年龄及性别对急性心肌梗死住院期病死率的影响

目的　探讨年龄及性别对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)住院期病死率的影响。　 方法 　回顾分析 2 2 0 6例AMI患者的病历资料 ,比较不同年龄及不同性别组间住院期病死率及其危险度的异同。　 结果　各年龄组的住院期病死率分别为 4.47% ,9.97% ,2 2 .0 2 %和 2 4.77%。与 <60岁组比较 ,≥ 60岁各组死亡相对危险度比数比及 95 %可信限分别为 2 .3 7,1.5 5～ 3 .61;6.0 3 ,4.2 0～ 8.67;7.0 4,4.64～ 10 .67,P均 <0 .0 1。男女组住院期病死率分别为 12 .2 %和 16.4% ,调整年龄因素的影响后 ,与男性组比较女性组死亡相对危险度比数比及 95 %可信区间为 1.3 6,1.0 0～ 1.85 ,P <0 .0 5。　 结论　老年AMI患者病情复杂 ,充血性心衰发生率高 ,住院期病死率高 ;女性住院期病死率高于男性     

糖尿病急性心肌梗死早期病死率性别差异的探讨

目的 探讨性别对糖尿病急性心肌梗死(AMI)早期病死率的影响及其原因。资料与方法 分析181例AMI:男95例,年龄(67.86±11.18)岁,其中糖尿病50例;女86例,年龄(75.08±6.78)岁,其中糖尿病46例。对男女患者住院30d病死率、年龄、血糖、血脂、从症状出现至就诊时间、溶栓及介入治疗进行比较。结果 女性AMI病死率高于男性(27.91％vs 12.63％),糖尿病AMI病死率高于非糖尿病(25.00％vs 14.12％),糖尿病AMI女性病死率高于男性(36.96％vs 14.00％),女性糖尿病AMI年龄较大,空腹血糖、甘油三酯高于男性,出现症状至入院时间较长,溶栓治疗与介入治疗较少,以上因素进行多因素回归分析发现性别、出现症状至入院时间与糖尿病急性心肌梗死早期病死率有关。结论 女性急性心肌梗死病死率高于男性,尤其是糖尿病急性心肌梗死。     

对AMI溶栓后静滴肝素随机试验的评价

本试验为多中心大样本随机对照研究,比较AMI溶栓后静滴肝素对预后的影响。 方法和结果 来自6个中心的1735例AMI溶栓后患者,随机给予1～7天的肝素静滴或安慰剂对照。肝素组及对照组住院期间的死亡率分别为5.1％及5.6％(相对危险度仅降低9％,比数比为0.91,95％可信区间为0.59～1.39)。再缺血发作及再梗塞两组相近。尽管各肝素组总的心脏意外、颅内出血     

疤痕瘤与高血压

美国匹兹堡大学医学中心的医学档案检索系统包括4.5百万份病史记录。经检索得到111例疤痕瘤患者的病史,以237例湿疹患者的病史作为对照。在非洲美国人中,疤痕瘤组高血压多于对照组(56％对29％,即35/62对15/52),高血压的比数比为2.75(95％可信区间1.20～6.49)。在白人中,疤痕瘤组高血压多于对照组(41％对22％,即20/49对40/185),高血压的比数比为2.99(95％可信区间为1.48～6.09)。疤痕瘤与高血压的     

肱踝脉搏波速度对老年男性急性冠状动脉综合征后再发心血管事件的预测价值

目的 探讨肱踝脉搏波速度(baPWV)对老年男性急性冠状动脉综合征后再发心血管事件的预测价值.方法 选择急性冠状动脉综合征人院的老年男性患者118例,年龄61～92岁,平均(76.6±6.7)岁.测量baPWV、血生化指标等.随访时间平均(617±297)d,记录终点事件(不稳定性心绞痛、心力衰竭、心原性死亡、脑卒中等)的发生情况.结果 无事件组90例,baPWV为(17.48±3.54)m/s,有终点事件组和主要终点事件组baPWV分别为(21.91±4.86)m/s和(24.48±4.39)m/s,与无事件组比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).共有28例患者发生心血管事件30人次,其中主要终点事件12人次.采用受试者工作特征曲线确定baPWV预测全部终点事件的截断点为19.51 m/s,主要终点事件的截断点为20.52 m/s.多变量Cox比例风险模型显示以上两个截断点的相对危险度差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),分别为全部终点事件相对危险度1.37(95%可信区间:1.16～1.63),主要终点事件相对危险度=1.71(95%可信区间:1.23～2.36).结论 baPWV能够作为老年男性急性冠状动脉综合征后再发心血管事件的预测指标.     

