福建城市高楼地下层蚊虫密度调查

目的 :探讨城市高层建筑地下层蚊虫滋生现状。方法 :调查福建省福州、厦门、泉州、龙岩、三明等主要城市高层建筑地下层的蚊虫滋生地种类和分布现状、滋生习性与密度 ,以 5 0 0ml孑孓勺捕捞幼虫计算密度 (条 /勺 ) ,用人工小时人饵诱捕趋吸蚊计算成蚊密度刺叮率〔只 /(h·m )〕。结果 :调查 5市 10 8座高层建筑地下层均有不同程度的积水 ,85 .2 %地下层发现有蚊虫滋生 ,查获各种积水 696处 ,发现有蚊虫滋生的积水阳性率为 71.7% ,平均每座有阳性滋生地4.6处。重要滋生环境为积水池、排水沟、积水滩和轮胎。主要滋生蚊种为致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊 ,2种蚊虫最高幼虫密度分别为 10 65和 2 65条 /勺 ,成蚊平均刺叮率致倦库蚊为 18.2只 ,白纹伊蚊为 12 .6只。结论 :高层建筑地下层是城市蚊虫重要的滋生环境。     

咸宁市致倦库蚊季节消长及其对3种杀虫剂的抗性调查

目的了解咸宁市优势蚊种致倦库蚊的种群密度、分布、季节消长动态和对3种常用杀虫剂的抗性情况,为指导城区灭蚊工作提供科学依据。方法致倦库蚊种群动态监测采用诱蚊灯法,抗药性监测采用WHO推荐的幼虫浸渍法,测定溴氰菊酯、DDT和双硫磷对致倦库蚊Ⅳ龄幼虫的半数致死浓度LC50。结果致倦库蚊种群动态消长有明显的季节性,在7—9月份密度最高,呈现单峰曲线。牲畜棚的蚊密度最高,2013—2015年平均蚊密度分别为0.07、0.1和0.18只/(灯·h);抗药性监测数据显示,溴氰菊酯、DDT和双硫磷对致倦库蚊的LC50分别为0.011 05、0.375 10和0.000 81 mg/L,致倦库蚊对3种杀虫剂产生的抗性倍数分别为11.050、31.260和1.353倍。结论咸宁市城区优势种致倦库蚊的发生高峰期为7—9月份,是防治蚊虫的关键时期,建议结合治理蚊虫孳生地控制蚊密度,延缓抗药性发展。     

岱山县蚊种构成及季节消长调查

目的了解岱山县蚊种构成及季节消长规律,为当地蚊类控制及蚊媒传染病防控提供依据。方法在岱山县7个乡/镇各选2个具有代表性的村,每个村选择民房内、户外和牲畜棚各2处布点,于2017年4—11月每月上旬和下旬分别在调查点采用诱蚊灯法诱捕成蚊并进行种属鉴定。结果共捕获成蚊33 371只,其中33 188只隶属4属6种,致倦库蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,分别占53.32%和40.33%。牲畜棚以三带喙库蚊为主,占55.37%;民房内和户外以致倦库蚊为主,分别占77.95%和66.14%。平均蚊密度为24.83只/(灯·夜),牲畜棚成蚊密度最高,为15.37只/(灯·夜);户外成蚊密度最低,为2.91只/(灯·夜)。6—9月为成蚊活动高峰期;致倦库蚊密度在6月上旬达到最高峰,之后呈下降趋势;三带喙库蚊密度有2个高峰,分别为7月上旬和9月上旬;中华按蚊、骚扰阿蚊、白纹伊蚊、东乡伊蚊和其他蚊种密度较低,分布较平缓。结论岱山县优势蚊种为致倦库蚊和三带喙库蚊,成蚊活动高峰集中在6—9月,牲畜棚蚊密度较高。     

洋山口岸蚊虫调查研究

目的了解上海小洋山岛上蚊虫的组成、分布与活动规律。方法用CO_2诱捕器法、灯诱法和采集幼虫等方法进行调查。结果上海小洋山地区采获蚊虫经分类鉴定隶属于5属11种,其中按蚊属1种,伊蚊属2种,库蚊属5种,阿蚊属1种,骚扰蚊属2种;季节消长(CO_2诱捕器法)呈波形,蚊虫于5月出现,7月达到高峰,9-10月逐渐减少至消失;侵袭人类以三带喙库蚊(占25.92%)、致倦库蚊和淡色库蚊(占44.48%)为多;活动消长,夜间以库蚊和按蚊为主,活动高峰为日落后1 h至3 h,白昼为白纹伊蚊;蚊虫的滋生地为下水道和小型积水。结论致倦库蚊、淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊是该地区危害人类的主要蚊种,本次调查为小洋山蚊虫控制提供了生态学依据。     

厦门港区2009-2011年蚊密度监测分析

目的了解厦门港区蚊虫密度及其季节消长情况。方法诱蚊灯法。结果 2009-2011年,在厦门港区共捕获蚊类2 549只,平均密度为0.89只/(灯·h)。在所捕获的蚊中,致倦库蚊占88%,三带喙库蚊占5%,白纹伊蚊占2%。结论致倦库蚊为厦门港区优势蚊种,4-6月为蚊密度高峰季节。     

