超声引导注射凝血酶栓塞治疗医源性假性动脉瘤

目的初步评价超声引导下瘤内注射凝血酶治疗医源性假性动脉瘤的价值.方法采用22Gspinal细针穿刺,对4例经加压治疗失败的假性动脉瘤患者行超声引导下瘤内注射凝血酶栓塞治疗,利用二维超声结合彩色多普勒观察瘤体内血栓形成情况,每次注入50～70U,凝血酶总用量＜500U,直至血栓形成.术后注意监测远段动脉搏动情况.结果4例患者均经一次栓塞即获得成功,凝血酶用量110～135 U,血栓形成时间1.5～2.5 min,术后无动脉栓塞发生.结论超声引导下注射凝血酶栓塞治疗假性动脉瘤安全有效、操作简便.     

超声引导下注射凝血酶治疗假性动脉瘤的临床应用研究

目的评价超声引导下注射凝血酶治疗医源性假性动脉瘤（pseudoaneurysm，PSA）的疗效。方法高频探头引导20G细针穿刺，对经股动脉穿刺介入诊治冠状动脉疾病术后的PSA患者30例，注射凝血酶栓塞治疗（UGTI），彩色超声动态观察瘤体内血栓形成情况，凝血酶总用量不超过200U，直至血栓形成；术后监测同侧远段动脉搏动和患者全身状况。结果30例行UGTI的医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤患者，瘤内血栓形成迅速，治愈率100％；所有患者无动脉栓塞发生。结论该法治疗PSA简便、安全、有效，可作为临床治疗PSA的首选方法。     

超声引导凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的观察

目的 探讨假性动脉瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗的安全性和可行性.方法 5例股动脉介入治疗后假性动脉瘤的患者接受了超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶的治疗,并在治疗后1 d、3 d、5～7 d复查超声.结果 其中有4例一次性治疗成功,1例重复经皮超声引导下注射凝血酶治疗成功,总成功率为100 %,病例中未发生过敏反应、动脉血栓形成、感染、出血及栓塞等并发症.结论 超声引导凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤是一种简单、安全、快速、有效的无创方法.     

超声引导下凝血酶封闭治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的临床分析

目的评价超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶在治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤中的应用价值。方法在彩色多普勒超声引导下,采用20G穿刺针经皮穿刺,对20例经股动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤患者行瘤腔内注射凝血酶封闭,凝血酶浓度为200U/ml,总量均≤500U。结果20例患者均1次治疗成功,术中、术后无并发症发生,术后无复发。结论超声引导下凝血酶封闭治疗假性动脉瘤创伤小,操作简便,疗效确切,可作为神经介入术后假性动脉瘤的首选治疗方法。     

超声引导下凝血酶栓塞法治疗医源性假性动脉瘤临床观察

目的观察超声引导下凝血酶栓塞治疗医源性假性动脉瘤的治疗效果及安全性。方法假性动脉瘤患者12例均于超声引导下行凝血酶栓塞治疗。结果 11例一次性治疗成功,其中10例栓塞后5～10s内完全闭塞,1例24h后完全闭塞;1例因瘤体较小、瘤颈部较窄,经皮穿刺针无法明确显示进入瘤体内而改行经超声引导局部探头加压治疗后闭塞。结论超声引导下假性动脉瘤凝血酶栓塞治疗创伤小,操作简便,疗效确切。     

超声引导下载瘤动脉按压及瘤内凝血酶注射治疗外周动脉假性动脉瘤

目的 探讨载瘤动脉短暂按压及瘤内凝血酶注射治疗外周动脉假性动脉瘤(PSA)的价值.方法 在超声引导下对19例外周动脉PSA患者行PSA之载瘤动脉上游侧局部按压及凝血酶注射术.结果 19例患者均为一次治疗成功,瘤腔容积为0.13～34.17 cm3,平均(16±13)cm3;术中使用凝血酶约100～1000 IU,平均(313±150)IU.无载瘤动脉血栓形成或栓塞等并发症发生.结论 超声引导下载瘤动脉按压及凝血酶注射治疗外周动脉PSA是一种新的无痛苦,价格便宜,成功率高,可能减少载瘤动脉血栓形成或栓塞等并发症发生的新方法.     

超声引导下压迫修复法与凝血酶注射法治疗假性动脉瘤的对比研究

目的 对比研究超声引导下压迫修复法(UGCR)与凝血酶注射法(UGTI)治疗假性动脉瘤的临床价值.方法 回顾性研究利用UGCR和UGTI治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者共63例,观察治疗成功时间和注射凝血酶的剂量.结果 38例行UGCR,治疗成功31例,治愈率81.5%;治疗时间8～120min,平均47min;25例患者行UGTI,瘤内血栓形成迅速,凝血酶用量为80～690 U,平均260 U;治疗时间为20～30 min,治愈率100%.结论 UGTI较UCCR治疗假性动脉瘤操作简便、临床效果可靠、并发症少、复发率低及患者痛苦少等优点,易于推广.     

超声引导下凝血酶注射治疗肝动脉化疗栓塞术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的临床观察

目的 评价超声引导下凝血酶注射治疗肝动脉化疗栓塞术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的有效性、安全性.方法 记录和分析肝动脉化疗栓塞术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的发生率.分析超声引导下瘤腔凝血酶注射治疗的成功率、不良反应发生率.结果 6379例次肝动脉化疗栓塞术后发生股动脉假性动脉瘤22例,发生率0.34％.FAP瘤体平均最大直径23.1 m...     

超声在诊治医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤中的应用

目的评价超声对医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断价值及超声引导下压迫治疗假性动脉瘤、注射凝血酶治疗假性动脉瘤的疗效。方法应用二维超声、彩色多普勒、频谱多普勒对28例股动脉穿刺术后临床疑诊为股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者进行检查,并在超声引导下进行压迫治疗,治疗失败者改为局部瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗。结果28例中彩超诊断假性动脉瘤25例,3例阴性患者经临床观察排除假性动脉瘤,彩超诊断与临床符合率100%。彩超引导下压迫治疗假性动脉瘤,24例治愈,1例失败后改为瘤腔内注射凝血酶治愈。结论超声能无创、敏感地诊断股动脉假性动脉瘤,超声引导下压迫是治疗假性动脉瘤的简便、安全、可靠的方法,失败者可进行注射凝血酶等其他手段治疗。     

超声指导下冠状动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨超声指导下冠状动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的发生原因、临床表现、诊断及治疗方法。方法采用超声引导下压迫修复的方法,失败的病例选择超声引导下注射凝血酶。结果经超声检查确诊冠状动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的39例患者中有18例经压迫修复治愈,平均压迫时间（36．78±1．71）rain。21例经压迫修复失败后采用瘤腔内注射凝血酶治愈,平均瘤内血栓形成时间（0．33±0．06）min。所有患者均于修复后24h复查超声,证实假性动脉瘤已闭合。术后随诊半年,未见假性动脉瘤复发。结论冠状动脉介入术后引发股动脉假性动脉瘤,在超声引导下压迫修复和超声引导下行腔内注入凝血酶是安全有效的治疗方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.