重肌灵片治疗重症肌无力的免疫调节机理研究

目的：探讨重肌灵片的免疫调节机制。方法：采用正常小鼠、免疫抑制模型小鼠和EAMG大鼠模型观察重肌灵片的免疫调节作用。结果：重肌灵片增强ConA或LPS诱导的正常小鼠及免疫抑制模型小鼠T、B细胞的增殖，促进1L-2分泌；能对抗ConA诱导的EAMG大鼠淋巴细胞增殖的降低；但抑制AChR诱导的淋巴细胞增殖及IFN-γ、IL-4mRNA的表达；此外，能显著促进EAMG大鼠CD4^＋T淋巴细胞的凋亡。结论：重肌灵片增强正常小鼠、免疫抑制小鼠和EAMG大鼠的免疫功能，但抑制AChR诱导的特异性的T细胞增殖及IFN-γ、IL4mRNA的表达，该作用可能是通过诱导AChR特异性的CD4^＋T细胞凋亡实现的。     

IL-12对BALB/c小鼠Th17细胞的分化的影响

目的: 观察细胞因子IL-12对Th17细胞分化的影响.方法: 小鼠脾淋巴细胞经抗CD3单克隆抗体(mAb)和不同浓度的重组小鼠IL-12刺激, 3 d后使用ELISA方法观察培养物上清液中IL-17的产生情况.并使用细胞内细胞因子染色的方法, 通过流式细胞术观察CD3 mAb和重组小鼠IL-12刺激对Th1和Th17细胞分化的影响.结果: Th17细胞不分泌IFN-γ、 IL-5、 IL-10等细胞因子, 不表达Foxp3, 是一个独立的细胞亚群.不同浓度的重组小鼠IL-12可以诱导抗CD3 mAb 的T细胞分泌IFN-γ, 并向Th1细胞方向分化.同时, IL-12可以抑制活化的T细胞分泌IL-17, 抑制T细胞向Th17细胞分化.结论: IL-12可以抑制Th17细胞的分化.     

Galectin-9对活化的CD4+T细胞免疫调节作用的机制研究

目的 研究Galectin-9对活化的CD4+T细胞的免疫调节作用,并进一步探讨其作用机制.方法 获取野生型C57BL/6小鼠淋巴细胞,利用MACS分选CD4+ na(i)ve T细胞,给予anti-CD3 (2.5 μg/ml)抗体、anti-CD28(5μg/ml)抗体和IL-2(100 ng/ml)刺激,培养3d.将活化的CD4+T细胞分为3组:正常对照组、Galectin-9组和Galectin-9+α-乳糖组.利用CFSE检测T细胞增殖情况,并动态观察细胞形态变化;检测CD4+ CD69+T细胞、Th1、Th2和Th17细胞的比例;并利用ELISA检测淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ 、IL-4、IL-10、IL-12、IL-17A和TGF-β1等细胞因子的水平;利用Western blot检测T-bet、GATA-3和ROR-yt等T细胞分化调控蛋白的变化.结果 与正常对照组和Galectin-9+α-乳糖组相比,Galectin-9组于2h时开始出现细胞形态改变,同时CD4+ CD69+T细胞、Th1和Th17细胞表达减少(P＜0.05),但Th2细胞无明显变化;培养上清液中IFN-γ、IL-12、IL-17A和TGF-β1的表达水平降低(P＜0.05),而IL-4和IL-10等Th2型细胞因子水平无明显变化;同时T-bet和ROR-γt的表达水平减少(P＜0.05).结论 Galectin-9抑制活化CD4+T细胞的Th1和Th17型免疫应答,而对Th2型免疫应答无影响,免疫调节的机制可能与其在转录水平影响Th1和Th17特定转录因子的表达有关.     

