58例自体牙齿再植术成败原因分析

1993～1996年4年间作者共进行牙再植术86例,现随访到58例72个牙齿,报告如下:1　临床资料随访到的58例患者,年龄9～51岁,男39例,女19例,35岁以下者47例,占81.3%。下颌牙24个,上颌牙48个。下颌中切牙9个,上颌中切牙15个;下颌侧切牙7个,上颌侧切牙13个;上颌尖牙11个,下颌前磨牙4个,上颌前磨牙8个;下颌磨牙4个,上颌磨牙1个。　　外伤脱位53个:其中中切牙20个,侧切牙16个,尖牙8个;前磨牙9个。错位阻生5个:其中尖牙2个,前磨牙3个。扭转畸形9个:其中中切牙4个,侧切牙4个,尖牙1个。慢性尖周炎2牙均为磨牙。智齿拔除致邻牙脱位3个,均为磨牙。2　操作…     

上颌中切牙与尖牙同时阻生的临床特征分析

目的分析上颌中切牙与同侧尖牙同时阻生病例的临床特征。方法选择上颌中切牙与同侧尖牙同时阻生病例21例,分析上颌中切牙阻生类型与尖牙阻生情况,测量阻生侧及对侧侧切牙发育或萌出异常情况。结果与中切牙阻生同时发生的尖牙76.2%为唇侧阻生,其中完全易位与不完全易位占唇侧阻生尖牙的68.8%,尖牙唇侧阻生病例中侧切牙根远中倾斜和伴牙冠近中倾斜者占87.5%,尖牙唇侧或腭侧阻生病例中,出现锥形或过小等畸形侧切牙的比例分别为31.25%和40.00%。上颌中切牙与尖牙不同阻生类型患者,前牙反牙合比例都超过40%,且多为牙型反牙合。结论与中切牙阻生同时发生的尖牙阻生多为唇侧阻生,与中切牙阻生类型无关,与侧切牙根远中倾斜高度相关,尖牙完全易位与过小或锥形等畸形侧切牙有关。     

上颌尖牙腭侧埋伏阻生的锥形束CT定位诊断

目的应用锥形束CT（CBCT）探讨上颌腭侧埋伏阻生尖牙的埋伏特征及邻牙牙根吸收情况。方法选取南京医科大学附属口腔医院正畸科就诊的上颌尖牙腭侧埋伏阻生的青少年患者22例,获取CBCT三维数据,应用Dolphin imaging 11.0软件,分析腭侧埋伏尖牙的埋伏状况、与邻牙位置关系并分类,观察邻牙牙根的吸收情况。结果上颌腭侧埋伏尖牙大多近中、腭向倾斜阻生,近中异位以Ⅰ类和Ⅳ类较为多见,分别占30.8%和38.5%;近中倾斜角度多在53.8°~68.5°,腭侧异位距正中矢状面多在5.4~8.4 mm。年龄越大,上颌腭侧埋伏尖牙近中腭向异位越远,近中倾斜角度越大。84.6%的相邻侧切牙及19.2%的中切牙牙根与埋伏尖牙接触;50%的相邻侧切牙及15.4%的邻中切牙牙根吸收,相邻侧切牙吸收多位于根尖1/3,而相邻中切牙吸收多位于根中1/3;相邻切牙牙根吸收概率与腭侧埋伏尖牙与切牙间的最小距离呈反比关系。结论CBCT能在三维方向诊断上颌尖牙埋伏状况及与邻近组织的关系,准确判断邻牙根吸收情况,准确测量埋伏尖牙倾斜度及埋伏深度,为上颌腭侧埋伏尖牙的治疗提供指导。     

螺旋压缩成骨器配合牙槽外科减阻快速内收上颌前牙的有限元分析

目的探讨螺旋压缩成骨器对上颌前牙应力分布及位移的影响。方法构建螺旋压缩成骨器配合牙槽外科减阻快速内收上颌前牙三维有限元模型,在对上前牙加载位移0.50mm和0.75mm两种工况下,分析上颌中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙唇腭侧及近远中应力分布及位移。结果两种工况下切牙颈部唇侧位移最大,腭侧应力最大;尖牙颈部近中位移和应力最大,唇侧位移和应力分布最小,两种工况载荷效果总体趋势相同。结论螺旋压缩成骨器两种工况对前牙内收都有影响,中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙的内收趋势明显,中切牙和尖牙有旋转趋势。     

