垂体腺瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的：评估伽玛刀（γ－刀）手术对垂体腺瘤的治疗效果。方法：对２９２例垂体腺瘤患者,用１．５Ｔ磁共振和γ－ｐｌａｎ计算机联网定位,Ｌｅｋｓｅｌ伽玛刀实施放射外科手术。肿瘤直径３．８～５１．１ｍｍ,平均１６．３ｍｍ,处方剂量９～３５Ｇｙ,平均２１．６Ｇｙ。结果：本组获随访２０４例（１２～３４个月,平均２１个月）,肿瘤消失３９例（１９．１％）,缩小１５６例（７６．４％）;激素值恢复正常１４例（１１．８％）,较术前下降９４例（７９．６％）;临床症状改善１９０例（９３．１％）,９例症状加重,３例肿瘤增大,２例开颅手术,１例死亡。结论：γ－刀是治疗垂体腺瘤安全、有效的一种方法,但要严格掌握适应证,对Ⅲ级以上肿瘤应首选手术治疗,γ－刀治疗后有可能加重垂体功能低下或诱发垂体危象。     

松果体区肿瘤的伽玛刀治疗

使用立体定向伽玛刀治疗松果体区肿瘤３３例，肿瘤直径（Ｘ＋Ｙ＋Ｚ／３）１０．０～４５．５ｍｍ；平均２３．５ｍｍ；体积０．４～３５．４ｃｍ３，平均１２．１ｃｍ３；肿瘤边缘剂量１４～２０Ｇｙ，平均１５．２±１．７Ｇｙ；中心剂量２５．０～４２．８Ｇｙ，平均３７．３±６．９Ｇｙ；影像定位仪为１．５ＴＭＲ。随访３～１２个月。初步结果表明：病人的临床症状体证明显好转，９个月后肿瘤生长控制率，即治疗有效率为９６．２％，显效率９２．３％，无严重并发症发生。提示γ－刀可作为松果体区肿瘤的有效治疗方法。     

术后残存垂体腺瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的探讨垂体腺瘤术后残存患者伽玛刀治疗的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2005年5月至2007年7月接受伽玛刀治疗并获得完整随访的52例垂体腺瘤术后残存患者的临床资料，随访期6～26个月，平均14．4个月。结果肿瘤控制率达94．2％（49／52），激素水平下降率73．9％（17／23），出现垂体功能低下7例，其中甲状腺功能低下3例，性功能低下2例，肾上腺皮质功能减退1例、生长激素缺乏1例，发生率分别为5．8％、3．8％、1．9％、1．9％。1例患者出现视野缺损加重，发生率为1．9％。无死亡病例。结论伽玛刀治疗术后残存的垂体腺瘤安全有效，并发症少。     

垂体腺瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的：评价伽玛刀（γ-刀）手术对垂体腺瘤的治疗效果。方法：对292例垂腺瘤患者,用1．5T磁共振和γ-plan计算机联网定位,Leksell伽玛刀实施放射外科手术。肿瘤直径3．8－51．5mm,平均16．3mm,处方剂量9－35Gy,平均21.6Gy。结果：本组获随访204例（12－34个月,平均21个月）肿瘤消失39例（19．1％）,缩小156例（76．4％）;激素值恢复正常14例（11．8％）,较术前下降94例（79．6％）;临床症状改善190例（93．1％）,9例症状加重,3例肿瘤增大,2例开颅手术,1例死亡。结论：γ-刀是治疗垂体腺瘤安全、有效的一种方法,但要严格掌握适应证,对Ⅲ级以上瘤应首选手术治疗,γ-刀治疗后有可能加重垂体功能下或诱发垂体危象。     

磁共振在评价伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤疗效中的作用

目的 总结伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤前后的磁共振表现，探讨磁共振在评价伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤效果中的作用。方法 回顾性分析45例垂体腺瘤患者在我院行伽玛刀治疗后的磁共振资料，随访1～4个月7例；5～8个月27例；9～13个月15例；14～28个月10例；共59例次。讨论磁共振在评价垂体腺瘤经伽玛刀治疗前后影像学变化中的作用。结果 伽玛刀治疗后肿瘤体积不变25例次(42．4％)；体积缩小31例次(52．2％)，其中合并囊变15例，早期肿瘤内出血2例；体积增大3例次(5％)。结论 磁共振能较好的评价伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤的效果并反映其病理变化。     

