柚皮素对破骨细胞特异性基因及OPG/RANKL/RANK表达的影响

目的 观察柚皮素对破骨细胞特异性基因组织蛋白酶-K(CATK)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)及骨保护素/核因子-κB受体活化因子配体/核因子-κB受体活化因子(OPG/RANKL/RANK)表达的影响.方法 采用全骨髓细胞诱导法培养破骨细胞,细胞分5组:空白对照组、HG-DMEM诱导组、HG-DMEM+0构.1μmol/L柚皮素组、HG-DMEM+1μmol/L柚皮素组、HG-DMEM+10μmol/L柚皮素组.HE染色、TRAP染色观察破骨细胞形态;分光光度计检测TRAP阳性细胞数;Real time-PCR和Western-blot检测CATK、MMP-9、TRAP及OPG/RANKL/RANK mRNA和蛋白表达.结果 与空白对照组比较,HG-DMEM诱导组TRAP阳性细胞数、TRAP、MMP-9、CATK、RANKL、RANK mRNA和蛋白表达明显增加,OPG mRNA和蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05).与HG-DMEM诱导组比较,柚皮素预处理24 h能够明显降低TRAP阳性细胞数、CATK、MMP-9、TRAP、RANKL、RANK mRNA和蛋白表达,增加OPG mRNA和蛋白表达(P<0.05),呈剂量依赖性.结论 柚皮素能够抑制破骨细胞的生成和分化,该作用可能是通过OPG/RANKL/RANK信号通路抑制TRAP、MMP-9、CATK表达实现的.     

丹酚酸B对高糖干预下的人肾小管上皮细胞自噬相关蛋白的影响

目的 探究丹酚酸B对高糖干预下的人肾小管上皮细胞自噬相关蛋白的影响.方法 根据人近端肾小管上皮细胞HK-2细胞培养方式的不同,分为对照组、葡萄糖组和实验组,对照组加入5.5 mmol/L的葡萄糖;葡萄糖组加入葡萄糖的浓度分为10、20和30 mmol/L;实验组在培养基中分别加入丹酚酸B和葡萄糖(30 mmol/L),丹酚酸B的浓度分为0.1、1、10和100 μmol/L,培养24 h.使用蛋白提取试剂盒分别提取3组培养细胞中的总蛋白,采用Bradford法测定不同培养组细胞自噬相关蛋白的含量,进行分析比较.结果 随着葡萄糖刺激浓度的增高,p62蛋白表达增加.24 h后,高糖可诱导HK-2细胞自噬相关蛋白p62表达增加,LC3表达减少,且呈剂量依赖性.与对照组相比,随着丹酚酸B干预剂量的增高,24 h后的细胞LC3的表达增加,不同剂量丹酚酸B干预可减少高糖诱导下的p62蛋白的表达增加,同时LC3的表达得到明显恢复,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析的结果显示,LC3蛋白含量、p62蛋白含量是影响细胞自噬的独立影响因素.结论 在高糖的干预下,不同剂量丹酚酸B干预可减少高糖诱导下的p62蛋白的表达增加,同时LC3的表达得到明显恢复,且呈剂量依赖性.     