上颌阻生尖牙牵引治疗后邻近切牙牙根吸收情况的研究

目的 分析上颌阻生尖牙正畸牵引治疗后邻近切牙的牙根吸收情况及可能的相关因素。方法 选取上颌尖牙阻生且符合标准的43例患者,年龄10～23岁,共60颗上颌埋伏阻生尖牙。上颌阻生尖牙正畸牵引治疗前后分别拍摄锥形束CT,分析阻生尖牙邻近切牙的牙根吸收程度,并对可能存在的相关因素进行分析。结果 上颌阻生尖牙正畸牵引治疗后,上颌中切牙发生轻、中、重度牙根吸收的概率分别为71.7%、15.0%、13.3%,上颌侧切牙发生轻、中、重度牙根吸收的概率分别为48.3%、36.7%、15.0%,上颌中切牙与侧切牙牙根吸收严重程度存在差异(P<0.05)。位于腭侧及颌骨内、低位且靠近面中线的阻生尖牙,在正畸牵引治疗后,侧切牙牙根吸收程度较重(P<0.05)。低位阻生尖牙牵引治疗后,中切牙牙根吸收较重(P<0.05)。牵引时间较长时,中切牙牙根吸收程度较重(P<0.05)。治疗前已发生牙根吸收的切牙,在阻生尖牙牵引治疗后发生的牙根吸收程度较重(P<0.05)。结论 上颌侧切牙在阻生尖牙正畸牵引治疗后,发生的牙根吸收程度较重。上颌阻生尖牙正畸牵引治疗后,邻近切牙牙根吸收情况与阻生尖...     

上颌尖牙埋伏阻生患者上颌切牙牙齿宽度改变的研究

目的探讨中国人上颌切牙宽度与尖牙阻生是否存在内在的联系.方法选择103名上颌尖牙埋伏阻生患者,分为46名腭侧阻生组和57名唇侧阻生组.选择年龄、性别匹配,上颌尖牙正常萌出的患者60名,作为对照组.测量这些患者的上颌切牙近远中宽度,并进行统计学分析.结果尖牙阻生患者的左右侧中切牙及侧切牙的近远中宽度基本一致,无统计学差异.尖牙唇侧阻生患者的侧切牙宽度大于对照组,腭侧阻生患者的侧切牙宽度小于对照组,均有统计学差异.唇腭侧阻生患者的侧切牙宽度有显著性差异.结论尖牙埋伏阻生患者的上颌切牙宽度变化和尖牙阻生的位置有着高度的相关性.     

先天缺牙与牙形态、大小异常相互关系的研究

目的 探讨先天缺牙与牙形态异常及牙大小异常的相互关系。方法 对79例先天缺牙患者的缺牙部位、缺牙数目，余留牙异常的牙体形态进行分析。并按缺牙程度及部位分成4组，测量其牙冠宽度。结果 （1）上颌侧切牙、下颌中切牙为临床最常见牙先天缺失部位，上颌中切牙，上下颌第一磨牙为牙列中最不易先天缺失的牙齿，但上颌中切牙在先天缺牙患者中常呈轻度的锥形牙冠。（2）先天缺牙常伴牙齿形态异常，以上颌侧切牙，下颌尖牙、上颌第二前磨牙，上下颌第二磨牙多见。（3）轻度先天缺牙患者余留牙大小无异常，随着先天缺牙严重程度增加，前牙有逐渐减小趋势而后牙大小较稳定。结论 （1）上颌侧切牙为牙列中最不稳定的牙齿：（2）牙齿形态、大小、数目异常可能是一个连续的变异过程，可能为同一机制的不同表现。     

