复发性肩关节前脱位的非解剖性修复

复发性肩关节前脱位是创伤性盂肱关节前脱位的常见后遗症,首次脱位造成的解剖结构损伤和异常是后续脱位的主要原因。这些解剖异常主要包括前方关节囊盂唇复合体损伤(Bankart损伤)、肩胛盂骨缺损(骨性Bankart损伤)、肱骨头凹陷性骨折(Hill-Sachs损伤)等。理论上,进行解剖修复是恢复肩关节稳定性的主要措施。但许多情况下解剖修复无法实现或不适宜进行解剖修复,非解剖性修复始终是复发性肩关节前脱位治疗中的常见选项。部分非解剖性修复甚至能取得比解剖修复更好的效果。非解剖性修复主要包括针对前侧结构缺陷的喙突转移术、肩胛下肌短缩术、肩胛下肌静态化,以及针对后侧结构缺陷的肌腱填充术、肱骨头旋转截骨术等。该文对复发性肩关节前脱位的非解剖性修复作一综述。     

肩关节前向脱位及合并损伤的手术治疗进展

目的总结肩关节前向脱位及合并损伤的手术治疗进展。方法查阅国内外肩关节前向脱位及合并损伤手术治疗方法及疗效的相关文献,并进行总结分析。结果肩关节前向脱位可合并前下关节囊韧带复合体损伤(Bankart损伤)、关节盂骨缺损(骨性Bankart损伤)以及Hill-Sachs损伤。对于Bankart损伤,可选择关节镜下修复或者联合喙突截骨转位术、移植物行骨性重建。对于Hill-Sachs损伤,根据骨性缺损范围选择保守、软组织修复或骨性重建等。对于双极损伤(肩胛盂以及肱骨头骨缺损),可根据骨缺损范围选择Bankart术、Remplissage术或肱骨头置换等。结论随着关节镜的发展以及手术理念的改进,针对肩关节前向脱位及合并损伤临床已有一套完善手术方案,可通过综合评估患者伤情及年龄、运动水平等因素选择恰当术式,以求达到最佳疗效。     

逆向型人工全肩关节置换研究进展

目的总结逆向型人工全肩关节置换的发展及临床应用。方法广泛复习逆向型人工全肩关节置换的相关文献研究,并总结分析。结果逆向型人工全肩关节置换手术适应证广,主要用于治疗无法修复的肩袖撕裂造成的肩关节假性麻痹,肱骨头向前或向上偏移而三角肌功能完整者。临床研究表明,其近期疗效较好,肩胛盂切痕、关节失稳及关节内外旋转受限是其特殊并发症。采用该术式应注意手术入路的选择、确定假体旋转中心以及对伴骨缺损者行肩胛盂及肱骨近端植骨。结论逆向型人工全肩关节置换临床应用时间尚短,远期疗效有待进一步观察明确。另外,随着计算机辅助技术在置换术中的应用,有望进一步提高手术疗效。     

肩关节不稳Latarjet术后螺钉断裂的思考

<正>肩关节是人体活动度最大且最不稳定的关节,由于肩关节的解剖特点,容易发生关节脱位,文献报道肩关节脱位占全身关节脱位的50%^[1,9]。肩关节脱位后可造成盂唇以及关节囊等组织损伤,如初次脱位处理不当,上述病理改变将导致肩关节不稳^[2,3]。近年来Latarjet手术被广泛用于肩关节不稳合并肩盂骨缺损的治疗^[4～7]。然而Latarjet手术可发生神经损伤、喙突骨折、骨性关节炎、锚钉断裂和植骨不愈合等诸多并发症^[8～10]。本文就肩关节不稳Latarjet术后螺钉断裂的问题进行探讨。     