微小 RNA-16对高糖诱导人视网膜内皮细胞凋亡的抑制作用

目的 探讨微小RNA-16(miR-16)抑制高糖诱导人视网膜内皮细胞凋亡的分子机制.方法 将人视网膜内皮细胞在正常葡萄糖培养基(5 mmol/L)或高葡萄糖培养基(30 mmol/L)中培养3 d.然后用miR-16模拟物(50 nmol/L)转染细胞48 h.使用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)验证miRNA表达水平.通过蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)检测细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、胰岛素受体底物-1丝氨酸307(IRS-1 Ser307)、磷酸化的IRS-1 Ser307、细胞因子信号转导负调控因子(SOCS3)、胰岛素受体Tyr1150(IR Tyr1150)、磷酸化的IR Tyr1150、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、磷酸化的Akt和cleaved caspase 3的蛋白表达水平.结果 与正常葡萄糖组相比,高葡萄糖培养的人视网膜内皮细胞中miR-16的表达水平明显降低[对照组(1.07±0.08)比高糖组(0.35±0.03),t=14.43,P=0.011],TNF-α、SOCS3和cleaved caspase的蛋白表达水平及IRS-1 Ser307的磷酸化水平明显升高,而IRTyr1150和Akt的磷酸化水平明显降低.然而,转染miR-16模拟物则可逆转高糖培养基对上述因子的影响.结论 miR-16通过抑制TNF-α和SOCS3信号通路来抑制IRS-1 Ser307的磷酸化并促进IRTyr1150和Akt的磷酸化,从而在抑制胰岛素抵抗中发挥作用,并保护视网膜内皮细胞免受高葡萄糖诱导的细胞凋亡.miR-16可能是糖尿病性视网膜病的潜在治疗靶标.     

柚皮素对氧化应激所致成骨细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

目的：观察柚皮素对氧化应激导致的成骨细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其机制。方法体外分离培养成骨细胞,细胞分空白对照组、单纯 H2 O2作用组、H2 O2＋0 J．1μmol／L 柚皮素组、H2 O2＋1μmol／L柚皮素组、H2 O2＋10μmol／L柚皮素组。 MTT法检测成骨细胞活力;流式细胞术检测成骨细胞凋亡率;荧光显微镜观察活性氧（ ROS）含量;比色法检测丙二醛（ MDA）含量;Real time-PCR和Western-blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3表达情况。结果与空白对照组比较,单纯H2 O2处理组细胞活性明显降低,凋亡率及ROS、MDA含量明显增加;同时Bcl-2 mR-NA和蛋白表达明显下调,Bax、Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达明显上调（ P ＜0．05）。与单纯H2 O2处理组比较,柚皮素预处理24 h能够明显增强细胞活性,降低细胞凋亡率及ROS、MDA含量,上调Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白表达,下调Bax、Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达,呈剂量依赖性（ P ＜0．05）。结论柚皮素在氧化应激条件下能够促进成骨细胞增殖,抑制成骨细胞凋亡,其机制与上调Bcl-2表达,下调Bax、Caspase-3表达有关。     

柚皮素对肺炎链球菌诱导的肺泡上皮细胞凋亡及MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响

本研究探究柚皮素对肺炎链球菌(SP)诱导的肺泡上皮细胞凋亡及MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响。培养肺泡上皮细胞HPAEpiC,使用CCK-8检测柚皮素对HPAEpiC细胞的毒性。再次培养HPAEpiC细胞,分为对照组、模型组、阳性对照组、柚皮素组和抑制剂组,ELISA法检测炎症因子的表达水平;TUNEL检测细胞凋亡水平;Western blot检测凋亡及MAPK/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果显示,柚皮素浓度≤60μmol/L时,对HPAEpiC细胞无毒性(P>0.05)。SP诱导可上调细胞上清液中炎症因子(TNF-α和IL-1β)的释放量、细胞凋亡率和细胞中凋亡相关蛋白(Cleaved caspase-8、Cleaved caspase-9和Cleaved caspase-3)与MAPK/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白(p-JNK、p-p38、p-ERK、p-p65和p-IκBα)的表达水平。柚皮素干预后可改善SP对肺泡上皮细胞的影响,且添加MAPK/NF-κB信号通路抑制剂干预与柚皮素干预对SP诱导的肺泡上皮细胞的作用效果具有相似性。以上结果提示柚皮素可能通过抑制MA...     