关于中国人正畸支抗用微种植钉牙槽骨植入安全区的研究

目的研究中国人牙槽骨解剖形态特点,以确定正畸支抗用微种植钉植入的安全区。方法使用螺旋CT技术对21例正常中国人的颌骨进行扫描重建,并且分别测量距牙槽嵴顶3、5、7、9mm处牙齿根间区近远中向和颊舌(腭)向的参数。结果1)在上颌近远中测量中,前牙区最大牙根间距位于侧切牙与尖牙之间,最小牙根间距位于中切牙与侧切牙之间;后牙区相邻牙的最大牙根间距位于第二前磨牙和第一磨牙之间,最小牙根间距位于第一磨牙与第二磨牙之间。颊舌(腭)向测量中,最大的颊舌向骨厚度位于第一磨牙和第二磨牙之间,最小骨厚度位于中切牙与侧切牙之间。2)在下颌近远中测量中,相邻牙的最大牙根间距位于第一磨牙和第二磨牙之间,最小牙根间距位于中切牙与侧切牙之间。颊舌(腭)向测量中,最大的颊舌向骨厚度位于第一磨牙和第二磨牙之间,最小骨厚度位于中切牙之间。结论螺旋CT三维重建效果良好,能够充分识别牙槽骨和牙齿根间区的结构关系,为中国人牙槽骨正畸支抗用微种植钉安全植入提供了临床参考依据。     

露龈笑患者上颌前牙区牙槽骨形态的研究

目的 通过锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)扫描测量露龈笑患者上颌前牙区牙槽骨,探讨露龈笑患者的牙槽骨解剖特征,为微种植钉的植入提供参考.方法 选取63例临床表现露龈笑的成年患者,CBCT扫描并三维重建.在距离牙槽嵴顶4 mm、6 mm、8 mm高度的3个层面上分别测量上颌前牙区相邻两牙根间的近远中向、唇腭向骨质厚度及唇侧皮质骨厚度.结果 在相邻两牙之间,近远中向牙根间的距离随测量高度的增加逐渐增加(P<0.05).中切牙与侧切牙间的牙根间距离最小(P<0.05).两中切牙间唇腭向根间骨厚度最薄(P<0.05).中切牙与侧切牙间、侧切牙与尖牙间的根间骨厚度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).在相邻两牙之间,唇侧根间皮质骨厚度随测量高度增加而增加(P<0.05).两中切牙根间唇侧骨皮质最薄(P<0.05),侧切牙与尖牙间骨皮质厚度最厚(P<0.05).结论 牙根间近远中向骨厚度、唇腭向骨厚度和唇侧皮质骨厚度随高度增加而增加,且在侧切牙与尖牙间最厚.尖牙与侧切牙间的骨质区域可以考虑作为植入微种植钉的部位.     

上颌尖牙-侧切牙唇侧易位的三维影像研究

目的应用锥形束CT(CBCT)研究上颌尖牙-侧切牙唇侧易位的三维特征。方法选取在南京医科大学附属口腔医院正畸科就诊并由CBCT三维影像诊断为上颌尖牙-侧切牙唇侧易位的患者40例,共计涉及46颗尖牙,在三维图像上分析易位尖牙与邻牙的关系、易位的特征,将易位尖牙分成5类。结果唇侧易位上颌尖牙均为冠唇向倾斜,近远中向以近中倾斜(80.4%)为主。在相邻中切牙、侧切牙中,10颗(21.7%)中切牙发生牙根吸收,且均累及根中1/3,8颗(17.4%)侧切牙发生重度牙根吸收。易位尖牙以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类多见,分别占总数的23.9%、39.1%。尖牙长轴越接近水平,尖牙牙尖距离正中矢状面越近,距离牙合平面越远,中切牙的牙根吸收率也越高。结论 CBCT三维定位有助于准确判断易位尖牙的位置以及与邻牙的关系,为制定治疗方案提供指导。     

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Lidocaine in Permanent Maxillary Teeth Removal Performed with Single Buccal Infiltration Versus Routine Buccal and Palatal Injection

Purpose

For many dental patients, palatal injection proves to be a very traumatic experience. Diverse methods have been suggested to reduce the discomfort of palatal injection. Nevertheless, the reliability of these methods is not obviously evident and they are not found to be universally effective. The desirable method to evade pain during palatal injection is just not to have one. Hence, the present study aims at investigating if lidocaine hydrochloride could provide palatal anesthesia in maxilla when only a buccal infiltration anesthesia is done for teeth extraction.

