灵芝孢子糖肽对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

研究灵芝孢子糖肽对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。分别建立四氯化碳（CCl₄）、乙醇致小鼠急性、慢性肝损伤,灌胃给予灵芝孢子糖肽65,130,260 mg/kg,测定小鼠肝指数,血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）,ELISA法检测肝组织炎症因子白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）含量,HE染色观察肝组织病理损伤。结果表明,灵芝孢子糖肽可显著降低急性、慢性肝损伤小鼠肝指数、血清AST和ALT含量。在CCl₄致慢性肝损伤模型中,灵芝孢子糖肽显著降低小鼠肝组织IL-6、TNF-α及iNOS的含量,改善肝组织病理损伤。上述结果表明,灵芝孢子糖肽可以显著减轻小鼠急、慢性肝损伤,并且具有一定的抗炎活性。     

过山蕨总黄酮对肝损伤的保护作用

目的 观察过山蕨总黄酮对肝损伤的保护作用,探讨其可能的肝保护机制。方法 采用CCl₄致急性肝损伤小鼠模型、扑热息痛致急性肝损伤小鼠模型、地塞米松联合酒精致脂肪性肝损伤小鼠模型、ConA致免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型,考察过山蕨总黄酮的肝保护作用;并考察过山蕨总黄酮体外对H₂O₂损伤的人肝细胞L02的影响。结果 过山蕨总黄酮对CCl₄致急性肝损伤小鼠、扑热息痛致急性肝损伤小鼠、ConA致免疫性肝损伤小鼠及地塞米松联合酒精致脂肪性肝损伤小鼠均有降低血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）的作用,还可增加肝组织过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性,降低肝组织丙二醛（MDA）、转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、组织金属蛋白酶抑制物（TIMP-1）及层黏连蛋白（LN）的量。过山蕨总黄酮对L02细胞H₂O₂损伤有抑制作用,可刺激肝细胞血红素氧化酶（HO-1）活性,抑制H₂O₂所致的细胞还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）耗竭及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放,对DPPH自由基的清除作用相当于维生素E的68.55%。结论 过山蕨总黄酮对肝损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与清除自由基和增强细胞抗氧化功能有关。     

制备低剂量四氯化碳诱导小鼠慢性肝损伤模型的探讨

目的 通过注射低剂量四氯化碳（carbon tetrachloride,CCl₄）建立B/C小鼠肝损伤模型。方法 正常B/C小鼠随机分为正常对照组、油对照组、CCl₄模型组。正常对照组常规饲养;油对照组腹腔注射鲁花花生油（10 μL/g,1次/3天,连续6周）;CCl₄模型组腹腔注射0.5% CCl₄（10 μL/g,1次/3天,连续6周）。第6周,各组小鼠检测血清AST、ALT浓度,HE及Masson染色后观察小鼠肝脏结构、细胞形态及纤维化程度。结果 第6周CCl₄模型组小鼠血清ALT（P=0.00）、AST（P=0.00）浓度极显著性增高,HE及Masson染色显示CCl₄模型组小鼠肝上皮细胞呈广泛性空泡样变及大量坏死,肝小叶内出现明显的条索样纤维增生,其纤维化程度评分显著性升高（P =0.00）,纤维显色积分光密度值极显著性增高（P =0.00）。结论 注射低剂量CCl₄可以诱导B/C小鼠肝损伤模型,实验模型具备肝损伤和肝纤维化病理特征。     

重组鲨肝刺激物质类似物对刀豆蛋白A致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

为探讨重组鲨肝刺激物质类似物(r-sHSA)对刀豆蛋白A（Con A）致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制,利用尾静脉注射Con A制备小鼠急性肝损伤动物模型,以谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性以及组织病理变化为指标判断r-sHSA(30,60,120 μg/kg)对免疫性肝损伤的保护作用;同时,检测肝组织丙二醛、谷胱甘肽水平和总抗氧化能力以及血清中TNF-α和IFN-γ的含量,并测定肝组织匀浆中iNOS活力。结果表明,3个给药剂量的r-sHSA均可显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清转氨酶活性,明显减轻肝细胞坏死,减少炎细胞浸润,改善肝脏氧化应激水平,并下调炎症因子表达。结果提示,r-sHSA对Con A致小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化和抗炎作用有关。     

