胰管结石的诊断和治疗(附35例临床分析)

目的探讨胰管结石的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析过去10余年问治疗的35例胰管结石患者的临床资料。结果全部35例中33例出现持续性左上腹痛伴左腰背部放射痛,上腹部压痛25例。35例均行B型超声检查,诊断阳性率为88.57%(31/35);23例行腹部CT检查,诊断阳性率为78.26%(18/23);19例行逆行胰胆管造影检查,诊断阳性率为100%(19/19);19例行磁共振胰胆管成像检查,诊断阳性率为94.73%(18/19)。患者分别采用手术治疗和内镜治疗。手术治疗16例,采用的术式包括胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y侧侧吻合术(11例)或胰管空肠侧侧吻合、空肠空肠侧侧吻合术(3例)或胰十二指肠切除术(Child法2例),均将结石取出;内镜治疗胰管结石19例,结石均在3枚或3枚以下、局限在胰头或胰体部、直径小于1cm,取石网篮和气囊取出结石11例,放置胰管支架8例。全组无死亡病例,治疗后3周内症状都不同程度地得到缓解,随诊28例,随诊率为80%,随诊时间为1～43个月。结论胰管结石一旦诊断,均应给予积极的治疗。首选内镜治疗,内镜治疗有着严格的适应证;不适合内镜治疗并且无手术禁忌证的患者均应采取手术治疗。     

青少年慢性胰腺炎的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨青少年慢性胰腺炎的临床特点、诊断及外科治疗.方法回顾性分析1993年3月～ 2001年3月手术治疗的7例青少年慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料.结果青少年患者大多存在先天性胰胆管发育异常(胰腺分裂1例,胰胆管合流异常1例,胆总管囊肿2例).主要症状为反复上腹痛.B超、CT、ERCP和超声内镜(EUS)等影像学检查有助于早期诊断,其诊断阳性率分别为57.1%(4/7)、71.4%(5/7)、100%(5/5)和100%(4/4).7例患者均接受了手术治疗,其中行胰头部分切除、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术(Frey's)1例,胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术3例(其中Partington's术式2例,Puestow's术式1例),Oddi括约肌切开成形术1例,胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术 + 保留十二指肠的胰头切除术(DPPHR)2例.术后近期腹痛均缓解.所有患者均获随访,随访时间2 ～ 9年,平均4.7年.1例于术后8个月症状复发,再次手术行胰尾切除,症状缓解.多数患者疗效满意.结论青少年慢性胰腺炎的病因不同于成人慢性胰腺炎,手术时机的掌握和手术方法的选择对患者的生活质量和疾病进程的控制至关重要.     

胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗胰管结石

胰管结石临床较为少见,发病率不超过1%.近年来,随着医学影像学的发展,胰管结石的病例明显增多,我院1990年1月至2004年6月共收治胰管结石患者9例,行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术8例.现报告如下.     

外科手术治疗胰管结石23例临床回顾

目的 探讨外科手术治疗胰管结石的疗效及手术方式的合理选择.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月～2010年1月间在我院收治的23例胰管结石病人的临床资料.结果 16例患者行胰管切开取石加胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术(Partington手术),5例行胰十二指肠切除术,2例行胰体尾切除加脾切除术.无严重手术并发症及手术死亡...     

超声内镜在胰管结石诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声内镜对胰管结石的诊断价值及相关治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年12月间我院收治的4例胰管结石的临床资料。结果 4例患者超声内镜检查均有慢性胰腺炎的影像学表现,胰腺内点状或弧形强回声,伴声影,胰管壁不规则,胰管扩张或囊性扩张。2例合并胰腺癌,1例合并壶腹癌,1例单纯胰管结石。治疗方法：1例行胰十二指肠切除术;1例行胆肠吻合术;1例行全麻下胰管切开取石,胰肠吻合术;1例行ERCP＋EST＋支架植入术。结论影像学检查是确诊胰管结石的主要手段,且超声内镜更具优势;胰管结石易合并胰腺癌,应该加以重视;治疗方法应根据具体情况采取不同的措施。     

术中超声在胰管结石手术中的应用

目的 探讨术中超声在胰管结石诊治中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2007年6月11例胰管结石患者的临床及影像学资料.患者手术中均行超声检查,评价主胰管有无扩张、扩张程度,胰管结石的部位及数目.结果 术中超声提示患者主胰管均有不同程度扩张,平均内径(1.0±0.4)cm(0.6～2.0 cm).胰管结石单发1例(9.1%),多发10例(90.9%),其中2例术前误诊为单发结石.结石位于胰头部4例,全胰弥漫分布7例.声像图上结石部位显示为强回声,伴声影.所有患者均在术中超声引导下行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.结论 术中超声是一种简便、无创的检查方法,可较为准确地定位胰管结石的部位,为手术治疗提供有价值的影像学信息.     