MAPK信号通路在诱导Th1/Th2分化中的作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路是介导细胞外刺激到细胞内反应的重要信号转号系统,在诱导Th1/Th2分化中起重要作用,其中JNK1能够抑制初始CD4+T细胞向Th2分化,JNK2诱导其向Th1分化并能促进相应细胞因子的分泌;p38既能诱导Th1分化,也能促进Th2分化;ERK1/2则能诱导CD4+T细胞向Th2分化。     

IL-2抑制小鼠CD4~+ CD62L~+ T细胞分化为Th17细胞

目的研究IL-2对小鼠脾脏CD4+CD62L+T细胞在体外向Th17细胞分化的作用。方法免疫磁珠法分选C57BL/6小鼠脾脏CD4+CD62L+T细胞,于抗体包被的培养板中培养3 d,实验分为对照组和IL-2处理组。对照组为经典Th17诱导分化培养基,IL-2处理组在对照组基础上于培养体系中添加IL-2。CFSE染色检测细胞增殖,Annexin V-PI法检测细胞凋亡,ELISA检测培养上清中IL-17A的浓度,荧光定量PCR检测Rorγt mRNA的表达,流式细胞术检测CD4~+IL-17~+Th17的生成比例以及Rorγt的表达。结果磁珠分选的小鼠脾脏CD4+CD62L+nave T细胞纯度高于95%。与对照组相比,IL-2处理组细胞数目明显增多,增殖能力明显增强(P0.05),细胞凋亡比例降低(P0.05);IL-2处理组培养上清中IL-17A的浓度明显降低(P0.05),且CD4+IL-17+细胞比例下降,其特异性转录因子Rorγt的表达水平也显著降低(P0.05)。结论 IL-2在CD4+CD62L+T细胞分化为Th17的过程中,能够促进T细胞的增殖并且抑制Th17的分化。     

MAPK信号通路在诱导Th1/Th2分化中的作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路是介导细胞外刺激到细胞内反应的重要信号转号系统,在诱导Th1/Th2分化中起重要作用,其中JNK1能够抑制初始CD4+T细胞向Th2分化,JNK2诱导其向Th1分化并能促进相应细胞因子的分泌;p38既能诱导Th1分化,也能促进Th2分化;ERK1/2则能诱导CD4+T细胞向Th2分化。     

NK1.1+细胞在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力疾病发病中的免疫调节作用

目的:探讨NK1.1 细胞在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)疾病发病中的作用以及其调节机制。方法:腹腔注射抗小鼠NK1.1单克隆抗体(mAb)清除C57BL/6(B6)小鼠体内的NK1.1 细胞,建立NK1.1 细胞缺陷小鼠模型;用AChR CFA免疫小鼠诱发EAMG,通过Lennon等的肌无力评分标准分析各组小鼠之间EAMG的发病情况和病情严重程度;应用ELISA法检测单核细胞(MNC)上清液中IFN-γ、IL-4的分泌和表达;应用放射免疫测定法检测血清中AChRIgG含量;用抗IFN-γmAb中和小鼠体内IFN-γ,观察发病情况及血清中AChRIgG的含量。结果:NK1.1 细胞缺陷的小鼠同正常免疫组小鼠相比,发病率和病情严重程度均明显降低(发病率:36%vs86%,P<0.01);免疫后NK1.1 细胞缺陷组和正常免疫组小鼠相比,发病率和病情严重程度无明显统计差异;NK1.1 细胞缺陷降低IFN-γ的表达,但是IL-4的分泌和表达无统计学意义;NK1.1 细胞缺失降低AChR特异性抗体的产生;中和体内IFN-γ后,EAMG的发病率和病情严重程度均减轻,并且AChR特异性抗体减少。结论:NK1.1 细胞在EAMG发病初期发挥重要作用。在EAMG发病中,NK1.1 细胞可以使AChR特异性T细胞产生IFN-γ,增加AChR特异性抗体产生,从而加重EAMG的发病。     

青藤碱对T淋巴细胞活化及TH1类细胞内细胞因子表达的影响

目的：深入研究青藤碱对T淋巴细胞Thl类细胞因子表达的影响。方法：分离小鼠淋巴结细胞，加入不同浓度的青藤碱作用1小时后，加多克隆刺激剂PDB和离子霉素，继续培养4小时后收获细胞，进行细胞内细胞因子染色，以流式细胞术对T细胞Th1类细胞因子TNF-γ、炎症性细胞因子TNF-α分子表达情况进行分析；同时，观察药物对T细胞活化早期标志CD59表达的影响；结果：1000μmol／L(329．24μg/ml)青藤碱能够抑制CD69表达，200μmol/L青藤碱对CD69表达无影响；200、1000、2000μmol／L青藤碱能够剂量依赖性地显著降低T细胞内细胞因子TNF-γ、TNF-α分子表达。结论：抑制T细胞活化异常可能是青藤碱治疗类风湿关节炎免疫药理机制之一，此抑制效应可能主要不是通过影响PKC而是与影响钙离子依赖的T细胞活化信号传导途径相关。     

