丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病的临床应用

目的探讨丘脑底核(STN)脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和脉冲发生器的程控调节。方法行STN DBS治疗PD61例,其中单侧30例,双侧31例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果术后随访6～36个月,平均11.3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率5.2%;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率20.7%,未发现任何并发症。结论STN DBS能有效控制PD症状,手术并发症少,术后可调节参数,已成为治疗PD的重要手术方法。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的临床应用

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和脉冲发生器程控调节。方法 脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病36例，其中丘脑底核(STN)35例和丘脑腹中间核(Vim)1例，单侧18例，双侧18例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果 36例PD患者术后随访2～32个月，平均6．3个月。脉冲发生器开启时，在“关”状态下，UPDRS运动评分改善率45．2％；在“开”状态下，UPDRS运动评分改善率20．7％，未发现任何并发症。结论 DBS能有效控制PD症状，手术并发症少，术后可调节参数，已成为治疗帕金森病的重要手术方法。     

丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病的临床应用

目的探讨脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病的手术方法和脉冲发生器程控调节。方法自2000年1月至2005年10月用脑深部电刺激丘脑底核治疗帕金森病126例,其中单侧46例,双侧80例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果82例帕金森病患者术后随访6～60个月,平均11.8个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率45.2%;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率25.7%,未发现任何并发症。结论脑深部电刺激丘脑底核能有效控制帕金森病患者的症状,手术并发症少,术后可根据患者的症状调节参数。     

丘脑底核脑深部刺激术治疗帕金森病的手术方法和疗效分析

目的 总结帕金森病(PD)脑深部刺激术(DBS)治疗的手术方法和效果。方法 对25例帕金森病患者进行了丘脑底核DBS治疗,其中单侧17例,双侧8例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果 25例PD患者术后随访5～34个月,平均8.3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率50.2％;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率20.7％,未发现任何并发症。结论 丘脑底核DBS是改善PD患者运动功能较为理想的治疗方法。     

双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病(附33例报道)

目的总结双侧脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和效果。方法对具有严重双侧症状和轴性症状的33例PD病人进行同期双侧丘脑底核DBS治疗。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后采用统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)运动评分评价刺激效果。结果术后随访3个月~4年,平均7.3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,UPDRS运动评分平均改善率在“关”状态下为62.3%,在“开”状态下为24.2%。记忆力下降2例,情绪改变7例,睁眼困难1例,肢体异动15例;无明显的致残性永久并发症和副作用。结论双侧丘脑底核DBS手术的安全性较高,可明显改善PD病人的运动功能。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病近期疗效的初步探讨

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)治疗帕金森病近期的治疗效果和良好的手术方法.方法 分析我院2006年8月至2008年11月脑深部电刺激治疗的12例原发性帕金森病患者的临床资料,术前进行左旋多巴冲击试验,采用核磁共振(MRI)、微电极记录(microelectrode recording,MER)技术和术中测试结果共同确定最后靶点,并经过MRI复查验证位置准确,同期植入脉冲发生器,比较手术前后统一帕金森病评定量表运动评分(UPDRSⅢ).结果 12例共植入22根电极(单侧2例,双侧10例),刺激电极植入靶点均为丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN),MRI复查电极均位于STN背侧,全部术后早期有微毁损效应,无颅内血肿出现,无感染及永久神经系统并发症,无刺激相关的不良反应.12例患者随访时间2～28个月,术后6个月UPDRSⅢ评分在开机不服药和开机服药的改善率分别是50%和67%.结论 STN-DBS治疗帕金森病的近期疗效显著,严谨的手术流程是DBS良好疗效的保障.     

