Na~ /H~ 交换抑制剂对离体鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨Na H 交换抑制剂二甲基阿米洛利 (DMA)对心肌缺血 再灌注损伤(MIRI)的影响。方法　离体鼠心脏置于Langendorff装置上 ,采用主动脉逆灌法 ,停灌 30min后复灌30min ,造成MIRI模型。离体鼠心脏稳定灌流 2 0min ,随机分成 4组 :对照组、DMA 5 μmol L组、10 μmol L组和 2 0 μmol L组 ,每组各 8例。记录心电图和心肌收缩力的变化 ,测定缺血前及再灌注30min时冠脉流出量以及心肌组织含钙量 ,观察心肌细胞超微结构变化。结果　与对照组相比 ,DMA10 μmol L组和 2 0 μmol L组心率、心肌收缩力和冠脉流出量的恢复程度明显提高 (P <0 0 5或0 0 1) ,心律失常发生率及心肌组织钙含量明显降低 (P <0 0 5或 0 0 1) ,超微结构改变轻微 ,而DMA5 μmol L组仅在再灌注 10min和 15min时心肌收缩力恢复程度高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其他指标均无显著性变化。结论　DMA对心肌缺血 再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用 ,且与剂量有关     

不同预处理中线粒体KATP通道开放对未成熟心肌的作用

目的　了解线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道 (mKATP)开放在不同预处理过程中对幼兔心脏的影响 ,并探讨其机制。方法　幼兔 (小于 2 8d) 34只随机分成 5组 ,对照组 (n =8) :平衡 30min后缺血再灌注 ;二氮嗪预处理组 (n =8) :缺血前二氮嗪 ( 10 0 μmol/L)灌注 5min后重碳酸盐缓冲液 (KH液 )冲洗 10min ,St.ThomasⅡ (STH)停跳 ;二氮嗪 + 5 羟葵酸 ( 5 HD)预处理组 (n =5 ) :二氮嗪 ( 10 0 μmol/L)和 5 HD( 10 0 μmol/L)一起灌注 5min ;缺血预处理 (IPC)组 ( n =8) :平衡 15min后全心缺血 5min ,复灌 10min行IPC ,STH停跳 ;IPC + 5 HD组 (n =5 ) :IPC前用 5 HD ( 10 0μmol/L)灌注 5min。采用LangendOrff模型 ,常温 ( 38℃ )缺血 30min ,复灌 45min。 结果　缺血 /再灌注 (I/R)后二氮嗪组的线粒体评分较IPC组 (P <0 .0 5 )和对照组 (P <0 .0 1)低 ,IPC前给予 5 HD后线粒体评分仍较对照组低 (P <0 .0 5 )。二氮嗪组和IPC组左室发展压力 (LVDP)、左室压力上升和下降最大速率 (±dp/dtmax)恢复在多个时间点上均优于对照组 ,心肌组织ATP含量高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,心肌酶较对照组降低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　二氮嗪预处理能产生与IPC相似的心肌保护作用 ,并且对线粒体的保护效果较IPC好。mKATP通道和细胞膜KATP     

二氮嗪预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体通透性转换孔的影响

目的 探讨二氮嗪预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体通透性转换孔(PTP)的影响.方法 健康SD大鼠72只,体重250～300 g,雌雄不拘,随机分为4组(n=18),建立离体心脏Langendorf再灌注模型,K-H液平衡灌注20 min后,对照组(C组)持续灌注K-H液100 min不停搏;缺血再灌注组(IR组)持续灌注K-H液30 min;二氮嗪预处理组(D组)依次灌注K-H液15 min、二氮嗪50 μmol/L 10 min和K-H液5 min;5-羟葵酸组(5-HD组)依次灌注5-HD 100 μmol/L 10 min、K-H液5min、二氮嗪50 μmol/L 10 min和K-H液5 min.除C组外其余组于平衡后30 min灌注4℃ St.Thomas停搏液,全心停搏40 min,再灌注30 min.各组于平衡末、缺血前即刻及再灌注末随机取6个心脏测定心肌线粒体PTP半开放时间(T1/2)和线粒体膜电位.结果 与平衡末、缺血前即刻相比,各组再灌注末心肌线粒体PTP T1/2缩短,膜电位降低(P《＜0.05或0.01);与C组比较,其余组心肌线粒体PTP T1/2缩短,膜电位降低(P＜0.01);与IR组比较,D组心肌线粒体PTP T1/2延长,膜电位升高(P＜0.01),5-HD组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与D组比较,5-HD组心肌线粒体PTP T1/2缩短,膜电位降低(P＜0.05).结论 二氮嗪50 μmol/L预处理可减少大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体PTP开放,减少线粒体膜电位的丢失,维持心肌线粒体膜的完整性.     