关节镜下自体髂骨植骨治疗伴骨缺损的创伤性复发性肩关节前向不稳

肩关节肱骨头较大而肩胛盂较小,在拥有较大活动度的同时也容易出现不稳。在创伤性肩关节前向不稳中,Bankart损伤是其最常见的病理改变,主要表现为肩关节前下盂肱韧带复合体损伤,通常可采用关节镜下Bankart损伤修复术进行治疗。Karlsson等应用传统关节镜技术治疗肩关节前向不稳的术后复发率为15%,而Kim等采用现代关节镜手术（缝合锚钉技术）治疗肩关节前向不稳的术后复发率为5%。Tauber、Burkhart、Boileau等认为Bankart损伤修复失败的主要原因为肩关节存在较大的骨性缺损。Itoi等提出当肩胛盂骨缺损超过其宽度的21%时,单纯修复Bankart损伤可能会引起术后肩关节不稳复发及活动度受限。Yamamoto等提出肩胛盂轨迹（Glenoid Track）的概念,强调除Bankart损伤外,对肩胛盂骨缺损和Hill-Sachs损伤等骨性缺损也应给予处理,否则术后复发率高。可分析肩胛盂、Hill-Sachs损伤的骨缺损程度,结合ISIS评分选择合理的治疗方案。根据移植物和固定方式的不同,有镜下髂骨植骨、镜下喙突转位等多种成熟的手术方式。我们运用的关节镜下自体髂骨植骨术适用于单纯肩胛盂骨缺损程度>20%,或肩胛盂骨缺损程度在10%~20%,但伴有明显的Hill-Sachs损伤及术后存在较高再复发风险的患者,也可应用于单纯Bankart修复术后肩关节不稳复发的患者。2013年3月至2017年1月,共入组采用该术式的患者24例,其中男18例,女6例,平均年龄24.9岁,平均随访时间28.6（12~48）个月。临床结果显示,术前ASES、Constant和Rowe评分分别为（78.8±7.6）、（74.2±11.7）和（39.9±8.20）分;末次随访时以上评分分别为（90.3±3.1）、（94.0±5.5）和（87.2±6.9）分。术前与术后评分的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）,且骨块愈合率为100%,无脱位和不稳复发的患者。但文献报道关节镜下手术可能存在骨块固定位置不理想、骨块骨折、神经损伤、感染、骨不连和骨溶解等问题。     

非限制性肩关节置换术

目的：作者对２９例肩关节炎和肱骨近端骨折患者的３６侧肩关节，采用非限制性假体做全肩关节置换术２４个、半肩（即人工肱骨头）置换术１２个。方法：所有３６个肱骨头假体和１３个肩盂假体为骨长入型非骨水泥假体，余１１个肩盂假体为骨水泥假体。患者术时平均年龄６３岁，术后平均随访６．２年（３．３～１０．４年）。结果：术后肩关节疼痛缓解率达９１．３％，主动活动度增加：前屈４７°、外展４３°、外旋３０°、内旋４个节段。６个日常生活动作能力平均评分由术前０．８分增加到术后３．１分。术后Ｘ线片示肱骨头假体上移８例，其中６例伴有肩袖撕裂甚或缺损。１例肱骨头假体和９例肩盂假体周围可见Ｘ线透亮线。肱骨头假体松动１例；肩盂假体松动２例。结论：显示非限制性肩关节置换术是一种疗效可靠满意的手术方法     

小切口治疗肩关节前方不稳18例分析

目的总结小切口治疗肩关节前方不稳的临床疗效。方法对18例符合条件的病例采用肩胛下肌双窗口入路同时修复Bankart损伤和下盂肱韧带肱骨侧撕脱,重建肩关节的稳定性。结果所有病例术后均得到1—2年的随访,术后疗效评价优11例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率88．89％。结论双窗口手术人路适用于任何需要术中暴露关节盂前下缘和肱骨颈探查肱盂关节囊和韧带附着部位的手术,可以替代需要肩胛下肌肌腱切断的传统手术方式。     

螺钉内固定及异体骨植骨治疗肱骨头塌陷骨折并肩关节半脱位

目的探讨采用螺钉内固定及异体骨植骨治疗肱骨头塌陷骨折并肩关节半脱位的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-08—2015-07诊治的5例肱骨头塌陷骨折并肩关节半脱位,行切开撬拨复位螺钉内固定及异体骨植骨术,术后早期行功能锻炼。结果 5例均获得随访3~20个月,平均10个月。骨折愈合时间4~7个月,平均5.8个月。末次随访时疗效采用Neer评分标准评定:优2例,良2例,可1例。随访期间均未发现肱骨头坏死。结论采用切开撬拨复位螺钉内固定联合异体骨植骨治疗肱骨头塌陷骨折并肩关节半脱位,术中显露充分,创伤较小,骨折断端可达到解剖复位,肱骨头外形恢复满意,术后即可早期进行肩关节功能锻炼。     