青少年慢性胰腺炎的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨青少年慢性胰腺炎的临床特点、诊断及外科治疗。方法回顾性分析1993年3月～2001年3月手术治疗的7例青少年慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果青少年患者大多存在先天性胰胆管发育异常(胰腺分裂1例,胰胆管合流异常1例,胆总管囊肿2例)。主要症状为反复上腹痛。B超、CT、ERCP和超声内镜(EUS)等影像学检查有助于早期诊断,其诊断阳性率分别为57．1％(4／7)、71．4％(5／7)、100％(5／5)和100％(4／4)。7例患者均接受了手术治疗,其中行胰头部分切除、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术(Frey's)1例,胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术3例(其中Partington's术式2例,Puestow's术式1例),Oddi括约肌切开成形术1例,胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术 保留十二指肠的胰头切除术(DPPHR)2例。术后近期腹痛均缓解。所有患者均获随访,随访时间2～9年,平均4．7年。1例于术后8个月症状复发,再次手术行胰尾切除,症状缓解。多数患者疗效满意。结论青少年慢性胰腺炎的病因不同于成人慢性胰腺炎,手术时机的掌握和手术方法的选择对患者的生活质量和疾病进程的控制至关重要。     

ERCP和MRCP对胆管微小结石诊治价值比较

目的 评价经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)对胆管微小结石相关性疾病的诊治价值.方法 收集我院56例急性胆源性胰腺炎和16例胆道结石梗阻患者,入选患者同时完成MRCP、ERCP检查治疗,所发现胆胰结石直径均小于3 mm,分析比较两种方法 对胆管微小结石的诊断价值.结果 68例患者MRCP明确提示存在胆总管末端狭窄或胆胰管扩张,占94.4%:61例患者ERCP检查可直接发现微小结石,占84.7%:8例患者通过EST切开及取石球囊取石才发现微小结石或泥沙样结石.结论 MRCP作为胆胰疾病的一种无创检查而具有重要的应用前景:ERCP对于微小结石导致的胆胰疾病具有重要诊断意义和治疗价值.     

胆总管十二指肠瘘的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨胆总管十二指肠瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析经内镜检查证实的33例胆总管十二指肠瘘病例的临床资料。结果 本组33例均经十二指肠镜和ERCP检查明确诊断。其中行横断胆总管及胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术14例，胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术7例，胆总管切开取石及T管引流术7例，非手术治疗5例。30例获随访9个月～11年，其中14例行横断胆总管及胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y治疗者术后症状消失或明显缓解。结论 十二指肠镜和ERCP检查是诊断胆总管十二指肠瘘的最佳方法，横断胆总管及胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是治疗瘘口较大的胆总管十二指肠瘘较满意的外科手术术式。     

胰管结石的手术治疗

胰管结石是慢性胰腺炎的并发症,临床上比较少见,正常人群发病率不超过1%,胰管阻塞是引起腹痛、消化道功能紊乱等症状的主要原因[1].胰管结石伴慢性胰腺炎通常采用胰管切开取石、胰管空肠吻合术,但远期效果不佳,逆行反复慢性感染和癌变发生率高.全胰结石更加少见,治疗较困难.我们自1999年4月以来共收治胰管结石患者11例,均行手术治疗,取得较好疗效,结合近来的研究进行讨论分析如下.     

青少年慢性胰腺炎的内镜诊断与治疗

目的：研究诊断性和治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在青少年慢性胰腺炎(CP)诊断及治疗中的价值。方法：回顾分析1997年2月～2002年2月间确诊为青少年CP并行ERCP的13例临床资料。结果：13例中12例存在腹痛症状，10例有“胰腺炎”病史。ERCP见胰管扩张12例，胰管结石7例，胰腺假性囊肿2例，胰腺分裂症3例，胆囊结石l例。内镜下治疗：乳头括约肌切开术7例，胰管取石6例，支架置入5例，胰管狭窄扩张术4例，副乳头切开2例。ERCP后高淀粉酶血症4例，胰腺炎急性发作3例，均为水肿型胰腺炎。经6—68个月随访，ll例未复发，2例复发者经再次ER-CP治疗后腹痛未再出现。结论：ERCP对青少年CP的诊断及治疗有较高的价值。但青少年CP患者ERCP术后具有较高的并发症发生率，对此内镜医师应高度重视。     

