外用半固体制剂质量研究与体外评价技术进展

外用半固体制剂用途广泛,但处方、制剂特性复杂,工艺参数控制难度高,微小的处方工艺变化都可能导致产品质量的显著差异,其与吸入制剂、透皮贴剂等都属于研发难度大,在审评过程中需要根据具体品种个性化考虑的复杂制剂。能区分不同处方和工艺,且具有体内外相关性的体外评价研究,可以更好地满足外用半固体制剂的质量研究和审评技术要求。本文以复杂制剂的研究为重点,在查阅国内外相关的文献报道和政策法规的基础上,参考国内外监管机构对外用半固体制剂的评价要求和品种指南(product-specific guidances, PSGs),结合自身研究工作的发现和思考,综述了外用半固体制剂的应用、政策法规以及质量控制等方面的现状,着重对如何建立科学的外用半固体制剂的体外评价体系进行了探讨,初步分析了外用半固体制剂建立体内外相关性的技术难点,期望为外用半固体仿制药开发及产品变更研究提供借鉴。     

皮肤和黏膜用半固体制剂体外释放试验技术规范专家共识

体外释放试验(in vitro release test,IVRT)是外用半固体制剂质量评价与控制的关键实验之一。已有一些国家的药品监管部门颁发了有关半固体制剂研究工作的指南,但对体外释放试验仍缺乏操作细则的描述。为了规范皮肤和黏膜用半固体制剂的体外释放试验,世界中医药学会联合会经皮给药专业委员会组织专家多次研讨,基于国际的要求和国内的实际,形成了本专家共识,供业界同行及监管部门参考。     

吸入制剂体外群体生物等效性的研究进展

为了保证吸入制剂原研药和仿制药体内体外生物等效性,美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）颁布的指导原则中明确要求对吸入制剂体外非临床研究数据采用群体生物等效性统计分析方法。综述了FDA对吸入制剂体外群体生物等效性研究方面的建议,统计方法原理,相关参数的计算及等效性判断标准并阐述了国外文献的研究实例,旨在为我国吸入制剂仿制药的体外等效性统计方法学研究提供合理可靠的依据。     

126种外用固体和半固体制剂药品说明书调查分析

目的为改进和完善外用固体和半固体制剂药品说明书提供建议,以促进其安全、合理使用。方法搜集某三级医院药房及2家社会连锁药店外用固体和半固体制剂共126个品种的药品说明书,将西药制剂和中成药制剂说明书分别统计,对其完整性、规范性进行分析。结果在126种西药和中成药说明书中,缺项较多的10个项目分别是:不良反应5.49%和68.57%;禁忌症27.47%和51.43%;注意事项2.20%和17.14%;孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药73.62%和100.00%;儿童用药80.22%和100.00%;老人用药83.52%和100.00%;药物相互作用72.53%和97.14%;药物过量89.01%和100.00%;药理/毒理作用65.93%和94.28%;药代动力学80.22%和100.00%。西药药品说明书的标注项目质量优于中成药制剂。结论外用固体和半固体制剂药品说明书的内容标注仍然存在不规范问题,特别是中成药说明书更需要完善和改进。     

口服缓控释制剂体外释放评价方法研究进展

口服缓控释制剂在胃肠道中停留转运的时间显著长于普通制剂,更易受胃肠道生理因素的影响。因此,研究和建立与体内相关的体外释放评价方法,对于保证口服缓控释制剂的内在质量非常重要。文中从装置、释放介质pH、表面活性剂、食物、乙醇等方面综述了近几年口服缓控释制剂体外释放的最新进展。     

缓释制剂的体外释放拟合模板及释放拟合应用

目的:探讨体外释放模型及研制体外释放拟合模板。方法:在EXCEL平台上以前台函数和后台编程,制作体外释放拟合模板,根据药学研究特点采用两步拟合法。结果:本模板成功运行于EXCEL平台,能按中国药典提供的3种模型分别进行拟合,最终给出11个结果/参数/指标。结论:本模板为规范缓释类制剂的研发工作做出了有益的尝试。     

半固体制剂微生物限度检查法的体会

半固体制剂微生物限度检查法的体会何娅郁韫超（上海医科大学华山医院上海２０００４０）按上海市卫生局规定，医院自制制剂均应进行微生物限度检查。我们对本院的自制制剂逐一进行检查，在实验中，溶液剂较易进行，而半固体制剂，特别是油包水型基质的乳膏及软膏，操作比...     