温血诱停及再灌注对缺氧未成熟心肌保护的实验研究

目的　探讨温血诱导心脏停跳及复跳前再灌注对缺氧未成熟心肌的保护作用。方法　构建缺氧幼兔模型 ,观察比较温血诱导心脏停跳及复跳前再灌注 (实验组 )与冷晶体停跳液灌注 (对照组 ) ,心肌丙二醛 (MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)及三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)含量 ,心肌含水量和心肌细胞超微结构的变化。结果　缺氧幼兔出现发绀 ,低氧血症和右室 / (左室 +室间隔 )比值 [RV/ (LV +S) ]增高等改变 ,与紫绀型先天性心脏病的病理生理改变相近。再灌注末心肌MDA、SOD、ATP含量分别为 :实验组( 32 6 39± 82 88)nmol/g、( 45 44± 4 76 )U/ 10 0mg、( 13 0 9± 1 5 0 ) μmol/g ;对照组 ( 5 37 88± 10 0 5 1)nmol/g、( 2 9 2 5± 5 40 )U/ 10 0mg、( 11 5 3± 2 17) μmol/g(P <0 0 1)。心肌含水量实验组 ( 5 9 95± 2 0 9) %、对照组 ( 79 77± 1 17) % (P <0 0 1)。实验组心肌细胞线粒体、细胞核等超微结构得到较好保护。结论　缺氧幼兔模型制作方法简单 ,可操作性和可重复性较强。温血诱导停跳及复跳前再灌注能减少缺血后未成熟心肌的氧自由基产生和再灌注损伤 ,对心肌能量代谢、超微结构等方面的保护效果较好。     

不同剂量丙泊酚预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察丙泊酚预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血-再灌注的量效关系。方法建立大鼠离体心脏Langendorff灌流模型,随机分为六组(n=8):缺血-再灌注组(A组)行平衡35min、停灌30min与再灌注120min;丙泊酚预处理组(B、C、D、E组)与脂肪乳预处理组(F组)在平衡15min后依次以12·5、25、50、100μmol/L丙泊酚及脂肪乳预处理10min,冲洗10min,停灌、复灌与A组相同。记录各组心率、机械功能及冠脉流量变化,并对再灌注期间的心律失常进行评分。结果(1)与平衡期比,再灌注后各组心率、机械功能及冠脉流量均显著下降(P<0·01)。与A组比,C、D、E组不同程度减轻上述变化,且D组最显著(P<0·05,P<0·01)。(2)D、E组心律失常评分优于A组。结论丙泊酚预处理改善离体大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注后心脏机械功能与冠脉受损及再灌性心律失常的发生,该作用与其溶剂脂肪乳无关。     

Ro-54864对缺血/再灌注心肌功能和线粒体的保护作用

目的 利用Langendorff离体灌注模型探讨Ro-54864对缺血/再灌注心肌功能和线粒体的保护作用.方法 大鼠心脏上架平衡20min后,随机分为5组.假手术组:持续灌注115min;对照组:续灌10min,缺血25min,复灌60min;Ro(Ro-54864)组:缺血前灌注含0.1μmol/L Ro-54864的K-H液10 min;苍术苷(atractyloside,ATR)组:缺血前灌注含20 μmol/L苍术苷的K-H液10 min;ATR+Ro组:缺血前灌注含20 μmol/L苍术苷和0.1 μmol/L Ro-54864的K-H液10 min.分别在平衡20min、缺血前、复灌15 min、60 min记录左室力学指标.在复灌注末,用氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法(TTC)测定心肌梗死面积百分比;分离浆膜下线粒体,电镜下观察线粒体的形态和结构,并进行评分.结果 再灌注15 min后,Ro组的冠脉流量(CF)和血流动力学指标(LVDP,dp/dtmax,dp/dtmin)明显高于对照组和其它处理组,而ATR组的各指标低于对照组(P＜0.05).与对照组(41%±3%)比较,再灌注末期Ro组(28%±3%)心肌梗死面积明显减少(P＜0.05),而ATR组(51%±2%)的梗死面积明显增大(P＜0.05).Ro组(1.51±0.24)心肌线粒体损伤比对照组(2.21±0.27)明显减轻(P＜0.05),而ATR组(3.23±0.36)线粒体损伤较对照组严重(P＜0.05).ATR+Ro组的各项指标与对照组比较无统计学差异.结论 外周苯二氯(卓)受体(peripheral benzodi azepine receptor,PBR)激动剂Ro-54864能够明显减少缺血心肌的梗死面积,保护线粒体,增加冠脉流量,促进缺血心肌功能恢复.线粒体通透性转换孔开放剂苍术苷减弱Ro-54864的心肌保护作用.     

