中学生女排运动员膳食状况调查分析

中学生女排运动员膳食状况调查分析山东省青岛市卫生防疫站（２６６００３）顾理莉，杨新美，魏玉西为了解中学生运动会女排运动员的膳食营养状况，于１９９３年８月２４日对第五届中学生１０８名女排运动员的膳食营养状况，进行了调查，现报告如下。对象和方法：（１）对...     

蚌埠卫校学生膳食营养调查

蚌埠卫校学生膳食营养调查解琴（蚌埠卫生学校２３３０００）为了解我校学生营养状况，１９９６年１１月对在校就餐学生进行了膳食营养调查。１对象与方法１．１调查对象用整群抽样方法抽取５个班级２１０名住校学生，其中男生８４名，女生１２６名，年龄１７—１９岁。１...     

江苏省不同经济收入人群的膳食结构分析

江苏省不同经济收入人群的膳食结构分析江苏省卫生防疫站潘晓群，高湘陵，孙英全，刘凯为了解江苏地区不同经济收入居民的膳食结构情况，合理调整和改善各经济收入人群的营养状况，我们于１９９２年秋进行了本调查。１对象、内容和方法１．１调查对象采用整群分层随机抽样...     

某学员队军事医学合练期间的膳食调查

某学员队军事医学合练期间的膳食调查吴端宗刘学东董兆申（第四军医大学军队卫生学教研室，西安，７１００３２）军事医学合练是军医大学教学的重要组成部分，为掌握合练期间膳食供应状况，我们对参加合练的某学员队进行了３天称量法膳食调查。１对象与方法（１）对象：为...     

河北省普通高校篮球运动员膳食营养状况调查

目的了解普通高校篮球运动员的膳食状况。方法采用定量食物频率法,于2012年对河北省不同地域4所普通高校的全部137名篮球运动员进行膳食调查。结果谷类、薯类和蛋类的摄入量都达到了中国居民膳食宝塔推荐标准;蔬菜水果类和奶类摄入量低于推荐摄入量的50%;鱼虾类摄入量低于推荐摄入量的20%,摄入频率每周不到1次;能量摄入来源比例不合理。维生素B1摄取严重不足;蛋白质质量较好。以中国运动员食物推荐摄入量为参考,各类食物远低于推荐标准。结论调查对象膳食结构基本符合中国居民平衡膳食宝塔的构成,食物种类合理,但是食物量偏低,饮食行为不合理,应加强营养教育,促进学生膳食均衡。     

邵阳市卫校女生营养状况评价

为合理指导学生膳食营养，促进其正常生长发育，特于１９９７年６月上旬，对本校５个班级的女生进行了一次膳食调查，现将结果报告如下。１对象和方法１１调查对象为本校五个护士班和助产士班的女生２４８人，年龄为１６～１８岁，均为在校住宿生。１２先由学生自己准...     

某潜艇部队营养调查

某潜艇部队营养调查王海阳徐健康（３８０３１部队卫生科）为了解潜艇艇员膳食营养状况，合理指导膳食，我们于１９９７年５月，对某潜艇部队进行了膳食营养调查，结果报告如下。１对象与方法（１）对象：随机抽取该部官兵３１０人，均为男性，年龄１８～３７岁，平均２５...     

壮汉族中小学生膳食调查

２００２年３～５月我们对南宁市和田东县壮汉族中小学生膳食进行了调查 ,现报告如下。１对象与方法１．１对象在南宁市、田东县中小学校各选取一所学校分别作为壮汉族学生代表 ,共抽取６０名作为研究对象。１．２方法膳食问卷表是自行设计 ,并经预试验修改定稿。采用２４小时回顾法 ,对６０名中小学生进行一对一的询问 ,记录调查对象３天内每日３餐的主、副食品及零食种类和数量。２结果与分析２．１每日膳食构成根据中国居民平衡膳食宝塔指南 ［１］,壮族小学生 ,壮汉族中学生粮食消费量大体在推荐供给量范围之内 ,唯有汉族小学生超过推荐…     

膳食和营养生化水平与女性生殖系肿瘤患病的相关性探讨

我们于１９９５年２月～１９９６年４月对入院的１０７例妇女病人进行了膳食和营养生化水平调查，以探讨膳食和营养对女性生殖系肿瘤的影响，为合理指导肿瘤病人营养〔１〕，配合肿瘤的临床治疗，减轻病痛，改善病况提供科学依据。１对象和方法１．１对象１．１．１病例选...     