Patients and Methods

One hundred and fifty patients requiring extraction of maxillary teeth were included in the study. Patients were randomly allotted to two groups, study and control. Patients in study group received a single buccal infiltration of 1.5 mL of lidocaine with epinephrine for extraction of maxillary teeth. Patients in control group received 1.5 mL of buccal and 0.3 mL of palatal infiltration of lidocaine with epinephrine for the extraction. After achieving adequate palatal anesthesia the tooth was extracted with consistent technique. Pain level experienced by the patients during injection procedure and during tooth extraction was rated in an 11-point pain rating scale. Time taken to achieve palatal anesthesia following a single buccal infiltration of anesthetic solution was evaluated by regular pin-prick evaluation of palatal tissues.

Results

The overall success rate of palatal anesthesia achieved with a single buccal infiltration is 81.3 %. The success rate reduced as we proceed from anterior to posterior maxilla. Time taken to achieve successful palatal anesthesia by single buccal infiltration is 7–9 min.

Conclusion

The extraction of permanent maxillary anterior teeth and premolars is possible by depositing local anesthesia to the buccal vestibule of the tooth without palatal supplementation. However, the extraction of permanent maxillary posterior teeth with similar technique would result in fewer success rates suggesting its avoidance.     

Extraction of Permanent Maxillary Teeth by Only Buccal Infiltration of Articaine

Objective

The aim of this study is to demonstrate whether articaine hydrochloride administered alone as a single buccal infiltration in maxillary tooth removal, can provide favourable palatal anesthesia as compared to buccal and palatal injection of lidocaine.

Study Design

The study population consisted of 30 patients who were undergoing orthodontic treatment, and who required bilateral extraction of maxillary permanent premolars as per their orthodontic treatment plan. On the experimental side, 4 % articaine/HCl was injected into the buccal vestibule of the tooth to be extracted. On the control side, 2 % lignocaine HCl was injected both into the buccal and the palatal side of the tooth to be extracted. Following tooth extraction all patients completed a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and faces pain scale (FPS) to rate the pain on extraction.

Results

According to the VAS and FPS scores, the pain on extraction between buccal infiltration of articaine and the routine buccal and palatal infiltration of lignocaine was statistically insignificant.

Conclusions

The routine use of a palatal injection for the removal of permanent maxillary premolar teeth may not be required when articaine/HCl is used as the local anesthetic.     

Comparison of the buccal injection versus buccal and palatal injection for extraction of permanent maxillary posterior teeth using 4% articaine: a split mouth study

In spite of the development of modern injection techniques, palatal injection is still a painful experience for patients. A plethora of techniques has been tested to reduce this. One such technique that has been claimed to work is administering articaine on the buccal side alone for the extraction of maxillary teeth due to its ability to diffuse through soft and hard tissues more reliably than other local anaesthetics. This split mouth study evaluated the efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100000 adrenaline to avoid the painful palatal injection for bilateral permanent maxillary tooth extraction in 50 patients. The 100mm 10 point Visual Analog Scale/Wong Baker Facial Pain Scale was used to rate the amount of pain felt on injection, on probing the tissues prior to, or during, extraction, and one hour postoperatively. Although the buccal injection alone resulted in lower pain while injecting the anaesthetic, it did not result in the absence of pain before tooth extraction as has been suggested by various studies. A total of 74% patients required a palatal injection on the study side. We conclude that in most cases, when using a buccal injection alone, one cannot rely on the diffusion of articaine for effective palatal anaesthesia. Despite this, we suggest that as an initial option in young patients, the operator can consider avoiding the painful palatal injection by the use of articaine to prevent aversion to dental treatment. Postoperatively, the difference in pain levels was not statistically significant and no patient showed signs of lesions at the injection sites.     

800例正畸患者中先天缺失牙及其与多生牙、锥形牙相关性分析

目的：观察正畸患者中伴有恒牙先天缺失、多生牙和锥形牙或过小牙的发生率及分布,并分析其相关性。方法：随机抽取正畸患者800例,男260例,女540例,年龄12-40岁。通过石膏模型和曲面断层片统计先天缺牙、多生牙、锥形牙或过小牙的发生率及分布。通过分类变量的关联性来分析多生牙和锥形牙或过小牙与先天缺牙的相关性,假设检验采用列联表的独立性x2检验,并采用Pearson列联系数r来描述两变量关联程度。结果：800例中发生恒牙先天缺失100例,发生率为12．5％。常见的缺失牙位从多到少依次为下颌侧切牙、下颌第二前磨牙、下颌中切牙、上颌侧切牙、上颌第二前磨牙。多生牙的发生率为3．1％,锥形牙或过小牙占8．3％。通过分类变量的关联性分析得出,锥形牙或过小牙的发生与先天缺牙有相关性,Pearson列联系数r为0．173。结论：正畸患者中恒牙先天缺失的发生率为12．5％,最常见的缺失牙位是下颌侧切牙和下颌第二前磨牙;正畸患者中恒牙先天缺失和锥形牙或过小牙的发生具有相关性。     