帕金森病丘脑底核脑深部刺激术治疗——如何提高疗效降低并发症

目的 总结帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)脑深部刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)治疗,以进一步提高疗效,降低手术并发症.方法 自2000年至2006年应用DBS治疗PD126例,其中单侧丘脑底核刺激70例,双侧丘脑底核刺激56例.结果 术后随访1～5年,平均1.7年.脉冲发生器开启时,在"关"状态下,帕金森病评定量表(unified parkinson's disease rating scale, UPDRS)运动症状评分改善率61.0%,在"开"状态下,UPDRS运动症状评分改善率24.2%.手术并发症主要有脉冲发生器植入处皮下感染1例,脉冲发生器皮下积液3例,头部刺激电极和皮下导线连接处皮肤破溃1例.二次手术调整刺激电极深度2例.没有发生永久性并发症.结论 合理选择适应证、规范手术操作和术中影像学验证是提高DBS疗效,降低并发症的关键.     

丘脑底核脑深部刺激术的参数设置及调整

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）丘脑底核（STN）脑深部刺激术（DBS）术中、术后脉冲发生器的参数调整。方法 回顾采用STN—DBS治疗的62例帕金森病病人的病历资料．对病人术中及术后刺激参数的调整进行分析。结果 32例行单侧手术者均接受单极刺激；30例行双侧手术病人中，接受双侧双极刺激25例，双侧单极刺激2例．一侧单极刺激、另一侧双极刺激3例。7例触点调整均为上移。统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS）运动评分改善率双侧刺激优于单侧刺激。本组刺激参数为：电压双极14V．单极1～3．5V；脉宽60-120μs；频率180～190HZ。结论 STN—DBS术后病人采用适当刺激参数可获得安全可靠的疗效。电压调整对PD症状控制作用明显。脉宽及频率的调整相对较少；双侧刺激效果更佳。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病临床SPECT随访

目的探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激(STN DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)患者症状的改善及单光子放射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)的影像学变化。方法4例施行单侧STN DBS患者术前和给予电刺激后进行帕金森病综合评分(UPDRS)和SPECT测定。结果STN DBS术后临床症状明显改善,UPDRS运动评分缓解60%。3例改善良好的患者SPECT检查提示纹状体区域多巴胺转运体(DAT)含量较术前提高,另1例疗效欠佳的患者DAT含量降低,所有的患者多巴胺D2受体(D2R)检测与术前无明显差异。结论STN DBS可以明显改善PD患者的临床症状,SPECT检查显示刺激侧纹状体区DAT含量的升高提示STN DBS可能改善了多巴胺的代谢,而这种改善可能是STN DBS缓解PD症状的作用机制之一。     

丘脑底核脑深部高频电刺激治疗帕金森病的初步探讨

目的通过丘脑底核(STN)脑深部高频电刺激(DBS)治疗的11例帕金森病(PD)患者手术前后情况对比,初步探讨其近期的疗效和安全性。方法本院2013年7月至2014年9月STN-DBS治疗的11例(双侧9例,单侧2例)原发性PD患者,采用MRI、微电极记录(MER)技术和术中测试共同确定靶点,同期植入脉冲发生器,术后复查头颅CT,分别在术前、术后未开机第3天、开机后3月、6月、12月和15月采用UPDRS评分评估PD患者"开/关"两种状态下的运动症状改善程度、运动并发症、嗅觉改善和左旋多巴类药物减少情况。结果电极植入靶点均为STN,术后早期全部出现微毁损效应,1侧出现电极移位,1例有一过性复视,无硬件相关并发症,开机后12个月时程控参数达到稳定,症状改善达到最优,以震颤(达84.8%)、僵直改善最为明显,平衡障碍改善最差(为49.8%)。结论丘脑底核高频电刺激治疗PD近期疗效显著,术后并发症少。     