蒿鳖养阴软坚方抗CCl4复合因素所致大鼠肝纤维化的作用

目的 观察蒿鳖养阴软坚方抗CCl₄复合因素致大鼠肝纤维化的作用。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,蒿鳖养阴软坚方低、中、高剂量组,复方鳖甲软肝片及秋水仙碱阳性对照组。CCl₄复合因素法建立肝纤维化模型,比色法测定血清丙二醛（MDA）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）的量及肝组织羟脯氨酸（Hyp）水平,明胶酶谱法检测肝组织基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）及基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）的活性,免疫组化法检测肝组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达。结果 与模型组相比,随着剂量的增加,蒿鳖养阴软坚方组大鼠血清MDA水平逐渐下降,血清TP、ALB的量逐渐增加,肝组织Hyp的量和MMP-2活性逐渐下降,MMP-9活性变化不明显,肝组织α-SMA的表达下降。结论 蒿鳖养阴软坚方能够对抗CCl₄复合因素诱发的大鼠肝纤维化。     

泰克地那林对四氯化碳诱导小鼠 急性肾损伤的治疗作用

目的 观察组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂泰克地那林（CI994）对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导小鼠急性肾损 伤的治疗作用。方法 将40 只8 周龄雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、药物对照组、CCl4 造模组和CI994 治疗组，每组10 只；对照组腹腔注射生理盐水；CCl4 造模组一次性腹腔注射CCl4 ；药物对照组腹腔注射生理盐水，CI994 治疗组腹 腔注射CCl4，在注射CCl4 后6 和24 h 分别给予药物对照组和CI994 治疗组腹腔注射CI994。检测各组小鼠血 清尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Src）和胱抑素C（Cys C）水平；对肾组织进行HE 染色并检测丙二醛（MDA）含量、 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和细胞色素2E1（CYP2E1）mRNA 表达水平。结果 与CCl4 造模组比较，CI994 治 疗组小鼠血清BUN、Scr、Cys C 水平下降（P <0.05）；肾组织MDA 含量下降，SOD 活性上升（P <0.05）；HE 染色显示CCl4 造模组呈现典型急性肾损伤症状，CI994 治疗组肾脏损伤均较CCl4 造模组轻；肾组织CYP2E1 mRNA 表达水平下降（P <0.05）。结论 CI994 可减轻CCl4 介导的小鼠急性肾损伤，可能与I 相毒物代谢蛋白 CYP2E1 的表达下调有关。     

Nrf2抗氧化通路在CCl4所致大鼠肝毒性中的保护作用

目的 研究Nrf2氧化损伤通路在CCl₄所致大鼠急性肝损伤中的保护作用。方法 将20只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为溶剂对照组和CCl₄ 组,每组10只,另选10只雄性Wistar大鼠,通过载体进行转基因大鼠雄原核显微注射,获得了目的基因Nrf2-tk整合与特异表达的转基因大鼠,作为CCl₄+Nrf2整合组。溶剂对照组静脉给予1%聚山梨酯-80,共4 d,CCl₄组和Nrf2-tk整合组静脉给予1%聚山梨酯-80,共4 d,第4天给予1%聚山梨酯-80 30 min后,静脉给予7.5 mg/kg CCl₄,24 h 后处死大鼠。测定血清中AST、ALT和LDH的水平,分别测定肝脏组织中MDA、GSH、GSSG的含量,并计算GSH/GSSG 比值。留取肝脏组织,常规石蜡包埋切片,HE染色,光学显微镜下观察肝脏组织的病理变化。结果 和溶剂对照组相比,CCl₄组大鼠的血清AST,ALT 和LDH 的水平明显升高(P < 0.05),Nrf2-tk转基因组大鼠的AST,ALT 和 LDH 的水平亦有轻度升高,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。肝脏的MDA 含量以及 GSH/GSSG 比值显示Nrf2-tk整合组可以有效降低CCl₄造成的脂质过氧化损伤和谷胱甘肽的消耗,肝脏病理观察结果显示和CCl₄组相比,Nrf2-tk整合组明显减轻了CCl₄造成的损伤。结论 Nrf2抗氧化损伤通路在CCl₄所致大鼠急性肝损伤中的起着重要的保护作用。     