拔牙位点保存

目的：探讨拔牙位点保存在种植体植入之前保存拔牙后的牙槽嵴和软组织、预防拔牙后的牙槽嵴吸收,并改善骨和软组织质量的效果。方法：29例前牙和前磨牙单颗牙位点,拔牙后即刻向拔牙窝内植入去蛋白牛骨基质,游离移植腭粘膜瓣覆盖并初期创口关闭。6个月之后植入种植体,4个月之后修复。测量骨的颊舌向厚度和高度变化,以及龈乳头的高度变化。结果：牙槽窝粘膜及骨愈合良好,成功完成最终种植修复。结论：位点保存技术可以成功实现拔牙窝骨愈合,减少因拔牙造成的骨缺损,有利于提高种植的成功率,降低GBR的必要性。     

吸烟对慢性牙周炎患者牙槽骨缺损影响研究

目的 探讨吸烟对慢性牙周炎患者牙槽骨缺损的影响。方法 从2012年10月至2014年3月中国医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科确诊为慢性牙周炎的患者中选择吸烟与非吸烟患者各30例,分别作为吸烟组与非吸烟组。采用Florida探针检查其全口牙齿近中、远中、唇（颊）侧及舌（腭）侧4个位点的牙周探诊深度（PD）及附着丧失水平（AL）。采用锥形束CT（CBCT）对入选对象进行扫描,并应用其自带的NNT软件测量切牙区、尖牙区、前磨牙区及磨牙区牙齿近中、远中、唇（颊）侧及舌（腭）侧4个位点的牙槽骨缺损程度。结果 吸烟组与非吸烟组的PD和AL差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,吸烟组的平均牙槽骨缺损程度较非吸烟组重,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。吸烟组与非吸烟组相比,相同牙位的各个位点牙槽骨缺损都较重,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。两组中各牙位牙槽骨缺损程度最轻的部位位于尖牙区,缺损程度最重的部位位于磨牙区（P < 0.05）。吸烟组中相同牙位的不同位点之间牙槽骨缺损程度差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,其中缺损程度最重的位于上颌磨牙区腭侧;除下颌磨牙区远中位点和下颌切牙区颊舌侧位点外,上颌各牙位牙槽骨缺损程度较下颌相应牙位重,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。非吸烟组中不同牙位相同位点的牙槽骨缺损程度自磨牙区向尖牙区呈逐渐减小的趋势;但下颌切牙区各位点牙槽骨缺损程度明显高于上颌切牙区,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 慢性牙周炎患者中,吸烟者较非吸烟者牙槽骨缺损重。吸烟对于慢性牙周炎患者牙槽骨缺损的影响存在牙位和位点特异性表现,最严重的部位位于上颌磨牙区腭侧。CBCT的应用有利于临床医生更好地了解牙槽骨缺损的形式,会对牙周病诊断及治疗提供更大的帮助。     

上颌中切牙唇腭侧骨壁及牙长轴的锥形束CT研究

目的：应用锥形束CT测量天然上颌中切牙的唇腭侧骨壁厚度,以及牙长轴与牙槽突长轴的角度关系,探讨其对即刻种植的临床指导意义。方法：选取76例天然上颌中切牙的锥形束CT图像,测量其牙槽嵴顶、牙槽嵴顶下4mm、8mm、根尖处的唇、腭侧骨壁厚度,以及牙长轴与牙槽突长轴的夹角,比较唇、腭侧骨壁厚度的差异,不同性别之间唇腭侧骨壁厚度的差异,以及不同年龄段患者的牙长轴与牙槽突长轴夹角的关系。结果：除牙槽嵴顶外,天然上颌中切牙的唇侧骨壁比腭侧骨壁薄,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;不同性别的唇侧骨壁厚度无统计学意义;不同年龄段的患者,其天然牙长轴与牙槽突长轴的夹角的差异无统计学意义。结论：天然上颌中切牙唇侧骨壁较薄;性别对其唇腭侧骨壁厚度的影响不大;牙长轴与牙槽突长轴的夹角未随年龄增大而增大。     

