Endoscopic ultrasound-guided bilioduodenal anastomosis: a new technique for biliary drainage

Endoscopic biliary stenting is the most common method of treating obstructive jaundice. We present a new technique of biliary drainage using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided puncture of the common bile duct (CBD). A 56-year-old man with obstructive jaundice was referred for EUS and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because a computed tomography (CT) scan had shown a pancreatic mass in the head of the pancreas and a dilated CBD. The patient was enrolled in a preoperative chemoradiotherapy protocol and biliary stenting was required. Deep cannulation was not obtained even after a precut and the procedure was stopped. Using a therapeutic EUS scope (FG 38X Pentax), the CBD was punctured with a 5-F needle-knife under EUS guidance and a cholangiogram was obtained. A 0.35-inch guide wire was introduced into the CBD. The EUS scope was removed and a duodenoscope was introduced, allowing the placement through the duodenum of a 10-F plastic stent. The CBD was drained properly. No complication occurred.     

Endoscopic palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction using self-expandable metallic stents: results of a multicenter study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Gastric outlet obstruction is a late event in the natural history of biliopancreatic tumours. Metallic self-expanding stents inserted under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance can be used for palliation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and complications of endoscopic duodenal stenting in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1998 and November 2001, 63 patients (31 women, 32 men; mean age 73 +/- 12) presenting with clinical symptoms of duodenal obstruction underwent endoscopic stenting with large metallic prostheses. Complications and clinical outcome were assessed both retrospectively and prospectively. RESULTS: Of the patients, 58 needed one duodenal stent and two overlapping stents were required in five patients. Stenting was immediately successful in 60/63 patients (95%). At the time of the duodenal procedure, 25 previously inserted biliary stents were still patent; biliary stenting was attempted during the same procedure in 18 patients; and 20 patients had no biliary stricture. There was no procedure-related mortality. There were complications in 30 % of patients: 13 stent obstructions, 4 stent migrations and 2 duodenal perforations (treated surgically). For 44 patients (70%) there were no minor or major digestive problem during their remaining lifetime. An exclusively peroral diet was possible in 58 patients (92%), but was considered satisfactory (solid or soft) in 46/63 patients (73%). Of the patients, 53 (84 %) died between 1 and 64 weeks after the duodenal stenting (median survival 7 weeks).CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic stenting for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction is feasible and well-tolerated in most patients. Most dysfunctions can be managed endoscopically.     

Fractured metallic biliary stent causing obstruction and jejunal perforation

Interventional internal drainage of the biliary tract has become an established procedure for both the temporary and definitive treatment of biliary obstruction due to malignant or benign disease. Biliary stent migration and stent fracture are known but rare complications. A 50‐year‐old man presented with acute onset pain in the abdomen and vomiting. He had undergone hepaticojejunostomy following a bile duct injury during open cholecystectomy 13 years before he presented at our institution. Subsequently, he developed a benign biliary stricture at the anastomotic site, which was stented transhepatically by a metallic stent. CT of his abdomen showed a fractured stent segment obstructing the jejunum with a localized perforation. Herein, we discuss his presentation and course of management, and review the factors influencing stent migration and fracture and the potential options for stent retrieval. The patient needed surgical intervention to retrieve the migrated fragment of metal stent and to resect the perforated jejunal segment. The role of endoscopic self‐expanding metal stents for benign biliary disease remains controversial. A migrated stent that has become symptomatic should be removed endoscopically in early and accessible cases and surgically when endoscopic measures fail or when complicated by obstruction or perforation.     

EUS-guided biliary drainage with placement of a new partially covered biliary stent for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction: a case series

Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been developed as an alternative drainage technique in patients with obstructive jaundice where endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has failed. Between July 2008 and December 2009, 16 patients (9 men; median age 79 years) with biliopancreatic malignancy, who were candidates for alternative techniques of biliary decompression because ERCP had been unsuccessful, underwent EUS-BD with placement of a transmural or transpapillary partially covered nitinol self-expandable metal stent (SEMS). EUS-assisted cholangiography was successful in all patients, with definition of the relevant anatomy, but biliary drainage was successfully performed in only 12 (75?%) of the 16 patients (9 choledochoduodenostomies with SEMS placement and 3 biliary rendezvous procedures with papillary SEMS placement), with regression of the cholestasis. No major complications and no procedure-related deaths occurred. There was one case of pneumoperitoneum which was managed conservatively. The median follow-up was 170 days. During the follow-up, eight patients of the 12 patients in whom biliary draining was successful died; four are currently alive. None of the patients required endoscopic reintervention. This series demonstrated that EUS-BD with a partially covered SEMS has a high rate of clinical success and low complication rates, and could represent an alternative choice for biliary decompression.     

