骨肿瘤穿刺活检的DNA含量图像法分析

应用图像分析仪检测４７例骨肿瘤穿刺组织的肿瘤细胞核ＤＮＡ含量。结果表明恶性骨肿瘤ＤＮＡ参数ＤＩ，２．５ＣＥＲ，５ＣＥＲ显著高于良性，骨巨细胞瘤介于良恶之间。两组预后不同骨巨细胞瘤的ＤＩ，２．５ＣＥＲ有显著性差异，提示ＤＮＡ含量与肿瘤生物学行为有密切关系。术前穿刺ＤＮＡ含量分析，有助于了解肿瘤的增殖能力，作为选择治疗方案，评估预后的参考。     

流式细胞术和银染核仁区在乳癌诊治中的应用

作者对４３例乳腺肿物进行ＤＮＡ流式细胞术和ＡｇＮＯＲ检测。大多数ＤＮＡ异倍体为恶性病变（２３／２４），良性病变的ＳＰＦ和ＰＩ与二倍体癌相近，但低于异倍体癌（Ｐ＞０．０５）；二倍体癌ＳＰＦ和ＰＩ低于异倍体癌（Ｐ＜０．００１）。异倍体多见于腋淋巴结转移和年轻患者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。半数左右乳腺癌的ｍＡｇＮＯＲ高于良性病变的最高值。本研究表明ＤＮＡＦＣＭ和ＡｇＮＯＲ检测可作为良恶性病变鉴别的参考，异倍体癌临床进程较快，ＤＮＡ异倍体和高Ｓ１／Ｓ２，ｍＡｇＮＯＲ肿瘤有较强的浸润性，但对化疗也较敏感，应考虑行辅助化疗。     

ras、p53基因突变和蛋白表达与尿路上皮肿瘤预后的关系

目的　研究ｒａｓ、ｐ５３ 基因突变和蛋白表达及ＤＮＡ 倍体异常与尿路上皮肿瘤预后关系。　方法　应用ＰＣＲＳＳＣＰ和流式免疫荧光法检测５２ 例尿路上皮肿瘤Ｋｒａｓ 和ｐ５３ 基因突变及蛋白表达和ＤＮＡ 含量变化。　结果　Ｋｒａｓ、ｐ５３ 基因突变分别为５ 例（９ ．６ ％ ） 和２２ 例（４２ ．３ ％ ） ;ｒａｓ ｐ２１ 、ｐ５３ 蛋白阳性表达分别为３６ 例（６９ ．２ ％ ） 和３３ 例（６３ ．５ ％ ） ;异倍体和二倍体肿瘤分别为２２ 例（４２ ．３ ％ ） 和３０ 例（５７ ．７ ％ ） ;ＤＮＡ 倍体异常、ｐ５３ 基因突变及ｒａｓ ｐ２１ 和ｐ５３ 蛋白表达与肿瘤病理分级、分期及预后密切相关（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ;异倍体肿瘤其ｐ５３ 基因突变、ｒａｓ ｐ２１ 和ｐ５３ 蛋白表达率均明显高于二倍体肿瘤（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。　结论　ＤＮＡ 倍体异常、ｐ５３ 基因突变及ｒａｓ ｐ２１ 和ｐ５３ 蛋白表达对尿路上皮肿瘤预后判断有重要意义。     

肾癌EGFR表达和DNA含量检测的临床意义

目的探讨表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）表达和ＤＮＡ倍体数与肾癌发生的关系。方法采用免疫荧光标记和流式细胞术双参数法,检测２５例肾癌瘤体及瘤旁组织胞膜ＥＧＦＲ表达和ＤＮＡ含量。结果瘤体组织ＥＧＦＲ为３６５±２３５,明显高于瘤旁组织的１９１±１５０,Ｐ＜００５;瘤体中ＤＮＡ指数（ＤＩ）异常组ＥＧＦＲ为４５１±２３９,正常组为２４３±１７８,Ｐ＜００５。肾癌组织中ＤＩ异常占６４％,而瘤旁组织仅占２３％,Ｐ＜００５。结论ＥＧＦＲ高表达和ＤＮＡ异常与肾癌的发生相关,肿瘤组织ＥＧＦＲ的表达与ＤＩ异常相关。     

135例恶性胆道梗阻的内镜姑息治疗

１３５例无手术指征的恶性胆道梗阻，其中８１例经内镜道塑料内置管引流（ＥＲＢＤ）。５４例经内镜胆道金属支架引流（ＥＭＢＥ）治疗，结果：引流２～３周ＥＲＢＤ组８８．９％组９６．１％病你胆红素降至正常，临床状况明显改善：ＥＲＢＤ组采用８Ｆ内置管者３０％，９Ｆ内置管者２．５％，ＥＭＢＥ组３．９％病例并发早期胆管炎；ＥＲＢＤ需３个左右再梗阻前更换新管，ＥＭＢＥ５例（５．６％）平均５．８个月发生再梗阻，提示，     

