Anorectal complications of vaginal delivery

The incidence of anorectal complications following vaginal delivery was studied in 20,500 women. One thousand forty (5 percent) of all normal vaginal deliveries resulted in episiotomy with third- and fourth-degree extension or a fourth-degree perineal tear. Of these fourth-degree lacerations, 101 patients (10 percent) experienced wound disruption after primary repair. Sixty-seven patients (66 percent) experienced wound disruption that required surgical correction. Anorectal complications were anal ulcer, anorectal abscess, sphincteric disruption, and rectovaginal fistula. Surgical correction of these complications resulted in satisfactory outcome.     

Disturbed anal sphincter function following vaginal delivery.

Iron deficiency anaemia may be due to occult bleeding into the gut. However, although clinical investigations may show a high frequency of gastrointestinal tract disease in these patients, the cause-effect relationship between the lesions detected and anaemia remain uncertain. This study aimed to establish whether lesions detected by endoscopy or imaging of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with unexplained iron deficiency anaemia are bleeding continuously. Routine clinical tests were performed in 42 patients with unexplained iron deficiency anaemia referred to this unit. Whole gut lavage and assay of haemoglobin in the gut perfusate were also performed. The main outcome measures were clinical diagnoses (by imaging and endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract and colon); the concentration of haemoglobin in whole gut lavage fluid; and the calculated gastrointestinal blood loss per day. There were 73 clinical, dietary, or iatrogenic factors of possible aetiological importance in the 42 patients--poor diet (10), gross gastrointestinal abnormality (34 in 28 patients), malabsorption (14), coagulation problems (6), and NSAID use (9). The gut lavage test showed, however, that at the time the test was performed, only eight patients were losing more than 2 ml blood daily into the gut, including all four with colonic cancer, one with diffuse gastric vascular ectasia, and one with severe ulcerative oesophagitis. It is concluded that occult gastrointestinal bleeding sufficient to cause anaemia was evident in only 19% of 42 patients. There was a high frequency of other potential causes of iron deficiency in the remainder, suggesting that most of the gastrointestinal diseases and lesions detected in them were probably coincidental. Factors other than blood loss should be considered and treated in patients referred for anaemia assessment.     

The optimal mode of delivery for the haemophilia carrier expecting an affected infant is vaginal delivery

Summary. The optimal mode of delivery of a haemophilia carrier expecting a child is still a matter of uncertainty and debate. The aim of this commentary/review is to suggest that normal vaginal delivery should be the recommended mode of delivery for the majority of carriers, based on review of studies on obstetric aspects of haemophilia. About 2.0–4.0% of all haemophilia boys born in countries with a good standard of health care will suffer from ICH during the neonatal period. This is an average figure including all modes of delivery and regardless of whether the carrier status of the mother or the haemophilia status of the foetus was known or not at the time of delivery. On the basis of current literature, one may conclude that the risk of serious bleeding in the neonate affected with haemophilia is small in conjunction with normal vaginal delivery. It should be possible to further reduce the low frequency of complications if appropriate precautions are taken when planning the delivery in pregnant woman with known carrier status, if the sex of the foetus is known and, even more, when the haemophilia status of the foetus is known. Instrumental delivery such as use of vacuum extraction and foetal scalp monitors must be avoided at delivery of carriers.     

Follow-up evaluation of the effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor by serial measurement of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, perineal descent, and anal pressure before and after delivery. METHODS: Eighty pregnant females (40 primigravidae, 40 multigravidae) expecting vaginal delivery were prospectively evaluated. Measurements of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, perineometry, and manometry were performed two to three months before delivery and two to three days, two months, and six months after delivery. RESULTS: Before delivery, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency showed no significant difference between primigravidae and multigravidae. Perineal plane at straining was lower and the descent was larger in multigravidae than primigravidae. Anal squeeze pressure was also lower in multigravidae than primigravidae. Two to three days after delivery, regardless of the group, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was prolonged, perineal plane at straining became lower, the descent increased, and anal squeeze pressure decreased. Two months after delivery, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency recovered to the level before delivery. Perineal descent also recovered somewhat, but remained increased after six months had passed. In primiparae, perineal plane at straining remained lower after six months had passed. However, in multiparae the plane remained lower only for two months and recovered by six months postpartum. Anal squeeze pressure also showed a moderate recovery, but still remained significantly lower at six months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Pudendal nerve damage and functional impairment in the pelvic floor sphincter musculature occurs during vaginal delivery. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency recovers after two months, whereas functional disturbance in the pelvic floor persists at least until six months.Poster presentation at The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' 100th Anniversary and Tripartite Meeting, Washington, D.C., May 1 to 6, 1999.     