Iatrogenic duodenal perforations caused by endoscopic biliary stenting and stent migration: an update

Endoscopic biliary stenting is the preferred method of decompression in obstructive jaundice. Duodenal perforations caused during stenting and stent migration are rare but life-threatening complications, and require judicious management. With the increasing use of therapeutic endoscopy, an awareness of these complications is becoming important in our surgical practice. Advances in interventional radiology, endoscopy, and laparoscopy have enhanced the scope and reduced the morbidity of both conservative and surgical treatments of these perforations. This article presents an update on the current state of our knowledge on the science and the management of this complication.     

Percutaneous insertion of Zilver stent in malignant biliary obstruction

Background We evaluated the clinical efficacy and technical feasibility of the percutaneously inserted self-expandable nitinol stent (Zilver stent) for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Methods Seventeen patients with malignant tumors involving the intra- or extrahepatic bile duct who presented with obstructive jaundice underwent percutaneous insertion of a self-expandable nitinol stent. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of patients and evaluated the technical feasibility on stent placement, complications, patient survival, and duration of stent patency. Results Percutaneous biliary stenting with 27 Zilver stents was performed in 17 patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Technical success was 95%. Malposition of the stent was encountered in one patient. Minor technical problems were encountered in two patients: the introducer tip was broken during stent insertion, so endoscopic removal was done. Mean follow-up period for the 17 patients was 182 days (range 29–485 days): nine patients died of progressive disease at a mean follow-up of 151 days (range 61–371days) after stent insertion and eight patients remained alive at the final follow-up of 216 days (range 29–485 days). The median survival period for all patients was 277 days. The stent occlusion rate was 26% and the mean patency period was 280 days. In five patients, seven stents were obstructed by tumor ingrowth and overgrowth. Stent patency rates were 100%, 100%, 75%, 61%, and 41% at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. A late complication, erosive bleeding of the hepatic artery by the stent, developed in one patient. Conclusion Percutaneous biliary stenting using the nitinol stent is technically feasible and safe and clinically efficacious treatment for malignant biliary obstruction, even with a minor technical problem during stent insertion.     

治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术在老年患者胰胆疾病中的临床应用

目的评价治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在老年患者胰胆疾病中的临床应用。方法回顾分析总结成都大学附属医院2007年7月至2009年12月完成的73例70岁以上老年患者治疗性ERCP的临床治疗结果。结果 73例患者共完成治疗69例,成功率94.5%。胆管结石49例,胆管癌6例,胰头癌4例,乳头癌3例,乳头良性狭窄7例,失败4例。其中49例胆道结石组中,48例经乳头奥狄氏括约肌切开(EST)或气囊扩张乳头后,取石成功,7例合并急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎,以及6例合并胆源性胰腺炎的患者症状均很快缓解。1例因结石较多并且合并肝内胆管结石,转外科行开腹手术,13例肿瘤组中,4例胰头癌、6例胆总管癌患者均安置金属支架,引流通畅,均顺利出院。本组无严重的并发症及死亡发生。结论经过认真的术前准备和术中监护及操作,治疗性ERCP对老年患者是安全和有效的,可代替部分传统开腹手术。     

不同术式治疗性ERCP在抢救急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎中的作用研究

目的胆管结石引起急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎首要治疗是要进行胆道紧急减压。本研究的目的就是研究不同术式治疗性ERCP（VTTFERCP）在抢救急性化脓性胆管炎（AOSC）中的价值。方法经临床确诊由于胆管结石引起的15例AOSC患者，接受VTTERCP，观察手术治疗效果和并发症。结果（1）接受ERCP＋EST＋胆道冲洗＋ENBD的手术2例；（2）ERCP＋EST＋取石＋胆道冲洗3例；（3）ERCP＋EST＋取石＋胆道冲洗＋ENBD2例；（4）ERCP＋EST＋部分取石＋胆道冲洗＋EBND2例；（5）ERCP＋EST4-碎石＋取石＋胆道冲洗2例；（6）ERCP＋EST＋碎石＋取石＋胆道冲洗＋EBND2例；（7）ERCP＋EST＋部分取石＋支架置入＋经支架胆道冲洗2例。本组VTrERCP手术成功率100％，治愈率100％，安全率100％。第（4）组1例术后化脓性胆管炎治愈后转当地医院手术取石，无1例并发症或死亡者。结论VTTFERCP手术方式是抢救AOSC一种非常好的方法，效果可靠，安全。     