T淋巴细胞与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病与自身免疫密切相关, T淋巴细胞在其发病机制中承担了重要的角色。CD4 T细胞既可作为导致肠黏膜炎症的效应细胞、也可作为抑制肠黏膜炎症的调节细胞发挥作用。CD4 T细胞在IL-12的作用下极化为Th1, 形成IFN-γ、TNF-α升高的Th1型炎症; 在IL 13的作用下极化为Th2, 出现IL-4、IL-5升高的Th2型炎症。某些CD4 T分化为以分泌IL-10、TGF-β为主的调节细胞, 抑制肠黏膜炎症。CD8 T细胞在炎症性肠病中的作用目前尚不十分明确。此外, 肠黏膜上皮中某些特有的T细胞如CD4 CD8 αα双阳性细胞和γδT细胞也参与了肠黏膜炎症的调节。对T细胞的深入研究, 为炎症性肠病的治疗提供了免疫学方向和策略。     

人外周血和扁桃体中Tfh细胞与其他Th细胞亚群之间的关系

目的比较观察人外周血和扁桃体Tfh细胞的表型以及与Th1、Th17、Th22细胞亚群之间的关系。方法分离正常人PBMC及扁桃体单个核细胞,利用anti-CD3+anti-CD28或PMA+ionomycin刺激后,采用ELISA和流式细胞术(FCM)检测其细胞因子的产生,分析Tfh与Th1、Th17、Th22细胞亚群之间的关系。结果与PBMC中CD4+T细胞不同,扁桃体CD4+T细胞高表达CXCR5和CD45RO,低表达CCR7和CD62L;与PBMC中CD4+T细胞相比,扁桃体CD4+T细胞IL-21和IL-17产生水平较高,IFN-γ产生水平较低,IL-22水平无显著差异;外周血和扁桃体CD4+T细胞中均存在一定比例的IL-21+IL-17+双阳性、IL-21+IL-22+双阳性、IL-21+IFN-γ+双阳性细胞,IL-21单阳性细胞在扁桃体CD4+T细胞中所占比例明显高于外周血;外周血和扁桃体CD4+CXCR5+细胞除表达IL-21外,还表达IL-17、IL-22和IFN-γ。结论扁桃体中存在较多数量的Tfh细胞,大多数Tfh细胞是不同于Th1、Th17和Th22的细胞亚群。     

重肌灵片对实验性重症肌无力的影响

用电鳐电器官提取的乙酰胆碱受体粗提物与完全福氏佐剂等量混合多点免疫Lewis大鼠制备EAMG大鼠模型,研究中药重肌灵片的作用,发现重肌灵片两个剂量组(6.56 g/kg和3.28 g/kg)均能显著改善EAMG大鼠临床症状,缓解连续低频电刺激所致大鼠后肢肌肉收缩幅度的衰减,降低血清中抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体的含量,抑制乙酰胆碱受体特异性的淋巴细胞增殖并能降低突触后膜上乙酰胆碱受体的减少。提示重肌灵能有效地改善EAMG大鼠临床症状及实验室指标。     

同种异型T细胞抑制全身型MG患者AchR-Ab产生的研究

观察人T细胞对全身型重症肌无力 (MG )患者抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体 (AchR Ab )产生的影响。在体外用乙酰胆碱受体(AchR )为抗原诱导 30例全身型MG患者的淋巴细胞 ,并分别加入正常人T细胞和同种异体MG患者T细胞共同培养后 ,用酶联免疫吸附实验 (ELISA )检测MG患者淋巴细胞培养上清中AchR Ab的含量 ,并用微量细胞毒试验检测培养前后MG患者的T细胞亚群。结果显示 ,加入正常人T细胞组 ,其AchR Ab含量显著低于加入同种异体MG患者T细胞组和MG患者自身对照组 ,且正常人T细胞可使MG患者T细胞亚群间的比例发生改变 ,CD8+细胞数量明显增多 ,CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低。本文提示正常人T细胞能抑制全身型MG患者AchR Ab的产生 ,并对可能的机制及潜在的应用意义作了讨论。     

