灯银脑通对卒中后认知障碍患者认知功能的改善

目的：观察灯银脑通治疗脑卒中后认知障碍（PSCI）的临床疗效。方法：PSCI患者86例随机分为对照 组和联合组,各43例。2组均给予PSCI常规治疗,联合组在此基础上增加灯银脑通治疗。2组均治疗12周。 在治疗前、治疗后12 周分别采用简易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评 估患者的认知状态;采用日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）评估患者的日常生活能力;检测血中超敏C反应蛋白 （hs-CRP）水平。结果：对照组和联合组在治疗前的MoCA评分、MMSE评分、ADL评分和hs-CRP水平差异 均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗12周后,对照组和联合组的MoCA评分、MMSE评分和ADL评分均高于同 组治疗前（均 P＜0.05）,hs-CRP 水平均低于同组治疗前（均 P＜0.05）;联合组的 MoCA 评分、MMSE 评分和 ADL 评分均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,hs-CRP 水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：灯银脑通可能有助于促进 PSCI患者认知功能的恢复。     

不同频率重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后认知障碍患者的影响

目的：观察不同频率重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后认知障碍患者认知功能和功能独立性的临床疗效。方法：60例卒中后认知障碍患者随机分为高频组、低频组、联合组和对照组各15例。4组患者均进行基础药物治疗及康复训练,高频组患侧给予5Hz的rTMS,低频组健侧给予1Hz的rTMS,联合组患侧给予5Hz的rTMS后健侧给予1Hz的rTMS,对照组给予假刺激。在治疗前、治疗2周和治疗8周随访时分别采用MoCA量表筛查患者有无认知障碍,听觉事件相关电位P300检测患者认知功能情况,FIM量表评估患者认知功能及功能独立性。结果： 治疗2周和随访8周后,高频组、低频组和联合组MoCA评分明显高于治疗前和对照组(均P＜0.05),2个时间点3组潜伏期低于治疗前,波幅和认知功能评分高于治疗前(均P＜0.05);高频组和联合组潜伏期低于对照组、波幅更高(均P＜0.05),且FIM总分高于治疗前(P＜0.05);联合组MoCA评分和认知功能高于低频组和高频组(均P＜0.05),且潜伏期比低频组更低、波幅更高(均P＜0.05)。治疗2周后,联合组认知功能评分和FIM总分比对照组更高（均P＜0.05）。8周随访后,低频组潜伏期低于对照组,波幅和认知功能评分更高(均P＜0.05);联合组潜伏期比高频组更低、波幅更高,且运动功能评分高于低频组和高频组(均P＜0.05);高频组和联合组运动功能高于治疗前,且FIM总分比治疗2周时更高(均P＜0.05),2组运动、认知功能评分和FIM总分均高于对照组(均P＜0.05);低频组和对照组FIM总分高于治疗前(均P＜0.05)。结论：联合经颅磁刺激治疗对认知功能及生活独立性的疗效比单一频率经颅磁刺激治疗出现早且持续效应显著。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合多奈哌齐治疗卒中后认知功能障碍的疗效观察

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）联合多奈哌齐对卒中后认知障碍（PSCI）患者认知功能及日常生活活动（ADL）能力的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将106例PSCI患者分为观察组及对照组,观察组患者给予rTMS+多奈哌齐治疗,对照组患者给予假磁刺激+多奈哌齐治疗,每天治疗1次,每周治疗5 d,连续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、行为记忆量表（RBMT）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）量表对2组患者认知功能、记忆能力及ADL能力进行评定,同时采用肌电诱发电位仪检测2组患者听觉事件诱发电位P300潜伏期及波幅。 结果 治疗后2组患者MoCA、RBMT、MBI评分、P300潜伏期及波幅均较治疗前有不同程度改善（P<0.01）;通过进一步组间比较发现,治疗后观察组MoCA总分［（23.13±3.23）分］、RBMT评分［（17.15±3.08）分］、MBI评分［（72.3±13.6）分］及P300潜伏期［（346.60±14.54）ms］、波幅［（7.19±0.53）μV］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 rTMS联合多奈哌齐能进一步改善PSCI患者认知功能及ADL能力,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

高频与低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑梗死患者认知功能的影响

目的观察高频3Hz与低频0.5Hz重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑梗死后认知障碍患者认知功能的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将90例脑梗死后认知功能障碍患者分为低频(0.5Hz)rTMS组、高频(3Hz)rTMS组及对照组，每组30例。3组患者均给予常规药物治疗及认知功能训练，低频rTMS组、高频rTMS组在此基础上分别给予相应频率rTMS治疗，对照组则给予rTMS假刺激治疗，均持续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）对各组患者认知功能及日常生活活动（ADL）能力进行评定，同时检测入选患者事件相关电位P300潜伏期及波幅改善情况。 结果治疗前3组患者MoCA、MBI评分、P300潜伏期及波幅组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)；治疗后3组患者MoCA、MBI评分及P300潜伏期、波幅均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05)；并且治疗后高频rTMS组、低频rTMS组MoCA评分［分别为(29.6±6.6)分、(28.2±6.7)分］、MBI评分［分别为(55.7±6.1)分、(54．3±6.3)分］、P300潜伏期［分别为(346.4±18.5)ms、(348.7±18.4)ms］及P300波幅［分别为(9.8±3.5)μV、(9.1±3.6)μV］均显著优于对照组水平，组间差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）；治疗后高频rTMS组与低频rTMS组上述指标组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论0.5Hz及3Hz rTMS均能显著改善脑梗死患者认知功能，提高其ADL能力，该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