肾上腺髓质素心肌保护作用机制的实验研究

目的　探讨肾上腺髓质素 (Adm1 5 0 )对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌组织血管细胞粘附分子 1(VCAM 1)表达的影响。方法　 2 4只雄性SD大鼠 ,制作离体心脏缺血再灌注模型 ,并随机分为A、B、C、D4组 ,每组 6只。心脏缺血 6 0min ,A组用氧合K H液再灌注 6 0min ,B、C、D组用氧合K H液分别加入10 -9mol/L、10 -8mol/L、10 -7mol/L的Adm1 5 0再灌注 15min ,再用K H液灌注 45min。逆转录 -聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)法检测心肌组织VCAM 1mRNA表达 ,并测定磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK MB)释放。结果　Adm1 5 0抑制再灌注大鼠心肌组织VCAM 1表达的作用呈浓度依赖性。Adm1 5 0减少了再灌注末心肌组织CK MB漏出量 ,A组 ( 31 5± 3 3)U/L、B组 ( 2 9 7± 3 3)U/L、C组 ( 2 4 3± 3 0 )U/L、D组 ( 19 3± 3 2 )U/L ,C、D组与A组比较P <0 0 1。结论　心肌缺血再灌注时 ,Adm1 5 0通过抑制VCAM 1mRNA表达而产生心肌保护作用。     

吗啡预处理-后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨吗啡预处理-后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠,体重180～200 g,应用Langendorff体外灌流装置,采用全心停灌45 min、再灌注60 min的方法制备大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型.取模型制备成功的心脏40个,随机分为5组(n=8):缺血再灌注组(IR组)、吗啡预处理组(M1组)、吗啡后处理组(M2组)、吗啡预处理-后处理组(M1+M2组)、5-羟葵酸(5-HD)混合吗啡后处理组(5-HD+M2组).M1组全心停灌前30 min灌注含3.0 μmol/L吗啡的K-H液20 min,随后灌注K-H液10 min.M2组再灌注即刻灌注含3.0 μmol/L吗啡的K-H液10 min,随后灌注正常K-H液50 min.5-HD+M1组再灌注即刻灌注含3.0 μmol/L吗啡+10-4nunol/L 5-HD的K-H液10 min,随后灌注正常K-H液50 min.于再灌注60 min时,测定心肌肌酸激酶(CK-MB)活性,计算心肌梗死区与缺血危险区的比值(IS/AAR).结果 与IR组相比,其余各组IS/AAR减少,CK-MB活性降低(P<0.05);与M2组比较,5-HD+M2组CK-MB活性及IS/AAR升高(P<0.05);M1组、M2组和M1+M2组上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 吗啡预处理.后处理虽然可减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血冉灌注损伤,但是与单独应用时效果相似,其原因可能是两者单独应用减轻心脏缺血再灌注损伤的机制均与开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道有关.     

单纯缺血预处理对兔未成熟心脏不足以提供保护作用

目的探讨单纯缺血预处理(IPC)对兔未成熟心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法利用Langendorff模型灌注幼兔(14-21d)离体心脏,5min缺血、10min再灌的IPC处理后,观察其在生理体温(39℃)下接受30min缺血、40min复灌的血液动力学、冠脉流出液心肌酶及心肌能量的变化.结果复灌后IPC组与对照组在心率(HR)、冠脉流出量(CF)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室最大上升和下降速率(±dp/dt)恢复率及室性心律失常发生率无明显差别,肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)漏出量有增多趋势.而IPC组在全心停灌后心脏缺血跳动时间明显延长(P＜0.01),再灌注末心肌ATP含量显著减少(P＜0.001).结论单纯缺血预处理不能保护未成熟心脏免受心肌缺血再灌注损伤,反而可导致心肌细胞的损伤;其原因可能与全心缺血后,心脏不能很快停跳而导致能量消耗过多有关.     

异丙酚对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时NF-κB及iNOS的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时核因子κB(NF-κB)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的影响.方法 成年SD大鼠24只,体重200～300 g,雌雄不拘,随机分为3组(n=8):对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和异丙酚组(P组).建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,K-H液平衡20 min后开始实验.C组灌注K-H液110 min;I/R组灌注K-H液20 min后,全心停灌30 min,再灌注60 min;P组用含50 μmol/L异丙酚的K-H液灌注20 min,全心停灌30 min,再用含50 μmol/L异丙酚的K-H液灌注60 min.于平衡末、再灌注10 min和60 min时测定冠状动脉流出液心肌肌钙蛋白(cTnI)浓度;于再灌注60 min时测定心肌SOD活性、MDA含量、iNOS活性及NF-κB、IκB的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,I/R组再灌注期间冠状动脉流出液cTnI浓度升高,P组再灌注期间60 min时升高(P＜0.05或0.01),I/R组心肌SOD活性降低,MDA含量增多,iNOS活性升高(P＜0.01),I/R组和P组心肌NF-κB表达升高,kB表达降低(P＜0.05或0.01).与I/R组比较,P组再灌注期间冠状动脉流出液cTnI浓度、心肌MDA含量、NF-κB表达、iNOS活性均降低,心肌SOD活性和IκB表达升高(P＜0.01).结论 异丙酚可抑制心肌NF-κB的激活,降低iNOS的活性,从而减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.