特殊制剂体外群体生物等效性研究案例分析

目的：采用体外群体生物等效性评价方法评估4种特殊制剂的等效性。方法：对国内外指南中关于群体生物等效性的内容进行总结,选择混合标度法,针对不同制剂,主要考察粒径参数、给药装置等体外测量数据参数,将指南中的公式和方程运用于2种吸入制剂（吸入用布地奈德混悬液和左沙丁胺醇雾化吸入溶液）以及2种脂质纳米注射剂（阿扎胞苷注射剂和注射用白蛋白结合型紫杉醇）的等效性研究。结果：该文的体外群体生物等效性研究取得良好的实践结果,除了阿扎胞苷注射剂的受试制剂与参比制剂不等效,需要对粒径继续加以改进外,其他3种制剂有95%的把握度说明受试制剂与参比制剂等效。结论：该研究成功将指南中的公式运用在实际案例中,对特殊制剂体外群体生物等效性在制剂研发中的应用有指导意义。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔缓释片处方优化及体外释放一致性评价

目的 优化非洛地平-美托洛尔缓释片的处方,并评价其与市售制剂体外释放的一致性。方法 采用HPLC测定非洛地平-美托洛尔缓释片中非洛地平及美托洛尔的释放度;以体外释放度为评价指标,重点考察了固体分散体、微丸以及片芯中关键处方因素对非洛地平/美托洛尔释放行为的影响,进一步优化处方。结果 微丸组成、微丸粒径、微丸衣膜中致孔剂用量、微丸增重以及片芯中阻滞剂用量均影响药物释放;处方优化后自制的非洛地平-美托洛尔缓释片与市售制剂在0.3% SDS水溶液、含0.3% SDS的pH 4.0的柠檬酸缓冲液、含0.3% SDS的pH 6.8的磷酸盐缓冲液、含0.3% SDS的0.1 mol·L^-1 HCl中的体外释放行为一致。结论 自制非洛地平-美托洛尔缓释片与市售制剂的体外释放行为一致。     

硝苯地平控释片体内外相关性溶出方法研究

目的 开发相应的能区分和反映参比制剂与自研制剂之间释放差异的溶出方法,使自研制剂与参比制剂体外释放达到最大程度的匹配,从而为生物等效性试验提供体内外更具相关性的研究。方法 采用美国药典(USP)溶出2法(桨法)作为质量控制方法;另采用流池法作为溶出区分性方法,评估不同实验参数下的溶出结果。结果 优化并确立方法为开环系统,流速3.0 mL·min^-1,加1/2勺玻璃珠。该方法可以有效区分处方和生产工艺变化对产品溶出的影响。以此法为基础所得到的体外溶出速率和溶出度与体内药动学研究结果一致。结论 本研究所开发的流池法适合作为硝苯地平控释片的溶出区分性方法,并具备一定的体内体外相关性。     

HPLC测定比沙可啶肠溶片体外释放度

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定比沙可啶肠溶片的体外释放度。方法 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,以20 mmol·L^-1的乙酸铵溶液（冰醋酸调节pH 5.0）-乙腈（45：55）为流动相,检测波长为265 nm。结果 比沙可啶在1.0~15 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好;平均回收率为100.4%,RSD为0.8%。A企业3批样品45 min内比沙可啶肠溶片的释放度分别为83%,81%,79%;B企业3批样品45 min内比沙可啶肠溶片的释放度分别为56%,59%,61%。结论 该释放度实验条件可以较客观地反映产品的内在质量,为不同厂家同一制剂质量的区分提供可靠依据。     

Influence of Formulation,Receptor Fluid,and Occlusion,on in Vitro Drug Release from Topical Dosage Forms,Using an Automated Flow-Through Diffusion Cell

An automated flow-through diffusion cell apparatus was used for comparing the release rates of a naphthoic acid derivative, CD 271, from different topical formulations. The influence of the following parameters on CD 271 release from the formulations was investigated: receptor fluid composition, occlusion, weight of tested formulation, and dosage form type. The amount of tested formulation was shown to have no significant effect on the apparent release constant and lag time for an anionic oil-in-water emulsion and an aqueous gel. Occlusion affected drug release from the different dosage forms. Thus, occlusion increased CD 271 pharmaceutical availability for a lotion and a hydroalcoholic gel containing 0.1% of sol-ubilized drug. The release profile of CD 271 from the formulations was highly dependent on the receptor fluid composition. Drug release was dramatically enhanced with n-octanol as compared to an aqueous solution of surfactant. Using occlusive or nonocclusive procedures, CD 271 apparent release constant and lag time were found to be highly dependent on the type of tested formulation. The flow-through diffusion cell proposed in the present study allows an accurate comparison of drug release characteristics from prototype topical formulations and therefore represents a valuable tool for formulation research or quality control process.     

