效满意 ,操作简单 ,并发症少     

胆管癌性阻塞内支架术后再狭窄的介入治疗

目的　探讨胆管癌性阻塞内支架术后再狭窄的介入治疗方法及其疗效。方法　 12例胆管癌性阻塞性黄疸内支架术后胆管再狭窄患者 ,采用经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术 (PTCD)加金属内支架置入术或结合局部持续性灌注化疗术及化疗性栓塞术 ,共使用 12枚金属内支架。结果　 12例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入金属胆道内支架均获得成功 ,均一次性置入支架。术后总胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶均有明显下降。术后 12例患者黄疸消退满意。 3例黄疸消退 ,置入内支架术后 4周在DSA下行局部持续性灌注化疗术及化疗性栓塞术。结论　经皮胆管内金属支架再置入术是姑息性治疗胆管癌性阻塞性黄疸内支架术后胆管再狭窄的安全、有效方法 ,结合局部持续性动脉灌注化疗及化疗性栓塞术 ,能提高患者的生命质量及延长生存期     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗临床价值

目的：经皮经肝穿刺放置引流管、内涵管或金属内支架作胆汁外引流、内外引流或内引流，可缓解黄疸，改善由于梗阻性黄疸引起的各种症状。提高患者的生存质量，为下一步治疗创造条件。方法：恶性梗阻性黄疸常由于胆管癌、胰头癌、原发性肝癌、肝脏转移瘤、肝门淋巴结转移等压迫和侵及胆管所致，外科手术切除率低。主要技术包括PTCD、胆管内外引流、胆管内涵管及内支架置入术。结论：可作为手术前辅助治疗，主要行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）或姑息性内外引流治疗以解除黄疸。     

胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻的介入治疗

目的 探讨阻塞性黄疸行胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻的介入治疗方法。方法 11例阻塞性黄疸行外科姑息性胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻患者，采用经皮肝穿胆道引流术（PTCD），8例加金属内支架置入术，3例置入内外引流管，并比较介入术前后总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶的变化。结果 11例介入手术均获得成功，3例一次性置入支架，5例引流1周后置入支架。术后黄疸消退满意，总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶均明显下降，与术前比较差异有显著性。结论 经皮肝穿刺胆管内金属支架置入术治疗外科胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻，并发症少，操作简单，疗效满意。     

经皮肝途径胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻(附57报告)

目的：经皮肝穿肝胆管内置入金属支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻并探讨其 点和影响疗效的因素。方法：57例恶性胆管梗阻，采用经皮肝穿刺肝管胆道内金属支架置入术，胆管癌25例，胰头癌9例，肝癌15例，胃癌转移8例。阻塞部位们于胆总管33例；肝门部24例，其中肝总管13例，累有右肝管5例，左、右肝管6例。结果：共置入4种类型金属支架65枚，9例病人置入双内支架。技术操作成功率98．2％。术前血清胆红素162．7－960．4μmol/l，术后53例降至18．3－55．6μmol/l。半年生存率75．4％（43．57），一年生存率47．4％（27／57）。支架置入后半年再 阻塞率43．9％（25／57）。结论：经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶必理管梗阻安全、有效，是临床重要姑息性治疗手段，支架再阻塞是影响远期疗效的重要因素。     

原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的介入治疗

目的:探讨经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其疗效.方法:对252例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的26例患者分别行胆道气囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果:3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.6例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,5例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.12例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,10例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因支架管阻塞而再次肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论:经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

金属内支架在治疗恶性胆道梗阻中的应用

目的 :探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道金属内支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻临床应用价值。方法 :对 2 7例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮肝穿胆道金属内支架置入术。男 18例 ,女 9例 ,其中肝癌 6例 ,胆管癌 7例 ,胰腺癌 5例 ,转移癌 9例。梗阻部位在胆总管 12例 ,肝总管肝门区 15例。结果 :经皮肝胆道内支架置入术技术成功率为 10 0 %。 2 7例共置入金属内支架31枚 ,术后 1周复查肝功能血清学指标 ,总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶较术前明显下降 ,P <0 .0 0 1。随访开通时间平均为 14 1天 ,半年开通率 5 5 .6 % ,并发症发生率为 2 5 .9% ,主要为胆道感染 ,胆道出血等。结论 :金属内支架置入术是治疗胆道梗阻性黄疽的安全、有效的姑息治疗手段     

金属内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究：附33例分析

目的：总结胆管金属内支架放置术的临床经验和疗效分析。材料与方法：恶性梗阻性黄疸患者３３例，男２３例，女１０例。胆管癌１６例，胰头癌２例，原发性肝癌２例，肝转移瘤３例，肝门淋巴结转移瘤压迫胆管１０例。本组共采用金属内支架行内引流３３例，共使用６种３８枚金属内支架。１２例支架放置术后加局部放射治疗和化学治疗（简称放、化疗）。结果：３３例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入胆管支架均获得成功，其中２９例一次性植入支架，４例先行胆汁引流术（ＰＴＢＤ）后再放置金属内支架；９例因胆管梗阻复杂，金属支架置入后仍保留引流导管，其中３例在置管１５～２００天后拔除引流管。２８例（８４．８５％）黄疸消退满意。本组中位生存期７个月，支架植入后加局部放、化疗组中位生存期１０个月。结论：胆管内金属支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸，可用于不能手术治疗的高位胆管梗阻，支架植入后加局部放、化疗可望提高远期疗效。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术并胆道支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(附36例分析)