AchR或ConA诱导正常人淋巴细胞培养上清治疗EAMG的研究

观察乙酰胆碱受体 (AchR )或刀豆蛋白 (ConA )诱导的正常人淋巴细胞培养上清对小鼠实验性重症肌无力模型 (EAMG )的疗效。分别用AchR或ConA诱导体外培养的正常人淋巴细胞 ,收集培养上清治疗EAMG小鼠。治疗前后用ELISA和微量细胞毒试验检测小鼠血中AchRAb的含量和T细胞亚群的变化 ,并检测小鼠的肌电图。结果显示 ,经两种培养上清治疗后 ,EAMG小鼠血中AchRAb水平明显下降 ,CD8+ 细胞数量显著增多 ,CD4+ /CD8+ 比值明显降低 ,且小鼠肌电图也明显改善。本文提示AchR或ConA诱导的正常人淋巴细胞培养上清对EAMG小鼠有一定疗效 ,并探讨了其可能的作用机制和潜在的应用价值。     

Intravenous Administration of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Benefits Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis Mice Through an Immunomodulatory Action

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are potent in immunomodulation. It has been proven that MSC functioned to correct immune disorder in several immune diseases. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MSC from human bone marrow (hMSC) can provide a potential therapy for experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). EAMG mice model was established by subcutaneous injection of synthetic analogue of acetylcholine receptor (AchR), then, hMSC were intravenously delivered into these mice repeatedly. The results showed that hMSC could specifically home to spleen tissue and hMSC treatment significantly improved the functional deficits of EAMG mice. In addition, AchR antibody level was dramatically decreased in cell‐treated group when compared with untreated control on 10 days after the second cell injection. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro mixed lymphocyte proliferation assays revealed that hMSC could definitely inhibit the proliferation of AchR‐specific lymphocyte. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that hMSC treatment was therapeutically useful in autoimmune myasthenia gravis mice, and the underlying mechanism may relate with their immunomodulatory potential.     

SEB活化的人外周血T细胞CD25,CD69的表达

本文用超抗原葡萄球菌肠毒素B(SEB)诱导外周血淋巴细胞增殖。结果显示出微量超抗原能诱导外周血淋巴细胞的增殖,大量的增殖反应发生在SEB刺激后的第5天,增殖的细胞是CD4~+T细胞,它们由刺激前的27％增加到42％。外周血活化的T细胞不依赖外源性IL-2:大量内源性IL-2的存在抑制T细胞的增殖反应。伴随CD4~+T细胞的增殖,CD25和CD69分子表达明显增加。提示SEB能改变外周血T细胞表面的分子表达。     

大鼠经鼻腔乙酰胆碱受体耐受诱导的试验研究

用乙酰胆碱受体（ＡＣｈＲ）加完全弗氏佐剂（ＣＦＡ）免疫大鼠前，鼻腔给予ＡＣｈＲ可有效地预防实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力（ＥＡＭＣ）。本文结果表明，与非耐受对照组比，鼻腔ＡＣｈＲ耐受组大鼠免疫后，国窝、腹股沟淋巴结（ＰＩＬＮ）的单个核细胞（ＭＮＣ）ＡＣｈＲ特异的淋巴细胞增殖反应受到明显抑　制，鼻腔耐受组ＰＩＬＮ中ＡＣｈＲ特异的ＣＤ４~＋／ＣＤ８~－克隆增生也明显受抑制，差异均有显著性。此外，鼻腔耐受组ＡＣｈＲ特异性皮肤迟发型过敏反应（ＤＴＨ）也显著降低。提示鼻腔ＡＣｈＲ耐受后引起的特异性Ｔ淋巴细胞反应的低调可能是临床肌无力抑制的基础。     

B‐cell anergy induces a Th17 shift in a novel B lymphocyte transgenic NOD mouse model,the 116C‐NOD mouse