伽玛刀治疗垂体大腺瘤临床分析(附30例报告)

目的 研究伽玛刀治疗垂体大腺瘤的效果及影响疗效的因素。方法 30例垂体大腺瘤病人用1．0T磁共振定位，Gamma-plan计划系统规划，等剂量曲线45％～60％(平均49．7％)，周边剂量12～35Gy(平均22.9Gy)，中心剂量24～70Gy(平均45．4Gy)．Leksell伽玛刀实施放射外科治疗。分析治疗后垂体大腺瘤病例，总结其疗效和影响疗效的因素。结果 随访12～60个月，平均28个月，肿瘤完全消失6例(20％)，肿瘤缩小19例(63．3％)，无变化5例(16．7％)；19／20(95．5％)功能性垂体腺瘤内分泌症状改善，临床症状好转，1例过早绝经(年龄36岁)；5／10(50％)无功能性垂体腺瘤体积缩小．症状改善。结论 伽玛刀对于垂体大腺瘤仍是一种有效的治疗方法，其疗神与腺瘤的举类型、体积、照射剂量、剂量体剂、MRI信号特征密切相姜。     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的 探讨伽玛刀治疗侵袭性垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法对临床确诊的126例侵袭性垂体腺瘤病人行Siemens Symphony1．5TMR扫描定位，应用Elekta TPS设计治疗规划，采用Leksell-B型伽玛刀实施治疗。结果随访4。99个月。影像学检查显示肿瘤控制率为95．2％（120例），临床症状改善率为92．9％（117例），内分泌改善率为91．7％（33例），复发率为0．8％（1例）。无远期并发症。结论伽玛刀可作为侵袭性垂体腺瘤的首选治疗方法，疗效较好。     

伽玛刀治疗视神经压迫垂体腺瘤的可行性研究

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗压迫视神经垂体腺瘤的可行性。方法采用LeksellB型伽玛刀对119例有视神经压迫的垂体腺瘤进行治疗，以40％～80％等剂量曲线包裹肿瘤，中心剂量30～80Gy，平均45.3Gy；边缘剂量15-35Gy．平均29．5Gy；视通路的接受剂量低于10Gy。100例获得随访。结果偏盲和视力改善率为80、0％，激素分泌控制率为82．5％，肿瘤生长控制率为98．0％。结论伽玛刀可作为有视神经压迫垂体腺瘤的备选治疗，在对视神经减压的同时能有效控制激素分泌和肿瘤生长。     

垂体生长激素腺瘤伽玛刀治疗的预后及相关因素分析

目的评估立体定向伽玛刀对垂体生长激素腺瘤的治疗效果,并分析预后的相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析垂体生长激素腺瘤应用伽玛刀治疗病例90例,统计分析治疗效果及其与服用生长抑素类药物、边缘剂量、术前生长激素（GH）水平、肿瘤体积大小之间的关系。结果所有病例平均随访51．5个月,生长激素水平恢复正常者46例,治愈率51．1％;生长激素〈5．0μg/L者78例,有效控制率86．7％;84例患者肿瘤缩小明显,有效控制率为93．3％;13例（14．4％）出现垂体功能低下。结论伽玛刀是一种治疗垂体生长激素腺瘤的有效方法;服用生长抑素类药物、术前GH水平、边缘剂量是预后的明显影响因素;肿瘤体积与疗效没有显著的相关性。     

经蝶窦显微外科手术治疗垂体腺瘤的长期疗效观察

目的：研究经蝶窦显微外科手术治疗垂体腺瘤的长期治疗效果。方法：对经蝶窦显微外科治疗的２４９例垂体腺瘤，从临床、血清激素水平测定及影像学检查进行３～１２年，平均４．６年的随访，以判断手术疗效。结果：随访期肿瘤控制率为７９％，复发率为３．６％。结论：经蝶窦手术能控制大多数垂体腺瘤。肿瘤大小、术前激素水平、以及术中肿瘤切除程度是影响远期疗效的重要因素。大型向鞍外生长的肿瘤，术前血清激素水平过高及术中肿瘤切除不完全者，肿瘤常不能控制，术后复发率可达５．９％～２０％，为防止肿瘤复发，这些病例应给予放射治疗。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.