湖南省不同地区和经济收入对居民营养状况影响的调查

为研究不同地区、不同收入的人群营养素摄入及营养状况，根据“中国健康与营养调查”课题要求，于１９９７年对湖南省地级市、城区和郊区、县级城镇和农村等四类的居民经济水平、膳食结构和营养状况进行了调查，现将结果报告如下。１对象与方法１．１随机抽取长沙市、岳阳...     

Energy and macronutrient intake of one-year-old South African urban children: The Birth to Ten (BTT) Study

Summary. With the changing situation in South Africa, new, reliable, longitudinal nutritional information on young children is needed. Part of the objective of the Birth to Ten (BTT) Study (1990–2000) in the Soweto-Johannesburg area, is to assess the nutrient intake of children. For each of the 2059 one-year-old children mean nutrient intake was determined using food frequency intakes, determined through interviewing parents or guardians. Urban 'coloured' children had the highest daily intake of all the macronutrients, energy being significantly higher than the other groups. Urban black children had the lowest macronutrient intake and energy was significantly lower than that of white children. All groups consumed a typical westernised diet, low in unrefined carbohydrate (47–49% of energy), but high in protein (200% of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)) and fat (38–40% of energy). Among the 'black', 'coloured' and 'white' clinics a difference of approximately 300 kcal/day was noted between the highest and the lowest energy intakes, Pimville and Mofolo showing significantly higher differences among the 'black' clinics. Among the 'coloured' clinics Westbury had a significantly higher energy intake than Eldorado Park. Results have indicated that one-year-old 'coloured' and white children had adequate nutrient intakes, but black and Indian had inadequate energy intakes based on RDA and excluding the contribution of breast milk.     

贵阳郊区汉、苗、布依族乳母营养状况及乳中营养素含量的调查

将贵阳郊区１９５名乳母分为孕期营养指导组（５８）、汉族组（４３）、布依族组（４４）、苗族组（５０）四组，进行产后７天、４２～５６天、３月、６月的膳食调查及乳中蛋白质、脂肪和乳糖含量测定，结果表明：四组乳母能量摄入量比较适宜，但随着哺乳期的延长，蛋白质、脂肪、视黄醇当量摄入量逐渐减少，碳水化物、抗坏血酸摄入量逐渐增加。硫胺素、烟酸仅达到ＲＤＡ的７０％左右。铁摄入量均达到或超过ＲＤＡ。钙、核黄素在整个哺乳期仅占ＲＤＡ的２２％～６６％和３８％～５７％。乳汁成分为：随着哺乳期延长，乳汁中蛋白质含量逐渐降低，脂肪、乳糖在整个哺乳期较稳定。四组乳汁中各营养素含量经方差分析无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

Nutrient intake among elderly in southern Peninsular Malaysia

Studies were conducted in selected areas in three states namely Johor (n=117, male=55, female=62), Negeri Sembilan (n=130, male=52, female=78) and Malacca (n=97, male=33, female=64) involving free living elderly (age range from 60 to 93 years old). Respondents were divided into three age cohort groups that is 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years and above 80 years old. Assessment of macro and micronutrients were obtained from 24-hour diet recall for three consecutive days. Household measurements were used to estimate the amount of food consumed. Mean energy intake for both sexes were lower than the Malaysian RDA. Mean energy intake were also found to decline with age increment. The percentage of carbohydrate from total calories is higher compared to fat and protein. No respondents were found to consume less than 1/3 RDA for protein. Although no significant difference in nutrient intake was noted among age cohort groups, there was a decline in the intake of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Significantly (p <0.05) lower carbohydrate intake was noted in cohort group above 80 years. As for vitamins and minerals consumption, more than 50% of the elderly population studied consumed less than 2/3 RDA for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and calcium. Very low intake of nutrient may lead to many health problems. Overall mean energy intake indicate the respondents consume less than the Malaysian RDA for all three age cohort groups. Total mean energy intake were also found to decline with age increment for both sexes. Due to the low energy intake, higher percentage of elderly were found consuming less than 2/3 RDA for thiamine (65%), riboflavin (63%) and niacin (90%). Other nutrients which were also being consumed less than 2/3 RDA by the respondents are vitamin A (67%) and calcium (65%). The intake of calcium which was found to be extremely low (ranged from 277 to 303 mg) could lead to problems like osteoporosis.     