ERCP胆道塑料支架置入术与ERCP胆道取石术治疗老年多发胆总管结石的临床效果比较

目的比较内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道塑料支架置入术与ERCP胆道取石术治疗老年多发胆总管结石的临床效果。方法将2017年1月至2018年12月我院收治的168例多发胆总管结石的老年患者按手术方法的不同分为支架组(n=75)和取石组(n=93)。支架组行ERCP+内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)+胆道塑料支架置入术,取石组行ERCP+EST+胆道取石术+内镜下鼻胆管引流术。比较两组生化指标、近远期并发症发生情况、手术时间、住院时间及住院费用。结果两组患者术前1 d及术后1、3、5 d的WBC、CRP、ALT、TBIL、γ-GT水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的死亡率及术后胰腺炎、术后胆管炎、消化道出血的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);支架组的反复胆系感染、再次ERCP手术发生率均高于取石组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。支架组患者的手术时间短于取石组,住院费用低于取石组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ERCP胆道塑料支架置入术和ERCP胆道取石术治疗老年多发胆总管结石都是安全、有效的,应根据患者情况选择合适的手术方式。     

Self-expandable metallic stents for malignant gastric outlet obstruction

Duodenal self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are designed for palliation and prompt relief of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). This mini-invasive endoscopic treatment is preferable to surgery due to its lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospitalization, and earlier symptoms relief; furthermore endoscopic enteral stenting can be performed under conscious sedation, reducing the risk of general anesthesia in these already fragile patients. The stent placement technique is well established and should be performed in referral centers with adequate materials and equipment. Duodenal stents can be covered and uncovered. Nitinol stents have almost replaced other materials, being more flexible with a satisfactory axial and radial force. Common duodenal SEMS-related complications are recurrence of GOO symptoms due to stent clogging (tissue ingrowth/overgrowth and food impaction) and stent migration. These complications can be usually managed endoscopically. Perforation and bleeding are the most severe, but rare, complications. After stent placement, malignant GOO patients usually have improvement of the GOO symptoms with good resumption of fluids and solids. Choosing the most appropriate type of stent is arduous and should be done mainly in relation to the morphological aspects of the stricture. Endoscopic duodenal SEMS placement is indicated in symptomatic GOO patients suffering from unresectable malignancy or those inoperable due to advanced age or comorbidities. The absence of peritoneal carcinomatosis and multiple small bowel strictures is a key point for the clinical success of duodenal SEMS. Almost all symptomatic malignant GOO patients are candidates for the duodenal SEMS procedure; resolution of GOO, avoiding the need for a permanent naso-gastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, significantly improves the patients’ quality of life and dignity, even if life expectancy is short. Endoscopic duodenal SEMS insertion, after an adequate training, is a reproducible, simple, safe, and cost-effective procedure.     

Successful closure of a complicated duodenal ulcer perforation with an expandable esophageal stent

Laparotomy and reoperation remain the standard procedures for patients with suture line disruption after the initial surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer perforation has failed. Recently, endoscopic stents have been employed for dehiscence of the suture line after a surgical repair or even as a primary treatment. We present such a case, the fourth in the literature. In this case, a partially covered stent was placed to cover the duodenal perforation opening after an unsuccessful stitching 6 days earlier. We discuss the difficulties in stent positioning, the choice of sealant, and possible complications. Overall, for older patients with comorbidities, endoscopic stent placement could be considered a promising alternative minimally invasive treatment.     