正中神经电刺激治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的康复疗效及机制探讨

目的 观察正中神经电刺激（MNES）对脑卒中后认知障碍（PSCI）患者认知功能改善的疗效,并探讨其可能机制。 方法 选取30例PSCI患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组（采用常规康复治疗方法）和MNES组（在常规康复治疗的基础上采用MNES治疗）,每组15例。2组患者均接受常规康复治疗（包括认知康复训练、药物治疗、针灸治疗等）,MNES组在此基础上行右MNES（RMNS）治疗（一只电极置于右侧腕关节掌面腕横纹上2 cm正中神经点,另一只置于右侧大鱼际肌;单个刺激持续时间40 s,间歇时间20 s。）,每次治疗时间为30 min,1次/天,每周治疗5 d,共治疗6周。分别于治疗前及治疗3周和治疗6 周后,对MNES组和对照组患者进行简易精神状态量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、改良的Barthel指数评定表（MBI）、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表（FMA）评定和比较。另选15例作为近红外组,应用近红外光谱分析（NIRS）技术对接受RMNS刺激前及刺激时该组患者的脑氧变化进行监测观察。 结果 ①治疗3周后,对照组和MNES组患者的MMSE、FMA和MBI评分均较组内治疗前有明显改善（P＜0.05）,MNES组的MoCA评分亦明显改善（P＜0.05）。②治疗6周后,对照组和MNES组患者的MMSE、MoCA、MBI和FMA评分均较组内治疗前显著改善（P＜0.05）,且MNES组的MMSE和MoCA评分改善亦明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）;与治疗3周时相比,2组的MMSE、MoCA和FMA评分均明显提高（P＜0.05）,对照组的MBI评分亦有明显改善（P＜0.05）。③治疗6周后,MNES组的MMSE评分在时间定向、地点定向、言语即刻记忆、注意力和计算能力、短程记忆方面较治疗前有明显改善（P＜0.05）,其MoCA评分在视空间/执行能力、注意力、语言、定向力及记忆方面亦有明显改善（P＜0.05）。④NIRS显示,近红外组接受RMNS刺激时的双前额氧合血红蛋白浓度较刺激前明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论 MNES治疗可辅助改善PSCI患者的认知水平;MNES治疗过程中脑双前额氧合血红蛋白浓度升高,该部位神经活动可能发生变化。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的疗效观察

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合计算机辅助认知训练对脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)患者认知功能及日常生活活动(ADL)能力的影响。方法:将90例脑卒中后认知障碍患者随机分为认知训练组、rTMS组及联合治疗组各30例。3组均接受基础药物治疗和常规康复治疗,认知训练组予计算机辅助认知训练,rTMS组予rTMS治疗,联合治疗组在计算机认知训练基础上辅以rTMS治疗。于治疗前、治疗4周后采用简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对3组认知功能改善情况进行评定,采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评估3组ADL能力改善情况。结果:治疗前3组的MMSE、MoCA及MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4周后,3组的MMSE、MoCA及MBI评分均较治疗前有明显改善(P0.05);且联合治疗组的MMSE评分、MoCA评分、MBI评分均优于认知训练组、rTMS组(P0.05)。结论:在计算机辅助认知训练基础上辅以rTMS治疗能有效改善脑卒中患者认知功能及ADL能力。     

高频与低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑外伤患者认知功能的影响

目的 观察高频及低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对脑外伤（TBI）后认知功能障碍的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例TBI后认知障碍患者分为低频组、高频组及对照组，每组20例。3组患者均给予常规药物治疗及康复干预（包括运动治疗、作业治疗、认知功能训练及高压氧治疗等），低频组、高频组患者在上述干预基础上分别给予低频（1 Hz）、高频（5 Hz）rTMS治疗，对照组患者则给予rTMS假刺激治疗，3组患者均持续治疗8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）对3组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗前3组患者MoCA、MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)；治疗8周后发现3组患者MoCA、MBI评分均较入组时显著提高(P<0.05)，并且治疗后低频组、高频组MoCA评分［分别为（28.3±4.2）分、（27.8±4.5）分］、MBI评分［分别为（58.2±5.2）分、（57.8±5.5）分］亦显著优于对照组水平［分别为（23.3±4.6）分、（51.6±5.3）分］，组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；治疗后低频组、高频组上述指标评分组间差异仍无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 1 Hz及5 Hz rTMS干预均能有效改善TBI患者认知功能。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合康复训练治疗非痴呆型血管性认知障碍的疗效观察