中国优秀运动员的营养状况

目的:了解中国优秀运动员的营养现状和存在的问题,以指导合理营养和科学训练。方法:通过膳食调查、体格测试和生化检测,了解23个项目599名(男331,女268)优秀运动员的营养状况。结果:(1)平均每人每日的能量摄入达到推荐的适宜摄入量(AI值),但蛋白质和脂肪供能比偏高,分别为总能量的18.9%和38.6%,碳水化物摄入不足,只有42.5%。除VA和VB1、VB2摄入不足外,其他维生素和所有矿物质均达到了AI值。(2)运动员的体质指数为男23.0±3.0,女21.9±3.0;体脂百分比为男(12.1±3.2)%,女(20.5±3.9)%。(3)运动员的血红蛋白水平为男(145.7±13.3)g/L,女(130.6±11.8)g/L。贫血和缺铁性贫血的检出率为12.6%和5.2%,女运动员高于男运动员。(4)高血脂检出率为22.3%,女运动员略高于男运动员,其中高TG为12.6%,高TC为9.7%,高LDL为1.2%。(5)4h维生素负荷尿试验显示,VB1和VB2不足者分别为46.2%和32.7%,其中缺乏均为9.6%。结论:我国优秀运动员整体营养状况良好,但有碳水化物、VA、VB1、VB2不足和缺铁性贫血、高血脂问题。     

Nutritional profile of football athletes eating from a training table

Food consumption of 11 male, intercollegiate football athletes (19.6±0.4 yr old (mean±S.E.), 108.1±2.9 kg BW, 191±1 cm HT) was studied over 3 consecutive weekdays to characterize nutritional intakes relative to food choice behavior. Subjects took all meals from a training table, and they trained 2.0 hr/d. The investigators observed and recorded the kinds and amounts of foods eaten by subjects. Food items from the trayline were weighed. Mean energy intake was 3593±217 kcal/d distributed as 22% protein, 39% fat, and 39% carbohydrate. Total carbohydrate intake (329±12 g/d) and its contribution to energy was less than generally recommended for athletes (500 g/d or 60% kcal). Subjects emphasized meat consumption; meat provided 33% kcal, 63% protein, and 45% fat intake. The overall mean intake of 10 vitamins and minerals exceeded the RDAs, but the intake of magnesium, folacin, and pyridoxine were 70–100% RDA. There were individual instances of marginal intakes (<70% RDA).     

Mineral balances of men and women consuming high fiber diets with complex or simple carbohydrate

Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc balances of 20 men, 19 premenopausal women, and 12 postmenopausal women were determined while they consumed self-selected diets or high fiber diets with either complex or simple carbohydrate. Self-selected intakes of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc were generally below RDA levels. Iron intakes of premenopausal women were less than two-thirds RDA. Balances during the self-selected intake period of calcium in men and women and of magnesium and zinc in women were negative, but lower-than-usual intakes could have contributed to this. High fiber diets did not adversely affect zinc, copper, manganese or iron balances. Calcium and magnesium balances were generally negative, especially in women, even though intakes were adequate. Excretion of copper was increased in premenopausal women consuming the simple carbohydrate diet. The levels of magnesium and especially calcium needed to maintain balance when consuming a high fiber diet may be above present RDA levels.     

Dietary Intake of Homebound Elderly Recipients and Nonrecipients of Home-Delivered Meals

Dietary intakes of 54 home-bound elderly recipients and nonrecipients of home-delivered meals were examined, utilizing the 24-hour recall. Nonrecipients had significantly greater intakes of carbohydrate, thiamin, and iron than recipients. More than 50% of all subjects consumed less than the RDA for vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Calcium intake was below the RDA for 82% of the subjects. Mean fat and saturated fat intake exceeded recommendations for both recipients and nonrecipients. Provision of nutrition services to homebound elderly appears to be lagging behind need.     

