Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: We report cross-sectional images of diabetic macular edema and correlation between tomographic features and visual acuity with best correction by means of optical coherence tomography. METHOD: In a prospective study, optical coherence tomography was performed in 59 eyes of 42 patients with diabetic macular edema and in 10 eyes of 10 normal control subjects. RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography showed three patterns of structural changes in diabetic macular edema: sponge-like retinal swelling (52 [88%] of 59 eyes), cystoid macular edema (28 [47%] of 59 eyes), and serous retinal detachment (9 [15%] of 59 eyes). Some eyes had more than one pathologic change. Retinal swelling was more pronounced in the outer rather than the inner retinal layers. Cystoid macular edema was located mainly in the outer retinal layers. In eyes with long-standing cystoid macular edema, cystoid spaces had fused, resulting in a large cystoid cavity involving almost the entire retinal layer. Hard exudates were seen as highly reflective areas located in the outer retinal layers. The retinal thickness at the central fovea and the visual acuity with best correction showed an intermediate negative correlation in eyes without cystoid macular edema (correlation coefficient: -0.61, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic macular edema involved three structural changes, including sponge-like retinal swelling (88%), cystoid macular edema (47%), and serous retinal detachment (15%). Visual acuity with best correction moderately correlated with retinal thickness regardless of the different tomographic features.     

应用光学相干断层扫描量化评估糖尿病黄斑水肿的临床研究

目的 探讨糖尿病黄斑水肿患者在光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)中四个量化指标的变化.方法 纳入糖尿病视网膜病变患者89例(155眼),按照有无黄斑水肿分为阳性组(33例55眼)及阴性组(56例100眼),另收集正常志愿者23例(42眼)为正常对照组.所有试验对象经OCT检查,测量并分析各组黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central retinal thickness,CRT)、黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness,SFCT)的差异,观察各组黄斑区外界膜(external limiting membrane,ELM)、椭圆体带(inner segment/outer segment,IS/OS)的连续性.结果 正常对照组、阴性组、阳性组CRT分别为(219.048±16.798) μm、(217.775±26.866) μm、(280.418±74.187)μm,3组间差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.001);3组SFCT分别为(312.893±140.559) μm、(302.080±125.287) μm、(293.745±140.517) μm,3组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.781);阴性组中黄斑区ELM连续97眼、中断3眼,阳性组连续47眼、中断8眼,两组间ELM连续性差异有统计学意义(P=0.019);阴性组中黄斑区IS/OS连续95眼、中断5眼,阳性组连续36眼、中断19眼,两组间IS/OS连续性差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 糖尿病黄斑水肿患者CRT增加,黄斑区ELM、IS/OS连续性遭到破坏,CRT、ELM连续性及IS/OS连续性可用于量化评估糖尿病黄斑水肿.     

光学相干断层扫描对糖尿病性黄斑水肿的诊断意义

目的:观察黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描(OCT)图像特征;探讨糖尿病黄斑水肿与视力、糖尿病性视网膜病变分期和糖尿病病程的关系。方法:对58例(97眼)患者通过荧光血管造影分期分组,OCT测量各组厚度后,采用SPSS10.0软件进行统计学分析,分析各型黄斑水肿构成比及其与视力、糖尿病病程、分期的关系。结果:黄斑水肿的OCT图像主要包括视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮浆液性脱离;随糖尿病病程延长,糖尿病视网膜病变的发展,黄斑水肿构成比逐渐增加、病变加重,黄斑区视网膜厚度有增加趋势,视功能受损程度加重。结论:糖尿病性视网膜黄斑水肿的OCT图像为临床提供类似病理学的直观资料,尤其对治疗的随诊及判定预后具有重要参考价值。     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿的光学相干断层成像

目的:观察糠尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)图像特征,分析其黄斑视网膜厚度与视力的关系.方法:对50例80眼经检眼镜或荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)检查确诊为糖尿病视网膜病变伴黄斑水肿的患者进行经黄斑中心凹水平和垂直线性扫描的OCT检查.结果:10眼表现为黄斑中心凹局限性水肿改变,21眼表现为黄斑中心凹囊样改变伴神经上皮层浆液性脱离,49眼表现为黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层弥漫性增厚.DME患者黄斑视网膜厚度与视力呈负相关关系(r=-0.60,P=0.000).结论:DME的主要OCT图像特征为黄斑视网膜弥漫性水肿、黄斑囊样水肿伴神经上皮层脱离和黄斑局限性水肿改变;DME患者黄斑水肿越严重,视力越差.     