老年人急性心肌梗死临床特点分析

目的探讨老年人急性心肌梗死（AMI）的临床特征。方法收集我院自2005年1月15日至2006年12月12日住院的急性心肌梗死患者临床资料，按年龄分为老年组159例（≥60岁）和非老年组121例（〈60岁），分析两组在性别等各方面的差异。结果老年组男女发病率接近，非老年组男性显著多于女性，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。老年组中发病时有胸痛者48例（30．2％），无胸痛者111例（69．8％）；非老年组中有胸痛者87例（71．9％），无胸痛者34例（28．1％），两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组梗死部位基本相似（P〉0．05），以广泛前壁和下壁较多。老年组有20例接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI），非老年组有60例接受PCI。结论老年男女心肌梗死发病率相近，症状不典型，临床叙述不准确，合并症多，临床极易误诊，延误早期溶栓及急诊PTCA较多。     

老年女性急性心肌梗死患者近期死亡的影响因素分析

目的探讨老年女性急性心肌梗死患者发病情况及近期死亡的影响因素。方法选择初发急性ST段抬高心肌梗死后收治入院的女性患者共336例,根据年龄分为2组:老年组298例,非老年组38例。回顾性分析比较2组患者一般临床资料、发病特点和发病后30d内死亡情况,采用多元logistic回归分析年龄对女性急性心肌梗死患者近期死亡的影响。结果老年组患者年龄、血肌酐明显高于非老年组患者,而左心室射血分数明显低于非老年组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);老年组患者近期病死率明显高于非老年组患者(25.8% vs5.3%,P0.01)。年龄≥60岁的女性是急性心肌梗死后30d死亡的独立危险因素,其死亡危险较非老年组患者高6.6倍(OR=6.553,95% CI:1.183～36.294,P0.01)。结论老年女性急性心肌梗死患者具有更高的近期病死率。年龄≥60岁、发病至入院时间、空腹血糖、严重心律失常和急性左心功能不全是预测女性急性心肌梗死患者近期死亡的独立预测因素。     

小剂量阿司匹林在2180例高血压病患者心脑血管事件一级预防中的作用

目的探讨小剂量阿司匹林缓释片对高血压患者心脑血管事件一级预防的作用。方法由湖南省心脑血管病防治网络协作组组织其网络内的13家三甲和二甲医院参与完成前瞻性随机对照研究。2274例高血压患者被随机分为试验组和对照组,其中试验组1186例,在血压控制正常后给予肠溶阿司匹林缓释片50~100mg/d及常规降压治疗;对照组1088例,只给予常规降压治疗,观察两组患者心脑血管事件的发生情况。平均随访3.2年,最后2180例完成试验,其中试验组1151例,对照组1029例。结果试验组各事件的累积发病率为总事件3.6%、脑梗死2.1%、脑出血0.7%、心肌梗死0.2%、总死亡0.4%、因事件死亡0.2%,对照组分别为总事件5.2%、脑梗死3.6%、脑出血1.3%、心肌梗死0.9%、总死亡0.4%、因事件死亡0.3%。试验组和对照组相比,心肌梗死发病率降低,其相对危险度为0.204(95%可信区间为0.044~0.943),具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。而两组的心脑血管事件总发生率及脑梗死、脑出血、因事件死亡等终点事件比较没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。与对照组比,试验组发生心脑血管事件的相对危险度为0.701(95%可信区间为0.469~1.048),发生脑梗死的相对危险度为0.815(95%可信区间为0.470~1.412),发生脑出血的相对危险度为0.567(95%可信区间为0.235~1.368),因心脑血管事件死亡的相对危险度为3.645(95%可信区间为0.407~32.614),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高血压患者常规降压治疗的同时加用小剂量阿司匹林缓释片可以显著降低心肌梗死的发生率,且未见增加脑出血的风险,可以起到一级预防的作用。     

慢性丙型肝炎患者获得SVR可降低肝脏相关发病率

【据Hepatology 2011年11月报道】题:慢性丙型肝炎患者超高的肝脏相关发病率,谁能获得持续病毒应答,谁就能停止治疗护理(作者Innes HA等)英国斯特拉斯克莱德大学Innes等进行了一项回顾性队列研究,纳入1 215例1996年至2007年已用干扰素治疗的HCV患者,患者分别来自9家医院HCV临床数据库,治疗后平均随访5.3年。通过cox回归分析,肝脏相关住院情况(相对危险度:0.22;95%的可信区间:0.15～0.34),SVR患者比非SVR患者肝脏相关死亡显著降低(相对危险度:0.22;95%的可信区间:0.09～0.58);相比一般人群,所有治疗组肝脏相关住院率都升高,在非肝硬化SVR患者、调整后标准化发病比高达5.9(95%的可信区间:4.5～8.0);对所有SVR患者,调整后标准化发病比高达10.5(95%的可信区间:8.7～12.9);在非SVR患者,调整后标准化发病比高达53.2(95%的可信区间:     

年龄对急性心肌梗死患者预后影响的分析

目的研究年龄段急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响。方法收集2016年度住院治疗的374例急性心肌梗死患者作为研究对象,根据年龄分为中青年组（<65周岁,110例）和老年组（≥65周岁,264例）,比较两组患者住院期间临床资料和随访1年的病死率、心血管事件发生率。结果老年组患者合并高血压和糖尿病比例、血压和心率均显著高于中青年组急性心肌梗死患者（P<0.05）,成功再灌注患者比例和左室射血分数显著低于中青年组（P<0.05）;老年组患者住院期间病死率、1年随访期间病死率和心血管事件再发生率均显著高于中青年组（P<0.05）;Logisitc回归分析显示,年龄是影响AMI患者病死率（OR=2.241, 95%CI=0.978-3.216, P=0.018）和出院后心血管事件发生率（OR=1.210, 95%CI=1.144-1.278, P=0.027）的独立危险因素。结论年龄是急性心肌梗死患者近期预后的影响因素,年龄越高的AMI患者病死率和心血管事件再发率越高。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.