肩关节镜下处理骨性Bankart损伤的现状

骨性Bankart损伤是与肩关节前方不稳定相伴随存在的肩盂前缘的骨折或骨缺损,其发生率在肩关节前脱位中占4%~70%,临床及生物力学研究显示,当骨缺损的面积20%~25%时,单纯行软组织的修复如Bankart修复术效果不佳,建议行骨质重建,如Latarjet术、取自体髂骨或异体骨植骨术等。目前行切开手术修复治疗已十分娴熟,但开放手术存在创伤大、出血多、对关节活动度影响大等缺点。随着关节镜工具及技术的发展,目前可以在全关节镜下处理骨性Bankart损伤。本文就骨性Bankart损伤的分类、生物力学背景、临床评估及关节镜下处理骨性Bankart损伤的手术方法及临床疗效作一综述,为临床骨科医师在行肩关节镜治疗此病时提供借鉴与参考。     

关节镜下Bankart修补术后肩关节不稳定复发的危险因素

背景：关节镜手术治疗创伤性复发性前肩不稳定与切开修补术相比有较高的失败率，本研究的目的是评估关节镜下带缝线锚钉法行Bankart修补术治疗的效果并确定术后肩关节不稳定复发的危险因素。 方法：91例连续入院的复发性创伤性前肩不稳定病例行关节镜下稳定性重建术。平均年龄（标准差）在手术时为26．4±5．4岁，其中71例为男性，79例涉及运动损伤（40例为高危运动）。采用可吸收带缝线锚钉（平均4．3个，范围2-7个）重新固定关节囊盂唇的附着点并紧缩关节囊。全部病例进行了前瞻性随访，在最后一次随访中由与手术无关的专人进行体检和功能评估。 结果：平均随访时间为36个月，14例（15.3％）肩关节不稳定复发，6例有明显脱位，8例为半脱位。平均术后复发的时间是17．6个月，术后发生再脱位明显相关的危险因素是骨缺损，可以是肩盂侧（肩盂压缩骨折p=0．01）或肱骨头侧（巨大Hill—Sachs损伤，p=0．05）。相比之下，肩盂撕脱骨折与术后复发肩脱位或半脱位不相关。肩下方关节囊松弛（p=0．03）和（或）肩前方关节囊松弛的患者会有更高的复发率。多因素分析表明，肩盂骨缺损和肩关节囊下方松弛的患者可导致75％的复发率（p〈0．001）。最后，所用带缝线锚钉的数量非常关键：如患者使用的锚钉为三个或更少则复发的危险性更高（p=0．03）。 结论：复发性创伤性肩关节前方不稳定的治疗中，患者如有骨缺损或肩部关节囊松弛则关节镜Bankart修补术后有不稳定复发的危险。为保证肩关节稳定性重建的安全至少要用4个锚钉固定。 可信水平：治疗性研究，Ⅳ级。进一步可信度参见作者介绍。     

Locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint: Report of two cases

Posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint is very rare. Most cases are missed initially because it is difficult to diagnose using conventional radiographic images. Computed tomography (CT) is the best tool for diagnosis. We report two cases of posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint that were missed initially at another hospital. The patients presented with painful disability of the shoulder joint. Posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint was suspected after physical examination. Anteroposterior radiography was unable to confirm the diagnosis because an abnormal posterior relationship of humeral head to glenoid fossa could not be clearly identified. An axillary view was unobtainable because of severe pain and the limited joint motion available. CT showed posterior dislocation of the humeral head. The bony defect of the humeral head was incarcerated by the posterior rim of the glenoid process. Open reduction via an anterior approach was performed on both patients, who recovered with good shoulder function after rehabilitation (the Constant score of Case 1 was 85 and that of Case 2 was 75). We concluded that “Mouzopoulos sign” obtained via an anteroposterior view is helpful for the diagnosis of posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint and that CT is required for a definitive diagnosis. If the dislocation is locked and closed reduction fails, then open reduction should be carried out.     

Die dorsal verhakte Schulterluxation

Posterior dislocation of the shoulder is a rare injury and is often misdiagnosed at initial presentation. Shoulder function improves over the course of time with the joint still in locked dislocation. Misdiagnosis is due to a lack of clear clinical signs compared to anterior dislocation; thus, appropriate x-rays (i.e., true anterior-posterior and axial views) are indispensible. However, posterior dislocation frequently becomes chronic and closed reduction is not successful any more. In contrast to anterior dislocations, the humeral head defect accounts for recurrent instability. Depending on the size of the defect and the duration of the dislocation, there are different treatment options, including elevation of the defect, bone grafting, McLaughlin procedure, rotation osteotomy, and arthroplasty. The patient’s outcome strongly depends on the size of the humeral head defect and the interval between trauma and definite diagnosis. The smaller the defect and the quicker the diagnosis is made, the better the results. Recurrent dislocations rarely occur in comparison to traumatic anterior instability.     