可膨式金属胆道支架在肝门部胆管癌的临床应用及疗效

目的探讨可膨式金属胆道支架对肝门部胆管癌的疗效及影响因素。方法32例肝门部胆管癌患者先通过内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（E1KCP）放置可膨式金属胆道支架，E1KCP不成功则通过经皮经肝胆道引流（PTCD）窦道放置。观察其操作成功率、退黄效果、并发症发生情况、支架通畅期及患者生存期。结果32例患者中28例均成功通过E1KCP置入可膨式金属支架，3例改行PTCD后再经窦道放入金属支架，成功率96．88％。1例行两种处理方法均未能成功；所有患者术后黄疸明显减退；3例患者支架再次阻塞，1例患者反复发作胆管炎。并发症发生率为12．5％；支架平均通畅期为213d，患者平均生存期为235d。结论可膨式金属胆道支架创伤小，通畅性能好，可作为无法手术切除或不愿手术的肝门部胆管癌患者的首选治疗方法。     

Initial evaluation of a novel multibending backward-oblique viewing duodenoscope in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

A novel multibending backward-oblique viewing duodenoscope was developed to overcome the difficult technical aspect of deep cannulation into the bile duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the initial experience of a novel multibending backward-oblique viewing duodenoscope (M-D scope) for ERCP. This was a retrospective review of 23 patients with native papilla who received biliary ERCP with the M-D scope between April and December 2010.?The procedures were performed by two well-experienced endoscopists. In all patients, biliary cannulation and therapeutic procedure were successfully completed. In two patients with Billroth I gastrectomy, ERCP were initially attempted with a conventional single-bending duodenoscope, but biliary cannulations were unsuccessful. However, with the use of the M-D scope, biliary cannulation and therapeutic procedures were successfully completed. A novel multibending backward-oblique viewing duodenoscope is safe and feasible for therapeutic and diagnostic ERCP.     

短5Fr胰管支架在经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术困难胆管插管中的应用

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在困难胆管插管病例中置入3 cm长5Fr胰管支架的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2015年10月在该科住院需行ERCP治疗的困难胆管插管131例患者的临床资料,根据术中是否预防性放置短5Fr胰管支架,将其随机分为胰管支架组66例和对照组65例。比较两组术后首次ERCP胆管插管成功率、术后腹痛情况、高淀粉酶血症、ERCP术后胰腺炎(PEP)及重症胰腺炎发生率。结果在胰管支架组中首次ERCP胆管插管成功率明显高于对照组;术后腹痛评分较对照组低;术后3 h和术后24 h血淀粉酶值均低于对照组;术后高淀粉酶血症、急性胰腺炎和重症胰腺炎发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。采用3 cm长5Fr胰管支架置管成功率高,自发脱落率很高、并发症少,减少再次行内镜取出支架的概率。结论短5Fr胰管支架留置在内镜困难胆管插管中的运用是安全、有效的,既能提高胆管插管成功率、减轻患者术后腹痛程度,又能有效地降低PEP的发生率和严重程度。     

Rare variant of pancreaticobiliary maljunction associated with pancreas divisum in a child diagnosed and treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A case report

BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM) is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system, defined as a union of the pancreatic and biliary ducts located outside the duodenal wall. According to the Komi classification of PBM, the common bile duct(CBD) directly fuses with the ventral pancreatic duct in all types. Pancreas divisum(PD) occurs when the ventral and dorsal ducts of the embryonic pancreas fail to fuse during the second month of fetal development. The coexistence of PBM and PD is an infrequent condition.Here, we report an unusual variant of PBM associated with PD in a pediatric patient, in whom an anomalous communication existed between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct.CASE SUMMARY A boy aged 4 years and 2 mo was hospitalized for abdominal pain with nausea and jaundice for 5 d. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholecystitis with cholestasis in the gallbladder, dilated middle-upper CBD, and a strong echo in the lower CBD, indicating biliary stones. The diagnosis was extrahepatic biliary obstruction caused by biliary stones, which is an indication for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). ERCP was performed to remove biliary stones. During the ERCP, we found a rare communication between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct. After clearing the CBD with a balloon, an 8.5 Fr 4-cm pigtail plastic pancreatic stent was placed in the biliary duct through the major papilla. Six months later, his biliary stent was removed after he had no symptoms and normal laboratory tests. In the following 4-year period, the child grew up normally with no more attacks of abdominal pain.CONCLUSION We consider that ERCP is effective and safe in pediatric patients with PBM combined with PD, and can be the initial therapy to manage such cases,especially when it is combined with aberrant communication between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct.     

Biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline

This article is part of a combined publication that expresses the current view of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy about endoscopic biliary stenting. The present Clinical Guideline describes short-term and long-term results of biliary stenting depending on indications and stent models; it makes recommendations on when, how, and with which stent to perform biliary drainage in most common clinical settings, including in patients with a potentially resectable malignant biliary obstruction and in those who require palliative drainage of common bile duct or hilar strictures. Treatment of benign conditions (strictures related to chronic pancreatitis, liver transplantation, or cholecystectomy, and leaks and failed biliary stone extraction) and management of complications (including stent revision) are also discussed. A two-page executive summary of evidence statements and recommendations is provided. A separate Technology Review describes the models of biliary stents available and the stenting techniques, including advanced techniques such as insertion of multiple plastic stents, drainage of hilar strictures, retrieval of migrated stents and combined stenting in malignant biliary and duodenal obstructions.The target readership for the Clinical Guideline mostly includes digestive endoscopists, gastroenterologists, oncologists, radiologists, internists, and surgeons while the Technology Review should be most useful to endoscopists who perform biliary drainage.     

针形刀预切开术在老年患者胆道远端恶性狭窄支架置入中的应用

目的 研究针形刀预切开术在老年胆管远端恶性狭窄患者中行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)支架置入的应用效果.方法 选取常州市第一人民医院2018年1月-2021年1月47例明确诊断为胆管远端恶性狭窄且常规插管失败而行针形刀预切开术的老年患者(年龄>70岁).其中,男29例,女18例;年龄71～93岁,平均81.04岁;十...     

Sigmoid colonic perforation and pelvic abscess complicating biliary stent migration

Endoscopically placed biliary stents are a well-established procedure for the treatment of benign and malignant causes of obstructive jaundice in patients unfit for definitive surgical intervention. Stent migration has been described, though in most instances the stent will pass or remain in the bowel lumen for extended periods of time. Only a few cases of clinically significant complications of stent migration have been reported. This is the first case report of a pelvic abscess complicating stenting for choledocholithiasis. As the numbers of stenting procedures continue to increase it may be anticipated that the numbers of complications will similarly increase.     

Long-term results of endoscopic and percutaneous transhepatic treatment of benign biliary strictures

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Benign biliary strictures, mostly associated with biliary surgery, are of growing importance for the therapeutic endoscopist. In the short term, endoscopic therapy has success rates similar to those of surgery. With regard to the long-term results, fewer data are available, particularly concerning forms of treatment including percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) as an additional tool. The present study was aimed at allowing evaluation of the short and long-term results of endoscopic and percutaneous treatment in patients with benign biliary strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The charts of 40 consecutive patients treated during the period 1992-1994 (12 men, 28 women; median age 60.5 years, range 24-86) were analyzed retrospectively. Long-term follow-up was carried out by direct contact. In almost all of the cases, the endoscopic treatment consisted of papillotomy and stenting (single stent treatment 10 or 11.5 Fr); Yamakawa-type prostheses (14 or 16 Fr) were used in the PTBD patients. RESULTS: The primary treatment was successful in 37 of the 40 patients, including nine of 21 patients (43 %) treated endoscopically and 28 of 31 patients (90%) treated using the percutaneous approach. The complication rates after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were 14%, compared with 26% after PTBD. Relief of the stricture was achieved in 25 patients after a median period of stent treatment of nine months (range 3-44), while recurrences were seen in six patients with stents in place for only 4.5 months (range 1-8), and in one patient with a metal stent. Therapy failed in two patients, and three were lost to follow-up. Serious long-term complications were rare, but there was a fatal complication in one patient with metal stents. The follow-up period was 44 months (range 11-66). Three patients underwent successful primary surgery, and three more underwent successful surgery after stricture recurrence; all were free of complaints after 49 months (range 40-44). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and percutaneous treatment of benign biliary strictures is not only a short-term treatment, but also an adequate long-term therapeutic alternative to surgery, with tolerable complication rates. The period of stenting appears to influence the outcome, and the diameter of the stents used also probably plays a role. Prospective studies are required for further evaluation of these observations.     

Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to erosion of a biliary Wallstent in a woman with pancreatic cancer

A 77-year-old patient with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma sustained a life-threatening, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 1 month after placement of a biliary Wallstent. Radiographic and endoscopic studies revealed a choledocho-arterio-enteric fistula caused by erosion of the stent through the posterior duodenal wall. The patient was treated successfully with arterial embolization. This represents an unusual case of arterial bleeding with choledocho-arterio-enteric fistulization into the duodenum subsequent to biliary stent erosion.