Aflibercept combined with triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of diabetic macular edema: optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography

AIM: To analyze the relationship between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) who are treated with a combination of aflibercept and triamcinolone acetonide (TA). METHODS: A total of 76 eyes newly diagnosed DME were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive either aflibercept or a combination of aflibercept and TA. Injections once a month for a total of three injections. Central macular thickness (CMT), number of hyperreflective foci (HRF), height of subretinal fluid (SRF), and area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were evaluated using OCT and OCTA at baseline and after each monthly treatment. RESULTS: Both groups showed improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reduction in macular edema after treatment, and the difference in BCVA between the two groups was statistically significant after each treatment (P<0.05). The difference in CMT between the two groups was statistically significant after the first two injections (P<0.01), but not after the third injection (P=0.875). The number of HRF (1mo: 7.41±8.25 vs 10.86±7.22, P=0.027; 2mo: 5.33±6.13 vs 9.12±8.61, P=0.034; 3mo: 3.58±3.00 vs 6.37±5.97, P=0.007) and height of SRF (1mo: 82.39±39.12 vs 105.77±42.26 μm, P=0.011; 2mo: 36.84±10.02 vs 83.59±37.78 μm, P<0.01; 3mo: 11.57±3.29 vs 45.43±12.60 μm, P<0.01) in combined group were statistically significant less than aflibercept group after each injection, while the area of FAZ showed no significant change before and after treatment in both groups. CONCLUSION: The combination therapy of aflibercept and TA shows more significant effects on DME eyes with decreased HRF and SRF. However, both aflibercept and combination therapy show no significant change in the area of FAZ.     

Temporal variation in diabetic macular edema measured by optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To determine, by optical coherence tomography (OCT), whether there is a quantitative decrease in macular edema in diabetic subjects over the course of a day. STUDY DESIGN: Observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Ten subjects with diabetic macular edema in 1 or both eyes. METHODS: Subjects were admitted to the hospital the evening before the study so that they would remain in the recumbent position until immediately before study measurements began. They then underwent 4 OCT measurements of macular thickness in both eyes, at 8:00 am, 11:00 am, 2:00 pm, and 5:00 pm. At each of these times, they also had refractions and visual acuity measurements using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. Macular thickness measurements determined by the Zeiss-Humphrey (Dublin, CA) optical coherence tomograph for each eye of each subject were plotted as a function of time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Temporal changes in retinal thickness in each of the 9 macular sectors defined by the OCT protocol and in the entire macula of each eye, averaged from all 9 sectors; temporal changes in refractive error and visual acuity. RESULTS: Four of the 10 subjects showed consistent decreases in macular thickness over the course of the day in 1 or more of the retinal sectors in 1 or both eyes. When macular thickness values were averaged over all 9 sectors for all subjects, both eyes showed consistent declines in mean thickness throughout the day. By t test, the 8 am value in each eye was significantly higher (P<0.0005) than any of the 3 later values, which did not differ significantly from each other. However, comparison of all 4 values by analysis of variance showed no significant differences. With the exception of 1 subject, there were no consistent changes in refractive error or in best-corrected visual acuity over the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study, using quantitative OCT determinations, seems to confirm the much earlier report by Sternberg et al, which used more subjective methods, that macular edema might vary over the day. That the 8 am value, obtained just after waking, was higher than the 3 later values (highly significant by 1 test) suggests that the decrease in macular thickness is most likely due to the shift from recumbent to upright body position, although our study protocol did not exclude other possible mechanisms. Although changes in macular thickness over the course of the day did not occur in all subjects, therapeutic studies for macular edema that use OCT as an outcome measure should control for time of day when these measurements are carried out.     

