延龄草果实的化学成分研究

目的研究延龄草Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.果实(天珠)中的化学成分。方法采用各种柱色谱方法分离纯化,通过理化常数测定和光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果从延龄草果实70%甲醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物,鉴定为槲皮素(1),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2),芦丁(3),槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),异鼠李素-3-O-[2'″-O-乙酰基-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基]-(1→6)〗-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(5),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8),β-脱皮激素(9),trillenoside A(10),trillenoside C(11),trillenoside B(12),3-O-feruloylsucrose(13),heronioside A(14)。结论所有化合物均为首次从延龄草果实中分离得到,化合物1~5、12~14首次从延龄草中分离得到。     

滇重楼的化学成分研究

目的研究滇重楼Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis根茎中的化学成分。方法利用正相硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR、ESI-MS等波谱技术进行结构鉴定。结果从醋酸乙酯层中分离得到了7个化合物,分别鉴定为豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅰ)、1-O-(β-D-葡萄糖基)-(2S,3S,4E,8E)-2-[(2′R)-2′-羟基十六酰氨基]-4(E),8(E)-十八二烯-1,3-二醇(Ⅱ)、β-蜕皮激素(Ⅲ)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅴ)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅵ)和偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅶ)。结论化合物Ⅱ为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

五指莲重楼的化学成分研究

目的 研究五指莲重楼Paris axialis根茎中的化学成分.方法 采用溶剂法提取,利用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR等波谱技术进行结构鉴定.结果 从醋酸乙酯层和正丁醇层中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、豆甾醇(2)、薯蓣皂苷元(3)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡哺鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、木犀草素(8)、木犀草苷(9)、柚皮素(10)、槲皮素(11)和槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(12).结论 化合物1～3、7～12为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中化合物8～10和12为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

醉马草中黄酮类化学成分研究

目的研究禾本科芨芨草属植物醉马草Achnatheruminebrians中的化学成分。方法综合运用HP-20大孔树脂、ODS中压色谱、SephadexLH-20凝胶柱色谱以及制备型高效液相色谱等方法进行系统的分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质及其波谱数据,并通过对比文献报道的波谱数据,鉴定化合物的化学结构。结果从醉马草乙醇提取物中分离得到15黄酮类化合物,分别鉴定为异红草素(1)、金丝桃苷(2)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(3′→O-3′′′)-槲皮素-3?-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(3)、3?-甲氧基槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、异鼠李素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(7)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、8-甲氧基槲皮素-3-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(11)、5,7,3?-三羟基-8,4?,5?-三甲氧基黄酮(12)、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷-6??-甲酯(13)、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷(14)和金圣草黄素(15)。结论所有化合物均为首次从醉马草中分离得到。     

缬草中黄酮类化学成分研究

目的:研究缬草的黄酮类化学成分。方法:采用各种色谱方法分离纯化,通过测定理化常数和光谱分析鉴定黄酮类化合物的结构。结果:从缬草40%乙醇洗脱部位中分离并鉴定了10个黄酮类化合物,分别为:芹菜素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、8-甲基-芹菜素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(2)、6-甲基-芹菜素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、金合欢素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、金合欢素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、5-甲氧基-金合欢素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、5-甲氧基-金合欢素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、4'-甲基-5-甲氧基-黄酮-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、香叶木素-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、8-羟基-香蜂草苷(10)。结论:所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

毛重楼的化学成分研究

目的 研究毛重楼根茎中的化学成分.方法 采用溶剂法提取,利用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶SephadexLH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR等波谱技术进行结构鉴定.结果 从醋酸乙酯层和正丁醇层中分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(Ⅰ)、豆甾醇(Ⅱ)、邻苯二酸二正丁基酯(Ⅲ)、β-蜕皮激素(Ⅳ)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅴ)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅵ)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅶ)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅷ)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅸ)、槲皮素(Ⅹ)和山柰酚(Ⅺ).结论 化合物Ⅰ～Ⅺ均为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中化合物Ⅲ、Ⅹ为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

长药隔重楼化学成分研究

目的研究长药隔重楼Paris polyphylla var.pseudothibetica根茎中的化学成分,为阐明其有效成分及扩大重楼属植物的药用资源提供科学依据。方法利用正相硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、正反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR、ESI-MS等波谱技术进行结构鉴定。结果从长药隔重楼中分离得到了12个化合物,分别鉴定为:薯蓣皂苷元(1)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、β-谷甾醇(6)、豆甾醇(7)、胡萝卜苷(8)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、山柰酚(10)、β-蜕皮激素(11)、蔗糖(12)。结论化合物1～9为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

滇重楼的抗肿瘤活性成分研究

以活性追踪手段寻找滇重楼中抗肿瘤活性成分,发现螺甾烷型甾体皂苷是其主要活性部位,进一步采用色谱方法纯化得到10个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为:偏诺皂苷元-3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(1),薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基(1→4)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(2),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基(1→4)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(3),薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(4),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基(1→4)-[α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(5),薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基(1→4)-[α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(6),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-{α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→4)-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→4)-[α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)]}-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(7),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-木吡喃糖基(1→3)-[α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(8),薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-{α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→4)-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→4)-[α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)]}-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(9),薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-葡萄吡喃糖基(1→3)-[α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(10).化合物8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