微电极导向核团毁损术和脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病的疗效分析

目的 观察微电极导向核团毁损术和脑深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗帕金森病的临床疗效。方法 对380例接受微电极导向立体定向核团毁损术和25例脑深部电刺激丘脑底核（STN—DBS）治疗的帕金森病患者进行随访和神经功能评估，分别获得术前、术后和DBS开启后1周、6个月、2年及5年的不同服药状态下统一帕金森病量表（UPDRS）评分资料，采用威尔科克森检验（Wilcoxontest），比较不同术后时间点UPDRS运动评分与术前评分的差异。结果 核团毁损术和DBS在术后1周、6个月及2年随访中均能明显改善术前帕金森病患者的UPDRS运动评分，减轻左旋多巴诱发的运动波动及异动症。在5年随访时间点上仅DBS治疗组较术前比较仍显示差异性。而且DBS组患者术后左旋多巴服药的剂量较术前减少。核团毁损组总体并发症的发生率为5．8％，永久性并发症的发生率为1．2％。DBS组未发生严重并发症。结论 核团毁损术和DBS两者被证实是中晚期帕金森病安全、有效的治疗方法，能显著改善术前帕金森病患者的UPDRS运动评分，减轻左旋多巴诱发的运动波动及异动症。STN—DBS较毁损术更具有独特的可控性、安全性和长效性。     

Chronic inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has become a popular treatment option for patients suffering from severe Parkinson's disease (PD). Yet the long-term outcome of subthalamic DBS is unknown. A total of 27 patients suffering from severe PD underwent bilateral stereotactic implantation of high-frequency stimulators in the STN. Before surgery and at least annually after surgery they were examined with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). This study presents the results of a mean 30 months (range 23 to 55) follow-up of these patients. We found stable and significant off medication improvement of motor function by DBS (between 40% and 44% in the UPDRS part III). While on medication there was no significant change in the motor function by DBS. UPDRS part III worsened gradually during the follow-up period, suggesting disease progression. Thirty months postsurgery the UPDRS part II (ADL) was still improved by 17%. There was a lasting decrease in fluctuations by more than 50%, and dyskinesias were reduced by about 70%. Freezing was reduced significantly from 2.2 in the UPDRS part II to 1.2 at the endpoint. The daily levodopa-equivalent dose was reduced by 39% at 12 months and by 30% at 30 months after STN stimulator implantation. Subthalamic DBS improves sustainable motor function in patients with severe Parkinson's disease and leads to a lasting reduction of medication. Limitations of this procedure were found for disturbances of speech and swallowing.     

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: effectiveness in advanced Parkinson's disease patients previously reliant on apomorphine

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease previously reliant on apomorphine as their main antiparkinsonian medication. METHODS: Seven patients with motor fluctuations despite optimal medical treatment given as predominantly apomorphine infusion (n=6), or intermittent apomorphine injections (n=1) underwent bilateral STN DBS using frameless stereotactic surgery. Standard assessments of parkinsonism and motor fluctuations, using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) were performed before and six months after surgery. Assessments were performed both on and off medication, and postoperative with the stimulators switched on and off. RESULTS: Bilateral STN DBS improved motor scores (UPDRS III) by 61% when off medication (p<0.05). Clinical fluctuations (UPDRS IV items 36-39) were reduced by 46.2% (p<0.05). Total daily apomorphine dose was reduced by 68.9% (p<0.05) and apomorphine infusion via a pump was no longer required in four patients. There were no operative complications. Two patients required treatment for hallucinations postoperatively but there was no significant change in mini-mental state examination. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, previously reliant on apomorphine, bilateral STN DBS is an effective treatment to reduce motor fluctuations and enable a reduction in apomorphine use.     

Effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with severe Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations.

We present the efficacy and side effects of bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nuclei (STN) performed with a more simplified surgical procedure than described by the Grenoble group. A consecutive series of 26 patients with advanced and levodopa-responsive Parkinson's disease and motor complications was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part I-VI, timed tests, and a patient diary for 2 days concerning on-off phenomenon and dyskinesias. At 3 months, evaluation of stimulation by the UPDRS motor score was performed in a double-blind manner and a significant improvement of 57% was found. The results 12 months after surgery off medication showed significant improvement in both UPDRS motor score and activities of daily living of 64% and, on medication, a significant reduction of 86% in duration of dyskinesias and 83% in duration of off-periods. Reduction in medication was less than for other groups, probably because we used smaller doses of levodopa before the operation. No serious side effects were encountered. When the patients are carefully selected and followed up, bilateral DBS of STN is a significant progress in treatment of advanced idiopathic Parkinson's disease with levodopa-induced motor complications.     