保肝汤对小鼠四氯化碳致慢性化学性肝损伤的保护作用

[目的] 研究保肝汤对四氯化碳（CCl₄）致慢性化学性肝损伤的保护作用。[方法] 将84只昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、护肝片组、保肝汤高、中、低剂量组共6组,每组14只。除正常组外,其余各组分别在实验第1、3、10、16、22、25、28天腹腔注射0.5% CCl₄;于造模后第10天开始灌胃,其中正常组和模型组给予蒸馏水灌胃,护肝片及保肝汤高、中、低剂量组给予灌胃药液。第30天灌胃2 h后称质量、处死,并收集各组肝组织及血清标本,检测指标含量,计算肝脏指数并进行肝组织病理学检查。[结果] 与正常组比较,模型组丙氨酶转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酶氨基转移酶（AST）、丙二醛（MDA）明显升高（P<0.05）。模型组肝组织病理学,可见多处大片肝细胞脂肪变性,并见多处灶状坏死;与模型组比较,保肝汤高、中、低剂量组ALT、AST降低,AST/ALT升高（P<0.05）,保肝汤中、低剂量组MDA降低（P<0.05）;保肝汤各剂量组明显改善肝组织及形态结构。[结论] 保肝汤能够减轻CCl₄对肝细胞的损伤程度,以保肝汤中剂量组作用最优;作用机制与抑制肝损伤后脂质过氧化反应有关。     

丹参滴丸对CCl4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化的影响及其作用机制

目的 观察丹参滴丸对CCl₄致大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 除对照组外,其余各组大鼠用CCl₄复合因素法诱导肝纤维化大鼠模型,丹参滴丸各组同时ig给予丹参滴丸700、350、175 mg/kg,阳性对照组给予扶正化瘀胶囊1 500 mg/kg,每天给药1次,连续给药7周,正常大鼠给予蒸馏水作为对照组。测定各组大鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）的活性及总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、IV型胶原的水平;测定肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）和羟脯氨酸（Hyp）的量;HE和Masson染色观察肝组织病理形态学改变;免疫组化法检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达。结果 丹参滴丸能明显抑制肝纤维化大鼠血清中ALT、AST、NAG活性的升高,降低IV型胶原的量,增加TP和ALB的量;降低肝组织中Hyp和MDA的量,提高SOD的活性,抑制胶原纤维的增加,亦能降低α-SMA的表达。结论 丹参滴丸有明显的抗肝纤维化作用,其作用机制与其抗脂质过氧化、抑制胶原纤维的增加及降低α-SMA的表达等密切相关。     

氯美噻唑对乙醇诱导大鼠肝损伤的抑制作用研究

目的 探究氯美噻唑（CMZ）在乙醇诱导大鼠肝损伤模型中的作用。方法 将32 只雄性SD 大 鼠随机分为4 组：葡萄糖对照组、乙醇模型组、乙醇＋ CMZ 组、葡萄糖＋ CMZ 组，每组8 只。乙醇模型 组大鼠连续2 个月灌胃乙醇[0.1 ml/（kg·d）]，乙醇＋ CMZ 组、葡萄糖＋ CMZ 组连续2 个月灌胃CMZ 80 mg/（kg·d）。2 个月后体内采用6- 羟基氯唑沙宗/ 氯唑沙宗比值评估氯唑沙宗（CHZ）代谢的程度，以 检测大鼠体内细胞色素P450 2E1（CYP2E1）的活性；眼眶取血检测血浆乙醇浓度和谷丙转氨酶活性；随后 处死所有大鼠，分离肝脏，比较各组相对肝重，制备肝匀浆，检测大鼠肝脏蛋白酶体的活性，制备肝微粒体， 采用Western blot 检测大鼠肝脏CYP2E1、CYP3A、CYP4A 相对表达量；固定光镜观察肝组织病理学变化。 结果 乙醇+CMZ 组与乙醇模型组相比，能够降低大鼠肝损伤（P <0.05）。乙醇能够诱导CYP2E1 蛋白的表 达，乙醇+CMZ 组同样诱导CYP2E1 的表达。CMZ 抑制乙醇模型组大鼠体内乙醇诱导的CYP2E1 活性，但 未影响CYP2E1 蛋白的表达。同样，CMZ 阻断乙醇诱导的蛋白酶体活性下降。结论 CMZ 通过抑制大鼠体 内CYP2E1 的活性，而降低乙醇诱导的肝损伤。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.