2016年贵州省凤冈县与赤水市蚊类监测分析

目的了解遵义市蚊类及其白纹伊蚊密度消长趋势,为预防控制蚊媒白纹伊蚊及相关传染病预防控制的发生提供科学依据。方法根据《贵州省白纹伊蚊监测方案(试行)》在固定的时间和地点,采用人诱停落法、路径法监测白纹伊蚊及其他成蚊和蚊幼虫密度,用监测时的温度、湿度和风速对白纹伊蚊的密度差异进行分析。结果凤冈县和赤水市的优势蚊种依次为中华按蚊(56.34%)、三带喙库蚊和致倦库蚊(各占16.90%),白纹伊蚊(9.86%)。5—7月是两地成蚊密度的高峰。赤水市单位的蚊幼路径指数是1.24处/km,建筑工地是0.66处/km,凤冈县建筑工地的蚊幼路径指数是0.6处/km。建筑工地和单位5月的蚊幼虫路径指数最高,居民区的纹虫路径指数6月有一个小高峰。结论遵义市适合白纹伊蚊的生存,废旧轮胎和建筑工地是最佳孳生场所,在蚊虫密度高峰来到之前开展综合治理,有效降低蚊虫密度,控制蚊媒疾病的流行。     

梅州市蚊虫调查情况分析

目的查清梅州市区蚊虫种类、季节消长和密度,为制定灭蚊综合防制措施提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学方法对现场监测结果进行统计分析。结果监测共捕获成蚊103只,全部为致倦库蚊;6月份捕获成蚊最多,共66只,占总捕获数的64.08%;其余各月均处于较低水平。结论该市蚊虫密度总体控制在较低水平,平均密度为1.72只/箱。致倦库蚊为该市区的优势蚊种,6月份是蚊虫活动高峰期。     

2017年岱山海岛县蚊类及病原携带情况调查

目的了解岱山县蚊种构成、季节消长规律及主要蚊媒病原体携带情况,为当地蚊类控制及蚊媒传染病的防控提供依据。方法在岱山县每个乡镇各选2个具有代表性自然村为监测点,于2017年4—11月每月的上旬和下旬共2次在民房、户外及牲畜棚等不同生境采用诱蚊灯法诱捕成蚊进行种属鉴定;采用荧光定量RT-PCR法对蚊类样品进行登革热病毒、流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒、寨卡病毒及基孔肯雅热病毒检测。结果共捕获成蚊33 371只,隶属4属6种,平均蚊密度为24.83只/(灯·夜)。不同生境成蚊总密度中,牲畜棚密度最高,户外最低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。致倦库蚊在民房内和牲畜棚密度较高,三带喙库蚊在牲畜棚的密度最高。致倦库蚊和三带喙库蚊为监测优势蚊种,牲畜棚以三带喙库蚊为主(占55.37%),民房内和户外以致倦库蚊为主(分别占77.95%、66.14%)。6—9月为成蚊活动高峰期,病毒检测结果均为阴性。结论应根据分布特点及季节消长规律选择合适方式控制成蚊密度,降低蚊媒传染病的传播风险。     

四川省开江县2011年流行性乙型脑炎蚊媒监测

目的探讨开江县流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)蚊媒种群动态变化和分布特征,为乙脑防治工作提供科学依据。方法 2011年5-9月在开江县乙脑流行区选择稻田、畜圈、人房各3个点,每半月监测1次,每次每个点各捕蚊15min,将捕获蚊虫进行种类鉴定。结果 5-9月共捕获蚊虫4734只,平均密度为210.4只/人工小时,其中稻田、畜圈、人房分别为247.3、267.7和114.3只/人工小时。稻田捕蚊1855只,其中三带喙库蚊占93.21%,致倦库蚊占5.55%;畜圈捕蚊2023只,其中三带喙库蚊占44.04%,致倦库蚊和中华按蚊分别占33.81%和22.15%;人房捕蚊856只,其中致倦库蚊占72.20%,三带喙库蚊占22.08%。稻田三带喙库蚊密度高峰出现在6月上旬和下旬(570.7和583.3只/人工小时),畜圈高峰出现在7月下旬(265.3只/人工小时)和9月下旬(533.3只/人工小时),人房高峰出现在8月上旬(70.7只/人工小时)。结论开江县稻田和畜圈以三带喙库蚊为主,人房以致倦库蚊为主,乙脑发病高峰季节与稻田和畜圈三带喙库蚊密度分布一致。     

珠海口岸蚊类种群及季节消长调查

目的掌握珠海口岸蚊类的种群及其季节消长情况,为蚊类防制、蚊媒传染病监测和口岸卫生监督工作提供科学依据。方法采用人工诱蚊法,用吸蚊管进行定点、定人、定时人工诱捕,从2002.3～2003.2对珠海口岸的蚊类进行了为期一年的调查。结果共捕获蚊类6属12种,其中致倦库蚊、白纹伊蚊和三带喙库蚊分别占捕获成蚊总数的54.4%、37.0%、3.25%。结论珠海口岸全年均有蚊类活动,成蚊密度高峰出现在3月份,从3月至次年1月,成蚊季节消长曲线基本呈逐月下降趋势;致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊为优势蚊种,为加强珠海口岸的蚊媒传染病监测控制以及鉴别外来蚊种提供了重要参考依据。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.