Long‐term results of a multicenter study on subthalamic and pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's disease

We report the 5 to 6 year follow‐up of a multicenter study of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Thirty‐five STN patients and 16 GPi patients were assessed at 5 to 6 years after DBS surgery. Primary outcome measure was the stimulation effect on the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) assessed with a prospective cross‐over double‐blind assessment without medications (stimulation was randomly switched on or off). Secondary outcomes were motor UPDRS changes with unblinded assessments in off‐ and on‐medication states with and without stimulation, activities of daily living (ADL), anti‐PD medications, and dyskinesias. In double‐blind assessment, both STN and GPi DBS were significantly effective in improving the motor UPDRS scores (STN, P < 0.0001, 45.4%; GPi, P = 0.008, 20.0%) compared with off‐stimulation, regardless of the sequence of stimulation. In open assessment, both STN‐ and GPi‐DBS significantly improved the off‐medication motor UPDRS when compared with before surgery (STN, P < 0.001, 50.5%; GPi, P = 0.002, 35.6%). Dyskinesias and ADL were significantly improved in both groups. Anti‐PD medications were significantly reduced only in the STN group. Adverse events were more frequent in the STN group. These results confirm the long‐term efficacy of STN and GPi DBS in advanced PD. Although the surgical targets were not randomized, there was a trend to a better outcome of motor signs in the STN‐DBS patients and fewer adverse events in the GPi‐DBS group. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society     

Medication dose reductions after pallidal versus subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease

Evidente VGH, Premkumar AP, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Driver‐Dunckley E, Lyons MK. Medication dose reductions after pallidal versus subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2011: 124: 211–214.
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective – To compare the medication dose reduction between deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus interna (GPi) vs subthalamic nucleus (STN) in matched patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Materials and methods – Records of 12 patients with PD who underwent GPi‐DBS at our institution from 2002 to 2008 were matched by pre‐operative PD medication doses and pre‐operative motor Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores to 12 cases of STN‐DBS. PD medication doses were converted to levodopa equivalent doses (LEDs). Results – GPi and STN groups had similar mean pre‐operative LEDs and motor UPDRS scores. At 6 months post‐DBS, there was no significant difference in percent reduction in LEDs between the GPi (47.95%) and STN (37.47%) groups (P = 0.52). The mean post‐operative ‘medication off/stimulation on’ motor UPDRS scores did not differ significantly between GPi (15.33) and STN (16.25) groups (P = 0.74). The mean percent reduction in motor UPDRS scores was also similar between GPi (58.44%) and STN (58.98%) patients (P = 0.94). Conclusions – We conclude that in disease‐matched patients with PD undergoing DBS, both GPi and STN may result in similar reduction in PD medication doses.     

Different effects of unilateral versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on walking and reaching in Parkinson's disease.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of unilateral versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on quantitative measures of walking and reaching in Parkinson's disease (PD). We used kinematic measures and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor subscale (subscale III) to evaluate the movement of 6 people with PD who had bilateral STN stimulators implanted for at least 6 months and withheld their anti-parkinson medication for at least 8 hours. Subjects were studied with both stimulators off, one on, and both on. Kinematic data were collected as subjects walked, reached to a target, and were rated using the UPDRS motor subscale. STN stimulation improved walking speed and stride length, with the greatest benefit from bilateral stimulation. Reaching speed was improved by unilateral STN stimulation alone, with no additive effect of bilateral stimulation. UPDRS motor subscale ratings paralleled the kinematic findings. STN stimulation did not restore PD subjects' movements to the level of age-matched controls. Overall, these results provide further evidence that the basal ganglia pathways involved in control of walking and reaching may be distinct. We speculate that basal ganglia may influence walking through bilateral pedunculopontine projections and reaching through ipsilateral thalamocortical projections. Our findings also suggest that maximal improvement of walking requires bilateral rather than unilateral STN stimulation.