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PDCT)并胆道支架植入一种针对梗阻性黄疸患者术前减轻黄疸和姑息性治疗的有效方法.恶性梗阻性黄疸常由胰腺癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌以及转移性肿瘤如胃癌胆道转移等所引起[1].以皮肤、巩膜黄染为主要表现,随着病情加重可引起肝、肾功能衰竭甚至多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ failure,MOF),严重影响患者生活质量,因此对不宜手术或无手术机会的患者实施姑息治疗十分必要.减轻梗阻性黄疸(减黄)是治疗的首要问题[2].目前国内外减黄治疗有手术或介入2种治疗方法[1].本院36例不宜手术的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,行经皮经肝胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage,PTCD)并胆道内支架植入术,疗效满意,报道如下.     

胆管引流术联合熊去氧胆酸治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的分析胆管引流术联合熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。资料与方法76例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,其中肝胆管癌32例,肝门淋巴结转移瘤23例,胰腺癌和壶腹癌21例。随机分为两组:观察组40例,对照组36例。全部患者给予保肝、支持、抗炎治疗,并行经皮经肝穿刺胆管内支架置入术或胆管引流术。观察组同时联合应用UDCA10～15mg.kg-1.d-1,疗程1个月。结果76例中46例行胆管内支架置入术,18例行胆管内外引流术,12例行胆管外引流术。观察组在术后7天、14天及30天血清胆红素均明显下降,术后14天与术后30天血清胆红素水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胆管梗阻解除后,随着血清胆红素的下降,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)也随之下降,术后14天、30天两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组22例合并胆系感染者,胆管炎控制时间(9±2.1)天,对照组19例胆管炎控制时间(12±1.6)天,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论胆管引流术是姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效手段。联合应用UDCA,可加强胆汁排泌,加快降黄速度,保护肝细胞,从而增强保肝降黄的作用。     

Expandable metallic biliary endoprostheses: preliminary clinical evaluation

A biliary endoprosthesis constructed of self-expanding metallic "Z" stents was placed in 23 patients with obstructive jaundice. The biliary obstruction was due to a malignant neoplasm in 21 patients and a postoperative biliary stricture in two patients. The lesions affected the intrahepatic biliary ducts in 13 patients. Twelve patients had undergone radiation therapy before stent placement. The endoprostheses consisted of 196 expandable metallic biliary stents placed singly (n = 10) or in tandem (n = 186). As many as 18 stents were used to relieve an obstruction in one patient. A transhepatic approach was employed in all patients except one in whom stents were placed through a T-tube tract. Within 1 week after placement, all stents expanded to at least 90% of their original diameter. Three misplaced, two deformed, and two dislodged stents caused no obvious clinical problems. At follow-up, which ranged from 2 to 59 weeks, five patients experienced recurrent jaundice. Two patients with recurrent jaundice due to obstruction of the bile duct containing the stent were treated with external catheter drainage. The expandable biliary endoprosthesis is suggested as an effective treatment for benign and malignant biliary obstruction.     

高位胆管梗阻的介入治疗和近期疗效分析

目的回顾性分析高位梗阻性黄疸患者介入治疗方法及近期疗效。方法100例接受经皮肝穿刺胆汁引流或胆道支架置入治疗的高位梗阻性黄疸患者,其中胆管癌39例,转移瘤22例,肝移植后胆管病变18例,原发性肝癌15例,胆囊癌6例。测定术前,术后3～7d、8～14d血胆红素水平并进行显著性检验。结果79例行单纯外引流或内外引流,21例行胆道支架置入术,所用支架4种31枚。术前血清胆红素含量与术后3～7d胆红素水平差别有显著性(P<0.05),与术后8～14d胆红素水平比较有非常显著的差异(P<0.01)。结论介入治疗高位梗阻性黄疸方法简单、近期疗效满意。     

肝门部胆管癌高位多支复杂胆道梗阻的介入引流方法探讨

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌引起的高位多支复杂类型梗阻性黄疸的介入引流方法和临床疗效。 方法：选取因肝门部胆管癌引起的多支复杂类型梗阻性黄疸患者38例,其中男28例,女10例。Bismuth-Corlett分型Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型18例,Ⅳ型14例。根据胆道梗阻的部位、范围、各分支梗阻情况及胆道扩张的程度,对不同类型患者的引流方案进行个体化设计。其中30例单纯采取了引流管引流,并根据需要对引流管临时剪孔,每例放置1~3条胆道外引流管。8例Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌根据左右肝管分支角度不同分别采取了不同的方法进行胆道双支架置入。 结果：全部病例介入引流手术过程顺利,除2例合并少量胆道出血外,无其他严重并发症发生。术后患者黄疸明显减轻或消退,皮肤瘙痒和胆管炎等症状逐渐消失。术后1~2周,血清胆红素水平由术前的（242.69±27）μmol/L降至（58.32±5.6）μmol/L,差异有统计学意义（t=9.73,P<0.05）,收到了较好的近期治疗效果。8例行胆道双支架置入患者中有3例分别于术后4~6个月发生支架再阻塞,黄疸复发,再次行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗。 结论：肝门部胆管癌高位胆道梗阻病变复杂,通过引流管剪孔,可在保证引流效果的前提下尽量减少引流管的个数,减少了创伤,方便了术后生活和引流管护理,是对普通胆道外引流管的改良。双支架置入对肝门部Bismuth-Corlett Ⅳ型胆管癌近期疗效可靠,根据左右肝管分叉角度采取不同的双支架置入术式方法可行。     

胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的 探讨胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及疗效.资料与方法 回顾性分析胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸而行介入治疗的43例患者,行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术,并选择胆肠吻合口或原发梗阻部位进一步行经皮胆道金属支架植入术.结果 本组经皮经肝胆管造影显示胆肠吻合口狭窄32例,吻合口狭窄并肠袢成角、张力过高7例,吻合口未见狭窄4例.最终单纯行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术16例,包括单纯外引流9例,内外引流7例;行胆道金属支架植入术27例,其中经胆肠吻合口留置支架22例,经原梗阻部位留置支架5例.术后1周内复查,37例黄疸消退满意,6例黄疸消退不明显,其中4例再次行外科手术治疗.本组43例术中、术后均无严重并发症发生.结论 胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸可行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术或经皮胆道金属支架植入术,此法安全、微创、可靠、有效,值得推广应用.     

双介入治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床应用研究

目的：观察经皮肝胆管引流（PTCD）金属内支架植入术联合125I放射性粒子永久性植入术对肝门部胆管癌的临床治疗效果。方法：回顾性研究确诊为肝门部胆管癌的患者67例,分为两组：A组35例（PTCD金属内支架植入组）、B组32例（PTCD金属内支架植入＋125I放射性粒子植入组）,通过观察术后减黄效果、肿瘤大小变化、生存率及再梗阻时间,分析PTCD金属内支架植入术联合125I放射性粒子植入术治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床效果。结果：术后15天A、B两组总胆红素均下降且两组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;术后3月A组总胆红素水平升高,B组未发现回升;术后6个月A、B两组总体有效率（CR＋PR）分别为15%（3/20）,72.4%（21/29）,A、B两组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;术后6个月、12个月、36个月生存率,B组为90.6%（29/32）,74.3%（26/32）,40%（14/32）,明显高于A组的57.1%（20/35）,34.3%（12/35）,8.6%（3/35）（P〈0.05）。结论：PTCD金属内支架植入术为姑息性治疗;PTCD金属内支架植入术联合125I放射性粒子永久性植入术能达到较理想的治疗效果,并发症少,且提高患者的生存期,具有较高的临床价值。     

The treatment of bile duct stenoses using metal mesh endoprostheses (stents)]

Transhepatic biliary drainage is an established therapy for the palliative treatment of biliary stenosis. Long-term biliary drainage may be accomplished by the introduction of an endoprosthesis. Plastic endoprostheses are, however, prone to clogging and dislocation. A new type of endoprosthesis consisting of an expandable metallic mesh has, therefore, been developed. Results in 51 patients using two different types of metallic stents demonstrated that the technical success rate is higher with self-expanding stents than with balloon-expandable stents. Symptoms of obstructive jaundice were effectively palliated in the vast majority of patients (80%). Reobstruction during the first 4 weeks occurred in only 1 patient. Malfunction was related to the inappropriate length of the stent. At follow-up, 25% of patients with malignant biliary strictures developed recurrent jaundice, which was controlled by a single additional placement of a stent or a plastic endoprosthesis. In conclusion, although recurrent biliary stenosis is still a problem, the frequency of reinterventions can be considerably reduced by the use of metallic instead of plastic endoprostheses (20% vs. 45%).     

Biliary endoprosthesis of malignant biliary obstruction using expandable metallic stent--preliminary clinical evaluation]

Thirty-eight patients with malignant biliary obstruction were treated with expandable metallic stent (EMS). Successful insertion of stents was attained in all cases, and in 34 of 38 patients, the stents remained patent and sufficiently expanded, and led to the removal of external drainage catheter. No serious complications occurred. In two cases, stents were deformed in shape, associated with no side effects. In follow-up, eleven patients developed recurrent jaundice due to tumor ingrowth between the wires and the tumor grew up along the initially placed stents. In six patients, additional stents were installed inside the initially placed stents, in whom the additional stents were placed successfully and remained patent thereafter. The expandable metallic stents were superior to the conventional tube stents, but there were some problems in our limited experience: stents deformity, slipping migration, fracture of stents and rapid obstruction. Further investigation is under way to resolve these problems. Long-term trials are required before established routine use of EMS. The expandable metallic stent was, however, expected to offer a new alternative in the management of malignant biliary obstructions and to afford long-term patency of affected biliary tracts.