二甲双胍对高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞TGF-β/ERK/MMP-9通路及上皮间质转化的影响

目的探讨二甲双胍对高糖诱导的肾小管上皮HK-2细胞上皮间质转化(EMT)的影响及其机制。方法以0、7.5、15.0、30.0、60.0、120.0mmol/L二甲双胍作用48h后,采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测HK-2细胞活力以筛选合适的二甲双胍作用浓度;将体外培养的HK-2细胞分为对照组(5.5 mmol/L D-葡萄糖)、高渗组(24.5 mmol/L甘露醇和5.5 mmol/L D-葡萄糖)、高糖组(30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖)、高糖+7.5 mmol/L二甲双胍组(30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖+7.5 mmol/L二甲双胍)和高糖+15 mmol/L二甲双胍组(30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖+15 mmol/L二甲双胍),倒置显微镜观察各组HK-2细胞形态,免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测各组HK-2细胞中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、E-钙黏附蛋白(E-cadherin)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、磷酸化(p)-ERK、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)蛋白表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测α-SMA、E-cadherin、TGF-β、ERK、MMP-9 mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组相比,30.0、60.0mmol/L二甲双胍作用后HK-2细胞活力明显升高,120.0mmol/L二甲双胍作用后HK-2细胞活力明显降低(P0.05),而7.5、15.0mmol/L二甲双胍作用后HK-2细胞活力差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,高渗组细胞形态无明显改变,且细胞中α-SMA、E-cadherin、TGF-β、MMP-9蛋白和mRNA表达水平以及p-ERK/ERK蛋白、ERK mRNA表达水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但高糖组细胞失去原有形态变为长梭形,且细胞中α-SMA、TGF-β蛋白和mRNA表达水平以及p-ERK/ERK蛋白、ERK mRNA表达水平明显升高,而MMP-9、E-cadherin蛋白和mRNA表达水平明显降低(P0.05);与高糖组比较,高糖+7.5mmol/L二甲双胍组、高糖+15.0mmol/L二甲双胍组细胞形态由长梭形逐渐变成圆形或椭圆形,且α-SMA、TGF-β蛋白和mRNA表达水平以及p-ERK/ERK蛋白、ERK mRNA表达水平明显降低,而MMP-9、E-cadherin蛋白和mRNA表达水平明显升高(P0.05),且高糖+15.0 mmol/L二甲双胍组细胞上述指标变化幅度大于高糖+7.5 mmol/L二甲双胍组。结论二甲双胍可抑制高糖诱导的肾小管上皮HK-2细胞EMT,其作用机制可能与抑制TGF-β/ERK/MMP-9通路活化有关。     

左卡尼汀抑制高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞增殖并诱导自噬和凋亡的研究

目的 研究左卡尼汀对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞自噬、凋亡和增殖的影响机制。方法 将HMC细胞随机分为NC、Man、HG、LC、sh-TRPC6及sh-TRPC6+AICAR组。NC组、Man组及HG组中HMC细胞分别用正常糖培养基、高渗培养基及高糖培养基培养。将HG组HMC细胞经1.8 mmol·L^-1左卡尼汀处理后，随机分为LC组、sh-TRPC6组及sh-TRPC6+AICAR组。sh-TRPC6组及sh-TRPC6+AICAR组转染sh-TRPC6,sh-TRPC6+AICAR组再经AICAR处理。以蛋白质印迹法检测各组HMC细胞中瞬时受体电位阳离子通道6(TRPC6)、腺苷一磷酸活化蛋白激酶/西罗莫司靶蛋白信号通路(AMPK/mTOR)通路相关蛋白及自噬相关蛋白的表达水平，以细胞计数法-8(CCK-8)检测各组HMC细胞的增殖活力，以Annexin V-FITC/PI检测各组HMC细胞的凋亡水平。结果 在高糖条件下，HMC细胞增殖活力显著上调，且自噬和凋亡水平被抑制(P<0.05)。LC组和HG组的增殖活力(光密度值)分别为0.65±0.04和0.86...     