胃癌雌激素受体,癌胚抗原和DNA含量及其预后关系的研究

用ＡＢＣ免疫组化技术测定６５例胃癌标本中ＥＲ、ＣＥＡ含量，其中３６例标本行ＤＮＡ图像分析测定，并对影响胃癌预后的２７种因子进行Ｃｏｘ模型分析。结果发现胃癌ＥＲ、ＣＥＡ阳性率与浸润深度、淋巴结转移正相关，与分化程度负相关，ＥＲ、ＣＥＡ阴性胃癌预后较好，ＥＲ阳性胃癌对化疗较敏感。二倍体胃癌预后优于异倍体胃癌，晚期、分化差胃癌细胞核ＤＮＡ含量高。影响胃癌预后的六种因子依次为，病理类型、病程、ＤＮＡ含量、     

结直肠癌核仁组成区嗜银蛋白的预后价值

本作者采用银染技术和流式细胞分析技术分别对８３例结直肠癌细胞的核仁组成区嗜银蛋白（ＡｇＮＯＲ）和ＤＮＡ含量进行测定，并结合临床随访和病理学资料评估其预后价值及相互关系。结果显示：结直肠癌组ＡｇＮＯＲ平均计数（９．７９±３．６７０）明显高于正常结肠粘膜组（２．９３７±０．８１２）。不同组织学分级的ＡｇＮＯＲ有显著性差异（ｐ＝０．０２３），分化好的肿瘤ＡｇＮＯＲ计数低。术后生存≥５年组的ＡｇＮＯＲ数（８．１７７±３．２９６）低于＜５年组（１１．６２２±３．１２３），二组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。高ＡｇＮＯＲ（≥１０）组患者的术后生存率亦明显低于ＡｇＮＯＲ＜１０组的患者。结合ＤＮＡ倍体进行分析，ＡｇＮＯＲ＜１０的二倍体肿瘤患者的预后最好，而ＡｇＮＯＲ≥１０的异倍体肿瘤的预后最差，提示ＡｇＮＯＲ是一项预后参考指标，与ＤＮＡ从不同水平影响结直肠癌的恶性潜能，联合检测ＡｇＮＯＲ和ＤＮＡ可较好地反映结直肠癌患者的预后。     

胆管癌DNA倍体的预后意义研究

作者应用图像分析技术对３０例胆管癌细胞核ＤＮＡ倍体进行了分析。结果显示：良性增生组织以２Ｃ细胞为主，癌变组织５Ｃ及大于５Ｃ细胞明显增多，ＤＮＡ倍体分布与病理分型、临床分期无关。Ⅲ期胆管癌二倍体组平均生存期３２个月，高倍体组为１４个月（Ｐ〈０．０５），提示ＤＮＡ倍体分析是判断胆管癌预后指标。     

肺鳞癌DNA含量定量分析及其临床意义

应用图象分析技术对４２例肺鳞癌细胞ＤＮＡ含量原位定量测定。结果显示，肺鳞癌ＤＮＡ干系处于二倍体／近二倍体（Ｄ／ＮＤ）者８例，占１９％；ＤＮＡ干系处于异倍体者（ＡＮ）３４例，占８１％。瘤体直径＞３ｃｍ、淋巴结癌转移者，其平均ＤＮＡ含量、异倍体检出率皆明显高于瘤体直径≤３ｃｍ和淋巴结阴性者。平均ＤＮＡ含量、异倍体检出率随肿瘤组织学分级的增高而升高。Ｄ／ＮＤ型肺癌５年生存率明显高于ＡＮ型肺鳞癌。结果说明，肺鳞癌ＤＮＡ含量测定有助于了解其恶性程度和发展趋势，可为临床诊断、治疗和估计预后提供依据。     

胆管癌DNA倍体的预后意义研究

作者应用图像分析技术对３０例胆管癌细胞核ＤＮＡ倍体进行了分析。结果显示：良性增生组织以２Ｃ细胞为主，癌变组织５Ｃ及大于５Ｃ细胞明显增多，ＤＮＡ倍体分布与病理分型、临床分期无关。Ⅲ期胆管癌二倍体组平均生存期３２个月，高倍体组为１４个月（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示ＤＮＡ倍体分析是判断胆管癌预后指标。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.