汉桃叶中苷类成分研究

目的 研究鹅掌属植物汉桃叶(广西鹅掌柴Schefflera kwangsiensis)茎枝的苷类成分.方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,通过光谱分析和理化性质鉴定化合物的结构.结果 从汉桃叶中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为野木瓜苷C(1)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基常春藤苷元-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基常春藤苷元-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、刺楸皂苷B(4)、3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→3)-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖-常春藤苷元-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(5)、3-O-[O-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-O-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→3)-O-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-吡喃阿拉伯糖基]-齐墩果酸-O-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-β-吡喃葡萄糖基酯(6)、刺楸皂苷G(7)、3-O-[O-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-O-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1—3)-O-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-吡喃阿拉伯糖基]常春藤苷(8)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基1-(1→3)-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖-齐墩果酸-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(9)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基1-(1→3)-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖-齐墩果酸-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-O-6-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(10).结论 化合物1、4、5、7、9、10为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

华重楼地上部分新的甾体皂苷类成分

重楼药材的供不应求促进了对其基原植物地上部分废弃资源的综合利用与开发研究。前期基于液质联用技术明确了华重楼地上部分的化学组成,并从中分离得到一系列黄酮和甾体皂苷类成分,该研究继续针对基于液质联用技术发现的潜在新化合物进行分离和结构鉴定研究。采用硅胶、ODS、Flash快速制备等柱色谱技术,结合制备高效液相色谱,从华重楼地上部分75%乙醇提取物分离得到5个化合物,通过波谱数据结合化学转化的方法鉴定了5个化合物的结构,分别为(23S,25R)-23α,27-二羟基薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、(25R)-26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-呋甾-5-烯-3β,22α,26-三醇-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、(25R)-27-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-5-烯-3β,27-二羟基螺甾-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)]-...     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

Comparative “in vitro” evaluation of the antiresorptive activity residing in four Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Hemidesmus indicus emerges for its potential in the treatment of bone loss diseases

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Four Indian plants, traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine: Asparagus racemosus Willd., Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Hemidesmus indicus R. Br., and Rubia cordifolia L. were selected on the basis of their ethnobotanical use and of scientific evidence that suggests a potential efficacy in the treatment of bone-loss diseases. The antiresorptive properties of the four plants have been investigated. The aim was to provide adequate evidence for the exploitation of natural compounds as alternative therapeutics for the treatment of diseases caused by increased osteoclast activity.

Materials and methods

Decoctions were prepared from dried plant material according to the traditional procedure and standardization by HPLC was performed using marker compounds for each species. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of the decoctions were also determined. The bioactivity of the plant decoctions was evaluated in subsequent phases. (1) A cytotoxicity screening was performed on the mouse monocytic RAW 264.7 cell line to define the concentrations that could be utilized in the following step. (2) The antiresorptive properties of plant decoctions were compared with that of a “gold standard” drug (alendronate) by measuring osteoclastogenesis inhibition and osteoclast apoptosis. (3) The toxic effect on bone forming cells was excluded by evaluating the impact on the proliferation of osteogenic precursors (mesenchymal stem cells, MSC).

Results

All the decoctions inhibited osteoclastogenesis similarly to alendronate at the highest doses, but Hemidesmus indicus and Rubia cordifolia were also effective at lower concentrations. Apoptosis increased significantly when cells were exposed to the highest concentration of Emblica officinalis, Hemidesmus indicus, and Rubia cordifolia. All concentrations of Emblica officinalis tested inhibited the proliferation of osteogenic precursors, while only the highest doses of Asparagus racemosus and Rubia cordifolia were toxic. On the contrary, Hemidesmus indicus did not affect osteogenic precursor growth at any concentration tested.

Conclusion

Among the medicinal plants included in the study, Hemidesmus indicus showed the greatest antiosteoclastic activity without toxic effect on osteogenic precursors. Therefore, Hemidesmus indicus exhibits the properties of an antiresorptive drug and represents the ideal candidate for further clinical investigations.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Chrysanthemum indicum (Compositae) Linné, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Curcuma wenyujin (Zingiberaceae) Y. H. Chen et C. Ling are three of the extensively used herbal remedies among traditional Chinese medicines for the purpose of anti-inflammation. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recipe named CPZ consisting extracts of the above three herbs, has shown noteworthy anti-influenza activity, which is closely related to its anti-inflammatory feature.

Aim of this study

To investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of CPZ in vivo for a further exploration of the recipe's anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory property of CPZ on acute inflammation was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice, as well as the carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, in which inflammation-related cytokine including prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) in the edematous paw tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, effect of CPZ on chronic inflammation was observed through granuloma formation in rats subjected to cotton pellet implantation.

Results

CPZ (340, 170, and 85 mg/kg for mice, p.o.) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. And the significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed. Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE₂, but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. Besides, CPZ had a certain degree of restraining effect on the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats and the highest dose of 170 mg/kg even showed a significant suppression on it.

Conclusion

The above results indicated that CPZ possessed a potent anti-inflammatory activity, which is indicated to be closely associated with its regulation on IL-1β and PGE₂ thereby mediating the inflammatory response acting at an appropriate level.