YAP在氧诱导小鼠视网膜新生血管形成中的表达及意义

目的:研究YAP在氧诱导小鼠视网膜新生血管(retinal neovascularization,RNV)中的表达及意义,探讨YAP对RNV形成的作用。方法:取C57BL/6J小鼠100只随机分为对照组和高氧组,HE染色计数突破视网膜内界膜的新生血管内皮细胞核数,免疫组织化学、Western blot检测YAP蛋白的表达情况。结果:高氧组视网膜可见大片无灌注区和大量突破内界膜的新生血管内皮细胞核(24.65±1.26)个,对照组的无灌注区及新生血管内皮细胞核数(5.12±1.48)明显减少(P0.05)。高氧组YAP蛋白表达显著增高,有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:YAP的异常表达可能与RNV形成密切相关。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ与血管平滑肌细胞中自噬水平的关系及机制研究

目的研究血管紧张素 Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)是否能够引起血管平滑肌细胞( VSMC)自噬,探讨其相关作用机制。方法以 VSMC为研究对象,设立组别分别为空白组、 Ang Ⅱ组、自噬抑制剂( 3?MA)组、自噬促进剂雷帕霉素( Rap)组、血管紧张素 Ⅱ(AT1)受体抑制剂( ARB)组、 3?MA+Ang Ⅱ组、 Rap+Ang Ⅱ组、 ARB+Ang Ⅱ组,采用四唑盐( MTT)比色法检测细胞存活率,蛋白质免疫印迹法检测自噬相关蛋白脂化和膜相关蛋白( LC3 Ⅱ)表达的变化,免疫荧光法检测自噬小体数目的变化。结果实验中空白组吸光度为( 0.159±0.001)Ang Ⅱ组吸光度为( 0.151±0.003),相比空白组,加入 Ang Ⅱ药物对细胞存活率变化不明显,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。蛋白,质免疫印迹结果显示加入 Ang Ⅱ促进 VSMC的 LC3?Ⅱ表达量增多,呈现时间依赖性、浓度依赖性,表明 Ang Ⅱ促进 VSMC自噬发生。 3?MA对 Ang Ⅱ(10-7 mol/L,24 h)引起的 LC?3Ⅱ表达量增多起到抑制作用, Rap对 AngⅡ(10-7 mol/L,24 h)引起的 LC?3Ⅱ表达量增多起到叠加作用。 ARB对 Ang Ⅱ(10-7 mol/L,24 h)引起的 LC?3Ⅱ表达量增多起到抑制作用,表明自噬是由 Ang Ⅱ通过 ATI受体引起的。结论 Ang Ⅱ通过 AT1受体引起血管平滑肌细胞发生自噬。     

柚皮素β-环糊精包合物的制备及对模型大鼠脉络膜新生血管形成的抑制作用

目的:制备柚皮素β-环糊精(β-CD)包合物,研究其对模型大鼠脉络膜新生血管(CNV)形成的抑制作用。方法:采用饱和溶液法制备柚皮素β-CD包合物;利用红外光谱、X射线衍射法对包合物进行表征分析,测定柚皮素的含量与水溶解度;通过氪激光复制大鼠CNV模型,15只BN大鼠随机均分为溶媒对照(等容溶媒)组、柚皮素(20 mg/kg)组与柚皮素β-CD包合物(97.4 mg/kg)组,腹腔注射给药,每天1次,连续4周。以脉络膜铺片法测量大鼠CNV面积。结果:柚皮素和β-CD形成了稳定的包合物,柚皮素β-CD包合物中柚皮素质量分数为20.53%,柚皮素在水中的溶解度为单体的11.8倍。与溶媒对照组比较,柚皮素组、柚皮素β-CD包合物组大鼠CNV面积减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);与柚皮素组比较,柚皮素β-CD包合物组大鼠CNV面积减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:柚皮素和β-CD包合后,水溶性增加;柚皮素β-CD包合物抑制模型大鼠CNV形成的作用优于柚皮素。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.