光学相干断层扫描在糖尿病性黄斑水肿的诊断

目的阐明糖尿病性黄斑水肿的光学相干断层扫描(Optical coherence tomography,OCT)特征.方法对37例61眼糖尿病合并黄斑区水肿患者进行OCT检查及资料分析.结果 (1)黄斑区局限性水肿者OCT图像:①11眼表现为局限性视网膜层间海绵样增厚;②2眼为单纯性小范围神经上皮层浆液性脱离.(2)黄斑区及其周围弥漫性水肿者OCT图像:①12眼表现弥漫性视网膜层间海绵样膨胀增厚;②7眼可见包括中心凹的视网膜层间海绵样膨胀在内的神经上皮层脱离;③29眼表现为黄斑囊样水肿.(3)61跟中发现有22眼伴玻璃体部分后脱离,5眼伴玻璃体完全性后脱离.结论糖尿病性视网膜黄斑水肿的OCT图像为临床提供类似病理学的直观资料,尤其对治疗的随诊及判定预后具有重要参考价值.     

糖尿病黄斑水肿中光相干断层扫描生物学标志物研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是糖尿病患者常见的眼部并发症,而糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)是DR患者视力丧失的主要原因,因此DME的早期诊治有重要临床意义。光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查可实现视网膜和脉络膜各个层次的高质量成像,已广泛应用于临床,可用于DME的诊断和治疗效果的长期随访。近年来研究发现DME在OCT图像上视网膜和脉络...     

Volcano like pattern in optical coherence tomography in chronic diabetic macular edema

In this article we herein report an interesting vitreo-macular interface abnormality associated with chronic diabetic cystoid macular edema. It is an observational case study of three diabetic patients examined in the diabetic clinic. All the patients had proliferative diabetic retinopathy with chronic macular edema. A serial cross sectional OCT examination and tracking of both the longitudinal progression of macular thickening and vitreo-macular interface revealed cystoid macular edema with a characteristic hyperreflective vitreous shadow emerging from the vitreofoveal interface. All the patients had dehiscence of inner retinal layers.This particular morphological feature at the vitreo-foveolar interface, which we name as “volcano sign”, has not been described earlier. The probable mechanism of such a finding probably could be due to slow progressive leakage of chronic cytoid fluid into the vitreous with condensation of the overlying vitreous. Vitreo-macular traction followed by posterior vitreous detachment probably would have contributed to such a morphological event.     

Aqueous angiopoietin-like levels correlate with optical coherence tomography angiography metrics in diabetic macular edema

AIM: To quantitatively detect aqueous levels of angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL)3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL6 and investigate their correlation with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 23 patients (27 eyes) with type 2 diabetes and 16 control subjects (20 eyes). All patients underwent OCTA imaging and ultra-wide field fundus photography. Diabetic patients were categorized into two groups according to the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy (DME group, 14 patients, 16 eyes); and non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR) group, 9 patients, 11 eyes, respectively. Aqueous levels of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL6 were assessed using suspension array technology, and foveal-centered 3×3 mm2 OCTA scans were automatically graded to determine the central, inner, and full vessel density (CVD, IVD, FVD); central, inner, and full perfusion density (CPD, IPD, FPD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ perimeter, and FAZ circularity index (FAZ-CI) on superficial capillary plexuses. Additionally, central subfield thickness (CST), cube volume (CV), and cube average thickness (CAT) were measured in a model of macular cube 512×128.RESULTS: Aqueous ANGPTL3 levels were not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05). ANGPTL4 levels were significantly higher in the DME group than the control and NDR groups (P<0.0001 and P<0.001), while ANGPTL6 levels were significantly higher in the DME group than the control group (P<0.05). In the whole cohort, the aqueous ANGPTL3 levels correlated negatively with the IVD, FVD, IPD, and FPD, and positively with the CV and CAT. The aqueous ANGPTL4 levels correlated negatively with the CVD, IVD, FVD, CPD, IPD, and FPD, and positively with the FAZ perimeter, CST, CV, and CAT. The aqueous ANGPTL6 levels correlated negatively with the IVD, FVD, IPD, FPD, FAZ-CI and positively with CST, CV, CAT.CONCLUSION: ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL6 may be associated with vascular leakage in DME and may represent good targets for DME therapy. In addition, OCTA metrics may be useful for evaluating macular ischemia in DME.     