Effect of Destruction Force on Drug Release from Multiple Unit Controlled Release Dosage Forms in Humans

Purpose. This study examined the effects of mechanical destructive forces on drug release from controlled release (CR) multiple unit dosage forms in vitro and in vivo and their colonic release, using two CR granules of acetaminophen, AG and BG, which differed in hardness (AG was hard and BG was soft), but which did not depend on agitation speed or pH for their release. Methods. In vitro release rates were determined using several official methods and the rotating dialysis cell method. Granules were administered to healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. Results. Both granules showed similar release rates under mild destructive conditions in official dissolution tests, but BG showed a faster release rate in the rotating dialysis cell method. In the fasting state, the drug absorption-time profiles of AG and BG were almost equal. In the fed state, the drug release rate of BG increases whereas that of AG is almost equal to the fasted state. The food effect on BG could be caused by an increase in the mechanical stress of the GI tract due to food intake judging from the findings in vitro and in dogs. The colonic release from multiple unit CR products was larger than that from single unit ones. Conclusions. In vivo release of drug from a multiple unit CR product that is structurally weak is affected by mechanical stresses, which differ among human subjects but are increased by food ingestion. Colonic release from multiple unit CR products is larger than that from single unit products.     

Reliability and Reproducibility of Vertical Diffusion Cells for Determining Release Rates from Semisolid Dosage Forms

Purpose USP has formed Advisory Panels to ensure the integrity of laboratory procedures for non-oral routes of administration and expects that the panels will recommend performance tests (performance qualification, PQ) for these dosage forms as well as performance verification tests (PVT) for those PQ tests. An integral part of PQ is PVT, in which a standard formulation is first tested in a metrologically sound collaborative study to set acceptance criteria. Individual laboratories can then test the performance of their product by comparing their results to those obtained from the USP collaborative study. These studies are guided by metrological principles, e.g., those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 43-1, which succinctly states that “one of the main uses of proficiency testing schemes is to assess laboratories’ ability to perform tests competently.” Materials and methods Four laboratories conducted two collaborative studies to determine the reliability and reproducibility—understood in metrological terms—of release rates from semisolid dosage forms using the vertical diffusion cell (VDC). Results The experiments reported here from the second study found that the major contributor to variability is the interlaboratory component that may include intermediate precision considerations other than analyst. Because all laboratories used the same model equipment, one might expect that the observed reproducibility CV was lower than if the laboratories used different models or equipment made by different manufacturers. Also, more variability was observed with the creams than the other dosage forms. Conclusions The results from the preliminary collaborative study found inconsistency among the laboratories. After operator training, the results from the second study were more consistent, suggesting the initial results were associated with variations among the laboratories in performing the methods and procedures and conducting the protocols. Those results emphasize that although the in vitro release procedure is simple and reproducible, training is needed. The data presented suggest that testing of in vitro release by VDCs should be considered as a PVT for topical semisolid dosage forms. Thus, a standard semisolid product is needed, along with a means for setting acceptance criteria. The SUPAC-SS Guidance may be helpful in the latter regard.     

土贝母皂苷甲长循环脂质体的制备及体外性质考察

目的 制备土贝母皂苷甲长循环脂质体（tubeimoside A long-circulating liposomes,TA-LC-Lipo）,并进行体外性质考察。方法 乙醇注入法制备TA-LC-Lipo;采用HPLC测定包封率及体外释放率;通过Marlvern激光粒径分析仪测定粒径和Zeta电位;肉眼观察法和紫外分光光度法评价其溶血作用。结果 确定处方为大豆磷脂浓度10 mg·mL^-1、药脂比1：10、大豆磷脂：胆固醇=4：1、DSPE-PEG 2000的摩尔含量为5%。制备得到的TA-LC-Lipo的平均粒径、PDI、电位、包封率分别为123.0 nm,0.134,-1.20 mV,86.2%。结论 制得的TA-LC-Lipo粒度分布均匀,包封率较高,有较好的缓释作用,并能有效改善土贝母皂苷甲的溶血现象。     

In Vitro Release of Hydrocortisone from Topical Preparations and Automated Procedure

The in vitro drug release profile of hydrocortisone (HC) from creams, ointments, and lotions has been determined using an automated procedure. A diffusion cell system and commercially available synthetic membranes were utilized for the studies. The use of a synthetic membrane obviates the problems associated with using skin membranes. Uniform creams and ointment samples for determining the release rate profile were prepared by using the teflon mask. Automated sampling avoids operator artifacts. The automated technique developed for determining the in vitro release rate profile of the drug from creams, ointments, and lotions using a diffusion-cell system appears to be a reasonable and practical procedure for assuring batch-to-batch uniformity of topical drug products.     

盐酸咪达普利片的制备及其体外溶出评价

目的 探索盐酸咪达普利片的制备方法,以期得到与原研制剂Tanatril^®相似的体外溶出曲线。方法 采用参比制剂逆向研究和单因素试验等手段,考察盐酸咪达普利片处方比例。并采用湿法制粒工艺制备盐酸咪达普利片。以原研制剂作为参比制剂,考察自制制剂在4种溶出介质中的溶出情况,以评价其体外溶出相似性。结果 自制制剂与参比制剂对比,4条溶出曲线相似因子(f₂)均>50,说明体外溶出相似。结论 自制制剂处方和工艺研究为盐酸咪达普利片生物等效性试验的可行性提供依据,并对工业化生产具有指导意义。