Autoreactive B lymphocytes play a key role as APCs in diaebetogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether B‐cell tolerance is compromised in NOD mice. Here, we describe a new B lymphocyte transgenic NOD mouse model, the 116C‐NOD mouse, where the transgenes derive from an islet‐infiltrating B lymphocyte of a (8.3‐NODxNOR) F1 mouse. The 116C‐NOD mouse produces clonal B lymphocytes with pancreatic islet beta cell specificity. The incidence of T1D in 116C‐NOD mice is decreased in both genders when compared with NOD mice. Moreover, several immune selection mechanisms (including clonal deletion and anergy) acting on the development, phenotype, and function of autoreactive B lymphocytes during T1D development have been identified in the 116C‐NOD mouse. Surprisingly, a more accurate analysis revealed that, despite their anergic phenotype, 116C B cells express some costimulatory molecules after activation, and induce a T‐cell shift toward a Th17 phenotype. Furthermore, this shift on T lymphocytes seems to occur not only when both T and B cells contact, but also when helper T (Th) lineage is established. The 116C‐NOD mouse model could be useful to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the generation of Th‐cell lineages.     

Characterization and functional study of five novel monoclonal antibodies against human OX40L highlight reverse signalling: enhancement of IgG production of B cells and promotion of maturation of DCs

OX40 ligand (OX40L), a molecule originally identified as human gp34, is an important co-stimulatory molecule during immune response. In this study, we report on five functional mouse anti-human OX40L monoclonal antibodies named as 9H10, 4C12, 8D10, 4H4 and 1G1, characterized by means of flow cytometry, Western blot and competition assay. These monoclonal antibodies bound to distinct OX40L epitopes on activated B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) and two of them could suppress the proliferation of T lymphocytes co-stimulated by mature DCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that our monoclonal antibodies, such as 9H10 and 4C12, could trigger OX40L reverse signal that enhanced IgG production of B cells and promoted maturation of DCs as evidenced by the upexpression of CD80, CD86, CD83 and CXCR4 and monoclonal antibody 9H10 could also promote anti-CD40 monoclonal-antibody-stimulated DCs in order to induce T cells to secrete more interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, which suggested that OX40L signals could strengthen the effect of CD40 signals on promoting Th1 differentiation.     

Effects of Anti‐CD45RB Monoclonal Antibody for T Lymphocyte Subsets in Mice Heart Transplantation Model

Anti‐CD45RB monoclonal antibody (anti‐CD45RBmAb), as a new immune tolerance inducer, may inhibit T cell proliferation and induce immune tolerance through competitive combination with CD45RB on the T cell surface, which blocks the conduction of activation signals. However, how anti‐CD45RBmAb plays its role on T lymphocyte subsets during immunosuppression remains unclear. In this work, we investigate the effects of anti‐CD45RBmAb on CD3⁺ T lymphocyte both in vitro and in allogeneic heart transplant model in vivo. Interestingly, anti‐CD45RBmAb could inhibit the proliferation of T cells, promote the transformation of T lymphocyte to Treg and Th2 cells, suppress the transformation to Th17 and Th1 cells, increase the number of Ts cells, decrease the number of Tm cells and thus play a role in immune inhibition and induction of immune tolerance.     

Expression of Th17 and Treg Lymphocyte Subsets in Hypertrophied Adenoids of Children and its Clinical Significance

Adenoid hypertrophy is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction and sleep-disordered breathing in children, yet its pathogenesis remains unclear. The identification of the novel helper T cell subsets, Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) could provide new insight into our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of this condition. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adenoidal lymphocyte subsets to describe the percentage of various lymphocyte subsets in hypertrophied adenoids and correlate them with symptom severity. Twenty consecutive children undergoing adenoidectomy were included, and lymphocytes were isolated from their adenoids. T cell subpopulations were detected by flow cytometry using a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody directed against a number of cell markers (CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, FOXP3 IL17+, and others). We found a significant negative linear correlation between the Th17/Treg ratio and the patients’ clinical scores (R = ?0.71 p < 0.005). The correlation was independent of age and gender. Decreased ratios of Th17/Treg subpopulations may play a role in the pathogenesis of adenoid hypertrophy.