Alternative anesthetic technique for maxillary periodontal surgery

Background: Maxillary periodontal surgery typically requires multiple injections and may inadvertently affect facial structures such as the upper lip, lateral aspect of the nose, and lower eyelid. To minimize these sequelae and reduce the number of total injections, a relatively new injection technique has been proposed for maxillary procedures. The anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) injection is reported to effectively anesthetize maxillary teeth and associated gingival tissues extending from the buccal root of the first molar mesially to the central incisor with a single injection while avoiding undesirable side effects. The purpose of this article is to provide background information on the AMSA injection and demonstrate its use in a variety of maxillary periodontal surgeries. Methods: Anesthesia was provided for five separate maxillary periodontal surgeries with unilateral or bilateral AMSA injections. Injections were administered via conventional syringe with a 27-gauge needle. Confirmation of anesthesia was subjectively tested with buccal mucosal sticks and palatal transgingival probing. Results: The AMSA injection provided promising results for a variety of maxillary periodontal surgical procedures. Benefits of the AMSA injection included outstanding palatal hemostatic control, avoidance of undesirable collateral anesthesia, and a reduced number of cumulative injections. Drawbacks of the AMSA injection included occasionally inadequate buccal hemostatic control and short-lived anesthesia of the maxillary central incisors. Conclusion: The AMSA injection is a novel anesthetic technique that may prove useful for certain maxillary periodontal surgeries.     

Pre-autotransplantation alveolar process augmentation and premolar autotransplantation as a treatment method for single tooth replacement in adolescents

The treatment of young patients with missing teeth and an atrophied alveolar process after trauma or agenesis of a tooth can be challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate autotransplantation of a premolar after pre-autotransplantation alveolar process augmentation (PAPA) as a treatment option for these patients. A retrospective cohort study was implemented to analyse the PAPA procedure and subsequent autotransplantation procedure. Alveolar process augmentation was performed using different types of autologous bone grafts. Subsequent autotransplantation of one or more premolars was performed approximately 4 months later. Nine patients with a mean age of 12 years were included. Twelve premolars were transplanted after a PAPA procedure: seven in the maxillary incisor region, four in the mandibular premolar region, and one in the mandibular incisor region. Initially all transplanted teeth functioned well. However, one mandibular premolar that was transplanted in the maxillary incisor region was lost because of resorption after 6 years of follow-up. The other 11 transplanted teeth functioned well. The mean follow-up was 6 years (range 3–13 years). The results showed that autotransplantation can be facilitated by PAPA with a high chance of success. It can therefore be a valuable addition to other existing treatment options.     

A clinical comparison of pain perception to the Wand and a traditional syringe

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the pain response of a group of 40 volunteers to the Wand with the response to syringe injections.Study Design: Of 240 total injections given, 120 were with the Wand system, and 120 were with the traditional aspirating syringe. Three injections were evaluated: injections to the middle superior alveolar (MSA) of the maxillary right first premolar and the maxillary left first premolar; palatal injections of the maxillary right first premolar and the maxillary left first premolar; and inferior alveolar nerve injection (IAN) of both the right and the left sides. Each volunteer received 6 injections, 3 on one side with the Wand and 3 on the opposite side with the syringe (control). All injections were given by the primary investigator without the use of a topical anesthetic. Pain perception levels were recorded with a 4-point visual analog scale: no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, and severe pain. The results were evaluated statistically by using an unpaired t test. RESULTS: The results showed injections with the syringe were statistically more painful than injections with the Wand in 4 of 18 evaluations: MSA of the maxillary left first premolar, female volunteers responses to MSA of the maxillary left first premolar, IAN left side injections, and male responses to IAN left injections (P =.01, P =.05, P =.05 and P =.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Wand generally seemed to provide less painful injections; however, the mean ratings of pain were mostly mild pain for both injections. Therefore, the clinical significance of the results should be interpreted with caution. The operator technique and tactile skill in syringe injections and site of injection (right or left) could be important factors that were not evaluated in this study.