Severe glenoid retroversion is best treated with asymmetric reaming in total shoulder arthroplasty–Opposes

Degenerative arthritis of the shoulder is a common orthopaedic condition, and the number of total shoulder arthroplasty procedures is increasing with the aging population. During total shoulder arthroplasty, reconstruction of the glenoid side of the joint can be particularly difficult in the face of posterior wear or excessive retroversion. Treatment options for posterior wear or excessive retroversion of the glenoid include asymmetric reaming of the high anterior side, bone grafting, or posterior augmentation of the glenoid component. A posterior augmented glenoid component allows the surgeon to maintain bone stock while correcting the posterior deficiency of the glenoid and avoiding the potential for medialization of the humeral component with anterior high side reaming. Bone grafting can be beneficial but relies on graft healing to successfully obtain stability.     

The Hill-Sachs lesion: diagnosis, classification, and management

The Hill-Sachs lesion is an osseous defect of the humeral head that is typically associated with anterior shoulder instability. The incidence of these lesions in the setting of glenohumeral instability is relatively high and approaches 100% in persons with recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Reverse Hill-Sachs lesion has been described in patients with posterior shoulder instability. Glenoid bone loss is typically associated with the Hill-Sachs lesion in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability. The lesion is a bipolar injury, and identification of concomitant glenoid bone loss is essential to optimize clinical outcome. Other pathology (eg, Bankart tear, labral or capsular injuries) must be identified, as well. Treatment is dictated by subjective and objective findings of shoulder instability and radiographic findings. Nonsurgical management, including focused rehabilitation, is acceptable in cases of small bony defects and nonengaging lesions in which the glenohumeral joint remains stable during desired activities. Surgical options include arthroscopic and open techniques.     

Biomechanical benefits of anterior offsetting of humeral head component in posteriorly unstable total shoulder arthroplasty: A cadaveric study

Restoration of joint stability during total shoulder arthroplasty can be challenging in the face of severe glenoid retroversion. A novel technique of humeral head component anterior‐offsetting has been proposed to address posterior instability. We evaluated the biomechanical benefits of this technique in cadaveric specimens. Total shoulder arthroplasty was performed in 14 cadaveric shoulders from 7 donors. Complementary shoulders were assigned to either 10° or 20° glenoid retroversion, with retroversion created by eccentric reaming. Two humeral head component offset positions were tested in each specimen: The anatomic (posterior) and anterior (reverse). With loads applied to the rotator cuff and deltoid, joint contact pressures and the force and energy required for posterior humeral head translation were measured. The force and energy required to displace the humeral head posteriorly increased significantly with the anterior offset position compared to the anatomic offset position. The joint contact pressures were significantly shifted anteriorly, and the joint contact area significantly increased with the anterior offset position. Anterior offsetting of the humeral head component increased the resistance to posterior humeral head translation, shifted joint contact pressures anteriorly, and increased joint contact area, thus, potentially increasing the joint stability in total shoulder arthroplasty with simulated glenoid retroversion. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:666–674, 2016.     

复发性肩关节前脱位伴骨缺损的治疗进展

复发性肩关节前脱位伴骨缺损是肩关节常见疾病之一。如何有效地修复关节盂骨缺损,降低肩关节脱位复发率是临床医师关注的问题。骨移植术能够发挥骨刺激作用,促进骨再生和骨重塑,恢复关节盂的正常解剖结构。其中,Bristow-Latarjet术是治疗复发性肩关节脱位的经典术式,Latarjet术能够修复更大的关节盂骨缺损,但对手术医师的操作要求更高;自体髂骨移植术是Latarjet术失败后翻修的首选方案;骨软骨移植术(自体和异体)在重建原始关节面和预防关节退行性改变方面有一定的优势,但自体骨软骨移植术会造成二次损伤,而异体骨软骨移植术的免疫排斥难以避免。随着复合材料的改进,对骨再生、重塑机制的探究,以及结合骨移植术的优缺点,组织工程技术将来有可能成为治疗关节盂骨缺损的重要方法。     