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）联合康复训练对非痴呆型血管性认知障碍（VCIND）患者认知功能的影响。 方法 共选取VCIND患者60例,采用随机数字表法将其分为rTMS组及对照组,每组30例。2组患者均给予常规药物治疗（如控制血压、血糖、调节脂代谢、营养脑神经及改善微循环等）及康复训练（如物理疗法、作业疗法及认知训练等）,rTMS组在此基础上辅以经颅磁刺激治疗,采用CCY-I型经颅磁刺激仪,磁刺激部位为左侧前额叶背外侧,磁刺激频率为10Hz,刺激强度为患者100%运动阈值水平,每日给予3000个脉冲刺激,治疗5d为1个疗程,每个疗程间隔2d,共治疗4个疗程。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用简易精神状态量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）量表评定2组患者认知功能及日常生活活动（ADL)能力改善情况,同时于上述时间点检测2组患者事件相关诱发电位P300潜伏期及波幅。 结果 治疗前2组患者P300潜伏期、波幅及MMSE、MoCA、MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后2组患者P300潜伏期均较治疗前缩短,波幅均较治疗前增加（P<0.05）;并且rTMS组P300潜伏期［(344.48±20.10)ms］亦显著短于对照组（P<0.05）,波幅［(8.49±1.49)μV］则明显大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后2组患者MoCA总分、MMSE及MBI评分均较治疗前有所改善（P<0.05）,但2组患者MoCA抽象概括、定向评分均较治疗前无明显改善（P>0.05）;治疗后rTMS组MoCA总分［(23.47±1.53)分］、MMSE评分［(22.50±1.53)分］及MBI评分［(80.17±4.04)分］亦显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论 与单纯康复训练比较,rTMS联合康复训练能进一步改善VCIND患者认知功能及ADL能力,该联合疗法值得临床进一步推广、应用。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合镜像神经元训练系统对非痴呆性血管性认知障碍的影响

目的 观察高频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）联合镜像神经元训练系统（MNS）对非痴呆性血管性认知障碍（VCIND）患者认知功能的影响。 方法 将33例VCIND患者随机分为rTMS+MNS组（n=17）和rTMS组（n=16）,两组患者均给予常规康复治疗,rTMS+MNS组在此基础上叠加MNS治疗。rTMS治疗采用经颅磁刺激仪,刺激左侧前额叶背外侧区（DLPFC）,刺激频率10Hz,刺激强度为90%静息运动阈值,治疗时间为每日1次/d,每周5d,连续治疗4周。治疗前及治疗4周后（治疗后）,分别采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、简易精神状态量表（MMSE）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）量表评定两组患者认知功能及日常生活活动能力改善情况,并记录两组患者事件相关诱发电位P300潜伏期及波幅。 结果 治疗后,2组患者MoCA、MMSE及MBI评分均较治疗前有所改善（P<0.05）;。治疗后。rTMS＋MNS组MoCA评分［（25.06±1.43）分］、MMSE评分［（25.71±1.69）分］及MBI评分［（74.71±5.44）分］亦优于rTMS组（P<0.05）。两组患者P300潜伏期均较治疗前缩短,波幅均较治疗前增加（P<0.05）,且rTMS＋MNS组P300潜伏期［（346.94±14.00）ms］短于rTMS组（P<0.05）,波幅［（7.65±0.85）μv］则高于rTMS组（P<0.05）。 结论 rTMS联合MNS治疗能有效地改善VCIND患者认知功能,提高日常生活活动能力,可作为认知障碍的治疗策略之一。     

重复经颅磁刺激对非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者的治疗效果

【目的】探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者的治疗效果。【方法】选取2012年1月至2015年1月于本院就诊的90例非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者作为研究对象,按照随机数表法（2∶1）,将其中的60例患者作为观察组,观察组患者采取 rTMS的治疗方法,按照磁刺激量的大小将观察组患者随机分为05． Hz rTMS组、5 Hz rTMS组各30例;另外30例患者作为对照组不给予rTMS治疗。采用简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定患者认知功能评分,比较治疗前后患者认知功能的变化。【结果】05．、5 Hz rTMS组治疗后MMSE、Mo‐CA、HAMD量表评分显著高于治疗前,差异具有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;对照组治疗后 MMSE、MoCA、HAMD量表评分与治疗前比较,差异不具有统计学意义（ P ＞00．5）。三组患者的潜伏期以及波幅差异具有统计学意义（ P ＜00．5）;观察组治疗前 Hanchinski缺血指数量表评分显著低于治疗后,差异具有统计学意义（ P ＜00．5）;经过治疗后三组患者的 ET‐1和 VEGF的含量显著的增加,并且随着磁刺激的加大内皮素‐1（ET‐1）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的含量也逐渐的增加（ P ＜00．5）。【结论】rTMS可以显著地改善非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者的诱导电位P300和神经心理学状况。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.