The optimal dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio to prevent obesity in the Japanese population: a review of the epidemiological, physiological and molecular evidence

The prevention of obesity, which leads to diabetes and other diseases, is a major concern for public health. There might be an optimal dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio for prevention and treatment of obesity. According to the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes (RDA) for 2010, the optimal fat intake is 20-30% of energy for ages 1-29 y and 20-25% for ages 30 y and over. Upper boundary values of this recommendation were the median of the percentage of energy from dietary fat in Japanese. In a systematic review to estimate the optimal dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio, it was found that obese subjects with hyperinsulinemia (or insulin resistance) lost more weight on a mild low-carbohydrate (LC) (or low-glycemic load diet; 40% carbohydrate, 30-35% fat) than on a low-fat (LF) diet (55-60% carbohydrate, 20% fat), whereas those without hyperinsulinemia showed the opposite. In non-obese primarily insulin-sensitive subjects, decreasing fat rather than carbohydrate intake is generally more effective to prevent obesity. Physiological and molecular evidence supports this conclusion. Increased carbohydrate intake, especially in high-glycemic food, leads to postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which are exaggerated in obese insulin-resistant subjects. Even in an insulin-resistant state, insulin is able to stimulate fatty acid synthesis in liver, activate lipoprotein lipase, and prevent lipolysis in adipose tissues, which all facilitate adipose tissue enlargement. Optimal dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio may differ in populations depending on their prevalence for obesity. Because the prevalence of overweight/obesity in Japanese is low, a LF diet is recommended in the general population.     

The effects of varying dietary fat on the nutrient intake in male and female runners

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the effects of varying dietary fat levels on nutrients in female and male endurance runners. METHODS: Three diets (low, medium and high fat) were designed for each subject using their food preferences and three-day food records. Each diet was eaten for 28 to 31 days. The diets were self-selected from seven-day sample menus. Twelve male and 13 female runners between 18 and 55 years of age who averaged 42 miles/week participated in the study. Daily food intakes, activity records and weekly palatability/hunger scales were completed. RESULTS: Dietary fat intakes, as a percent of total energy intake (%E), averaged 17%E, 31%E, and 44%E on the low, medium and high fat diets, respectively. Energy consumption was less than their estimated energy expenditure (EEE) on all diets. On the low fat diet, the female runners were consuming approximately 60% of their EEE. As dietary fat increased, the difference between calorie intake and estimated energy expenditure became less and the subjects were less hungry on the two higher fat diets. For all subjects, as energy intakes increased, so did carbohydrate intake. Therefore, carbohydrate intake was not different on the two lower fat diets. Irrespective of gender, calcium and zinc intakes, which were below 1989 RDAs, increased with increasing fat intakes, between the low and medium fat diets. Zinc intake was also higher on the highest fat diet. Essential fatty acid intakes for females on the low fat diet were less than 2.5%E. Half of the female runners ate less than the RDA of calcium and zinc on the low fat diet and Fe on the medium fat diet. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that endurance runners may not be consuming enough calories on a low fat diet and that increasing dietary fat increased energy consumption. On the low fat diet, essential fatty acids and some minerals (especially zinc) may be too low. A low fat diet could compromise health and performance.     

Apports alimentaires et dépenses énergétiques d’adolescents footballeurs de haut niveau: comparaison de deux méthodes d′évaluation des apports

Food intake was assessed over 7 consecutive days in 14 adolescent soccer players (14.1 y; 1.65 ± 0.07 m; 55.4 ± 7.6 kg) housed in a training Centre equipped with a self-service restaurant, using the weighed diet record method and the SU.VI.MAX iconographic method. Nutrient intake was estimated using the software Prodiet^®. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) was assessed using a factorial method after a seven day activity record. Mean food and nutrient intakes were nearly adequate. However, intakes of starchy foods, fruit and vegetables were too low, whereas intake of sugar rich foods was too high. Mean saturated fatty acid intake was in excess, whereas PUFA intake was lower than RDA. Calcium, magnesium and iron intakes were close to RDA. Mean daily energy intake agreed with the mean estimated DEE. However, the high inter-individual variability in food choice, food and nutrient intakes, as well as food inadequacy during the weekend, must be underlined. The SU.VI.MAX iconographic method was adequate to assess energy and nutrient intakes in a group of adolescent athletes, but unappropriate for assessment in individuals. In addition, the adolescents underestimated intake of their favourite meals (starchy foods) and overvalued intake of fruit and vegetables.