Arthroscopic findings in the subluxating shoulder

The arthroscopic findings in 19 shoulders (18 patients) with subluxation are described. The clinical diagnosis of subluxation of the shoulder is primarily based on clinical history with inconsistent physical findings and radiographic studies. Arthroscopic findings in these patients were consistent. Increased translation of the humeral head in the anteroposterior plane was noted secondary to attenuation of the anteroinferior glenohumeral ligament. Incompetence of this ligamentous structure obviated its function as an anterior buttress and allowed the humeral head to translate anteriorly on the glenoid. Fraying, tearing, or detachment of the anteroinferior glenoid labrum and articular defects in the posterolateral humeral head were also consistent findings, thought to be secondary to repeated injury as the humeral head translates forward and backward in the glenoid fossa. In several cases the classic "click" that occurs with subluxation of the shoulder could be reproduced under arthroscopic visualization and corresponded to the defect in the posterolateral humeral head riding over the torn labrum and/or anterior glenoid rim. Shoulder arthroscopy is an accurate method for confirming the clinical impression of subluxation of the shoulder, especially in subtle glenohumeral instability, and should be helpful in selecting specific surgical reconstruction procedures.     

骨性缺损对肩关节稳定性影响的研究

目的探讨肩关节骨性缺损对关节稳定性的影响,为临床提供理论依据。方法分别制作肩胛盂及肱骨头缺损模型并逐渐增加缺损程度;以盂肱关节旋转中立位、60°外展位为起始位置,逐渐增加外旋角度至盂肱关节脱位,测量脱位发生前肱骨头前移距离;保持盂肱关节外展60°,分别在旋转中立位及外旋60°位时增加轴向应力,直至盂肱关节脱位,测量脱位前肱骨头的应力强度变化。结果随着肩胛盂及肱骨头缺损程度增加,外旋角度增加,肩关节稳定性下降,肱骨头位移不断增大,各组间呈显著性差异(P<0.01);盂肱关节外展60°、旋转中立位时,肱骨头应力强度随着骨缺损增大而不断增大,正常应力强度从1.68 Mpa迅速增加至4.62 Mpa,各组间呈显著性差异(P<0.01);盂肱关节外展60°、外旋60°时,正常应力强度为1.94 Mpa,骨缺损时迅速增加至6.65 Mpa,各组间呈显著性差异(P<0.01);肩关节不同缺损时,其接触力学特性证实了对肩关节稳定性有较大的影响,肩关节不稳定现象十分突出。结论随着肩胛盂及肱骨头缺损范围的增大,肩关节稳定性不断下降,肱骨头位移和应力强度不断增加,以致发生提前脱位。     

Recurrent shoulder instability and arthritis treated with graft jacket resurfacing, hemiarthroplasty, and bone grafting

The treatment of recurrent shoulder instability in the presence of large bony defects of the glenoid and/or the humeral head is evolving. The young patient with significant glenohumeral arthrosis presents unique challenges in terms of management. In the presence of large glenohumeral bony defects, several authors have reported poor outcomes with attempted soft tissue stabilization only. Therefore, some type of bony reconstruction is generally recommended. Glenohumeral arthrosis is a known complication of recurrent shoulder dislocation. The role of arthroplasty and glenoid resurfacing options in young patients is controversial given the demands in this group. This article presents a case of a 35-year-old patient who presented with coexisting bony defects-an engaging Hill-Sachs defect and a bony Bankart defect causing recurrent shoulder instability-and post-dislocation glenohumeral arthritis with resultant pain. He underwent a humeral hemiarthroplasty, glenoid structural bone grafting, and a glenoid graft jacket. At 2-year follow-up, he reported a favorable outcome. This case represents an encouraging treatment approach for a young patient with recurrent instability caused by coexisting bony defects and significant arthrosis.     

Effects of glenoid component version on humeral head displacement and joint reaction forces: an experimental study

The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in glenoid version are associated with humeral head displacement and changes in the joint reaction forces, as these might contribute to instability or loosening in total shoulder replacement. A total shoulder prosthesis was implanted in neutral version in 6 cadaveric shoulders. Glenoid version was then changed in steps of 4 degrees toward more anteversion and retroversion. An increase in anteversion resulted in anterior translation of the humeral head and in eccentric loading of the anterior part of the glenoid. Retroversion was associated with posterior displacement and posterior loading of the glenoid. A change in rotation of the humeral component did not compensate for altered version of the glenoid component. These results suggest that both instability and glenoid component loosening may be related to the version of the glenoid component. Therefore, assessment of loosening and instability justifies precise assessment of glenoid component version.