Kinetics of early FIV infection in cats exposed via the vaginal versus intravenous route

To determine the influence of route of virus exposure on early pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, cats were exposed to either of two FIV isolates (FIV-B-2542 or FIV-A-PPR) by vaginal or intravenous (IV) inoculation. Exposure to either virus clade by either route of inoculation resulted in vaginal and systemic infection. Peak plasma viremia and tissue proviral burden were 1-3 log(10) greater in cats infected with FIV-B-2542 vs. FIV-A-PPR, irrespective of inoculation route. Plasma RNA levels paralleled provirus titers in FIV-B-2542-infected cats and were highest in those exposed IV. In contrast, plasma RNA titers were higher in cats infected vaginally with FIV-A-PPR than in those infected IV. Despite early differences, PBMC provirus titers were similar in all groups by 9 weeks postinfection. In cats infected IV, but not vaginally, CD4(+) lymphocyte counts declined significantly independent of the magnitude of viremia. Mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation was decreased in all infected cats regardless of CD4(+) cell counts; this decline correlated with the magnitude of peak plasma viremia in FIV-B-2542, but not FIV-A-PPR, infected cats. These results establish that the kinetics of early FIV infection differ with route of exposure as well as virus isolate and that properties extrapolated from one virus isolate may not be universal.     

Acute bacterial endocarditis on a normal aortic valve following vaginal delivery

We present a case of post-partum bacterial endocarditis on a normal aortic valve. Infection occurred following vaginal delivery. This complication, due to group D Streptococcus faecalis, has not been previously described in this context.     

瘢痕子宫再次妊娠产妇阴道分娩的结局及影响因素分析

目的分析瘢痕子宫再次妊娠产妇阴道分娩的结局及影响因素。方法回顾性分析2014-03～2016-08在该院接受分娩的100例瘢痕子宫产妇的临床资料,根据其分娩方式分为经阴道分娩组42例和剖宫产组58例。观察比较两组产妇分娩前后血流动力学的变化和新生儿Apgar评分,分析影响瘢痕子宫经阴道分娩的因素。结果两组产妇分娩前的血流动力学指标无明显差异,分娩后经阴道分娩组的血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)水平高于剖宫产组(P0.05),而两组的脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_(ET)CO_2)和中心静脉压(CVP)水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组新生儿吸入性肺炎、颅内出血发生率和出生后Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);经阴道分娩组分娩后24 h内出血量为(234.45±15.42)ml,明显低于剖宫产组的(385.62±14.56)ml,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,距离上次剖宫产的时间、胎儿重量、产前体重指数(BMI)和阴道分娩史是影响瘢痕子宫产妇经阴道分娩的危险因素(P0.05)。结论瘢痕子宫产妇经阴道分娩的安全性较高,且预后较好。距上次剖宫产时间、胎儿重量、产前BMI和阴道分娩史是影响瘢痕子宫产妇经阴道分娩的危险因素。     

瘢痕子宫再次妊娠分娩方式的选择及经阴道分娩结局的临床分析

目的分析瘢痕子宫产妇不同分娩方式的母婴结局和经阴道分娩的安全性。方法选取2014-03～2017-03该院瘢痕子宫产妇422例,按照分娩方式的不同分为剖宫产组与阴道分娩组,其中阴道分娩组210例,剖宫产组212例,对阴道试产成功率、两组产妇的产后出血量、住院天数、新生儿Apgar评分及新生儿体重进行统计学分析。结果阴道分娩组试产成功率为80. 77%。阴道分娩组产妇出血量少于剖宫产组,住院时间显著短于剖宫产组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组新生儿Apgar评分比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论瘢痕子宫产妇在严格控制阴道分娩指征下通过阴道分娩成功率高,且安全性良好。     

自然分娩慢性HBV感染妊娠患者母婴传播相关因素分析

目的探讨自然分娩慢性HBV感染妊娠患者血清乙型肝炎标志物及HBVDNA载量与HBV母婴传播的风险。方法选择58例自然分娩的慢性HBV感染妊娠患者,检测其分娩前肝功能、血清乙型肝炎标志物及HBVDNA载量,并同时检测其新生儿外周血及脐血血清乙型肝炎标志物及HBVDNA载量。结果妊娠患者HBeAg阳性率与婴儿HBeAg阳性率相关;妊娠患者HBVDNA载量与婴儿HBeAg阳性率相关;妊娠患者分娩时肝功能正常与否与婴儿HBeAg阳性率无关。结论妊娠患者分娩前HBeAg阳性和HBVDNA高载量是HBV母婴传播的危险因素,而其分娩前肝功能正常与否可能与母婴传播风险无关。     

瘢痕子宫再次妊娠阴道分娩的结局与可行性研究

目的探讨瘢痕子宫再次妊娠阴道分娩的结局与可行性。方法选取2017-01～2017-12该院收治的52例瘢痕子宫再次妊娠阴道试产患者作为观察组,选择同期于该院进行阴道分娩的健康产妇52名作为对照组。观察瘢痕子宫患者的分娩方式,对比两组产妇产程时间、失血量、住院时间、产后感染与尿潴留的发生率,以及两组新生儿Apgar评分。结果两组产妇产程时间、失血量及住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组阴道分娩成功率(90.38%)与对照组(100.00%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组新生儿1 min Apgar评分、产后感染及尿潴留发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论瘢痕子宫不是剖宫产的绝对指征,只要严格控制分娩适应证与禁忌证,完善各项监护工作,再次阴道分娩安全可行。