Diffuse diabetic macular edema and vitreoretinal interface pathology: a study of seven cases (ten eyes)

PURPOSE: Diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME) is a serious complication, only partially understood. In this study, we have attempted to find a relation between DDME and a pathologic vitreo-retinal interface (VRI). PATIENTS: We examined ten eyes using biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography, B mode echography and for five of these eyes, OCT. We found that DDME and pathological VRI are indeed associated. DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that structural and biochemical changes of the vitreoretinal interface are closely related to the progression of DDME. We support this hypothesis with anatomical, epidemiological, physiopathological, clinical and paraclinical arguments. CONCLUSION: Diffuse diabetic macular edema appears to be mediated by vitreomacular traction caused by structural and biochemical changes of the vitreoretinal interface. The pathological inner limiting membrane (ILM) seems to be a risk factor in DDME development. During pars plano vitrectomy, the additional peeling of the ILM could improve the resolution of the macular edema.     

OCT和OCTA生物学标志物在糖尿病性黄斑水肿预后和监测中的应用

糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)是糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的并发症,也是DR患者视力下降和失明的主要原因。光学相干断层扫描(OCT)和光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)作为无创、非侵入性评估视网膜各层微结构和微血管病理改变的主要检查手段,是检测和评估DME的常用方法。随着OCT和OCTA技术的不断发展,各种参数被赋予生物标志物的作用,例如中央凹厚度(CST)、黄斑部平均厚度(CAT)和黄斑部容积(CV)、视网膜内层结构紊乱(DRIL)、高反射灶(HRF)和中央凹下神经视网膜脱落(SND)等,广泛运用于临床。OCT可以直观显示黄斑区视网膜及脉络膜的层次变化和细微结构,而OCTA更常运用于微血管改变。本文就OCT及OCTA相关生物学标志物在DME中预后和监测的作用进行阐述,同时检测结果中可见的生物学标志物可以为DME的监测和治疗策略提供新思路,并为DR和DME的发病机制提供新的见解。     

OCT在糖尿病性黄斑水肿激光治疗中的应用

目的:探讨光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)激光治疗后临床观察中的应用.方法:回顾性病例研究,选取2015-01/2016-06在秦皇岛市海港医院行黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗的DME患者188例376眼,治疗1 mo后利用OCT检测黄斑区6 mm范围内视网膜厚度,采用SPSS19.0统计软件对所得数据进行分析.结果:格栅样光凝1 mo后,患者黄斑中心凹至1mm、黄斑1~3 mm、黄斑3~6 mm平均视网膜神经上皮层厚度分别为332.02±18.07、393.40±19.71、372.00±20.01μm,与治疗前(404.70±16.37、445.17±18.25、410.87±18.14μm)比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).三者厚度变化分别为72.68±14.74、51.77±9.48、38.87±17.94μm,组间及两两比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:DME经格栅样光凝治疗1mo后黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层厚度降低,并且越接近黄斑中心凹处,降低作用越明显.     

Optical coherence tomography for assessment of diabetic macular edema

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive objective diagnostic technique that has become a powerful method for the clinical assessment of diabetic macular edema. It is a very useful imaging technique to diagnose and follow-up diabetic macular edema (DME). The present paper aims to present an overview of the principles, progress, and uses of OCT in the diagnosis and management of DME.