内镜在胰胆管合流异常诊疗中的作用探讨

目的探讨ERCP在胰胆管合流异常中的诊断价值,评估内镜治疗的效果。方法16例胰胆管合流异常（PBM）患者,通过ERCP造影进行PBM分型,结合临床症状,分析引起相关疾病的机制、影像特点,根据合并的其它胰胆疾病,选择适当的内镜取石、扩张或引流等治疗,观察治疗效果。结果16例胰胆管合流异常患者多伴有腹痛、呕吐、黄疸等症状,及转氨酶和／或淀粉酶水平的升高。其中,Ⅰ型（B—P型）7例,Ⅱ型（P—B型）5例,Ⅲ型（复杂型）4例;合并胆总管囊肿扩张10例,无扩张者5例,胆管癌并狭窄1例;伴有胆管结石11例（4例为蛋白栓）、胰管结石2例（1例不伴胆管结石）。9例予内镜下胆管取石,2例胰管取石,术中置入胆道支架引流7例,行鼻胆管引流3例,胰管支架置入5例,胆道金属支架置人1例。术后临床症状均明显缓解。结论ERCP是一种可靠的诊断手段,其分型与PBM相关疾病表现有明显相关,选择性、暂时性的内镜治疗在外科术前是有效的、必要的。     

假性胰腺囊肿的内镜治疗

目的 观察经十二指肠乳头引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的疗效以及并发症，探讨新的微创治疗方法。方法 选择胰腺假性囊肿患者8例，均有2次以上外科手术史，再次外科手术难度较大。经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)后，十二指肠乳头、主胰管括约肌切开，行内引流管置人或主胰管探条扩张治疗，囊肿消失后经内镜取出内引流管。结果 ERCP提示，3例囊肿与主胰管相通，l例囊肿压迫造成胆总管下段狭窄梗阻。置入内引流管5例；探条扩张治疗3例。术后l～4个月囊肿完全消失7例；l例囊肿缩小约l／3，临床症状消失，随访6个月囊肿未再缩小，转外科手术治疗。术后2例出现一过性血、尿淀粉酶升高，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP及其派生的治疗技术，治疗胰腺假性囊肿有效、安全，可作为胰腺假性囊肿的微创治疗方法。     

Efficacy of intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of non-opaque choledocholith

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) in the diagnosis of non-opaque, common bile duct stones.METHODS: A total of 183 patients (102 males, mean age 73 years; 81 females, mean age 70 years) with suspected common bile duct stones diagnosed through abdominal computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and abdominal Type-B ultrasound were included in the study. The diagnosis was confirmed through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by IDUS.RESULTS: A total of 183 patients with suspected common bile duct (CBD) stones were included in the study as follows: 36 patients with high-density CBD stones, 68 patients with sand-like stones, 44 patients with low-density stones, 21 patients with ampullary cancer, and 14 patients with pancreatic cancer. Conventional imaging revealed 124 cases of choledochectasia, and only 36 cases of suspected CBD stones; ERCP revealed 145 cases of CBD stones with three missed diagnoses. IDUS revealed 148 cases of CBD stones, 21 cases of ampullary tumors, and 14 cases of pancreatic cancer.CONCLUSION: IDUS was more effective in the diagnosis of bile duct stones than ERCP, upper abdominal CT or upper abdominal MRI.     

Risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis associated with diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic biliary stenting. METHODS : Four hundred and twelve patients referred to the endoscopy unit were divided into seven groups: (i) double ducts (pancreatic duct and biliary duct) contrast media filling group (ERCP group); (ii) biliary duct contrast media filling group (ERC group); (iii) pancreatic duct contrast media filling group (ERP group); (iv) ERCP plus biliary stenting group (ERCP + stent group); (v) ERC plus stenting group (ERC + stent group); (vi) ERCP plus EST and stone extraction (SE) group (ERCP + EST + SE group); and (vii) ERC plus EST and SE group (ERC + EST + SE group). Differences in postoperative serum amylase at 4 and 24 h, as well as clinical symptoms, were compared among the different groups. RESULTS : The incidence of postoperative hyperamylasemia at 4 and 24 h was 17.7 and 4.4%, respectively. The overall incidence of postoperative acute pancreatitis was 3.9% and the ERP group had the highest incidence of postoperative acute pancreatitis among the seven groups. CONCLUSIONS : Repeated pancreatic duct contrast filling during ERCP manipulation is the main risk factor for postoperative pancreatitis and therapeutic ERCP, such as EST, stenting and SE, does not increase the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis.     

胆胰疾病行治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术811例临床分析

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆胰疾病中的应用价值及其并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析上海中医药大学附属普陀医院2001年9月至2006年9月行治疗性ERCP的811例胆胰疾病患者的临床资料。结果562例胆总管结石患者中行乳头切开术(EST)474例,行乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)88例,结石总清除率为95%;244例恶性胆道梗阻患者中183例行鼻胆管引流(ENBD),61例行胆道内支架引流术(ERBD);5例恶性胆胰管梗阻患者行胆胰管双支架引流术。行胆道内支架引流可使血清胆红素明显下降,胰管支架置入可使上腹部疼痛有一定程度减轻。并发症:乳头切开处出血13例(1.6%),均发生于EST术后;急性胰腺炎43例(5.3%),其中发生于EST术后32例,EPBD术后7例,ENBD术后2例,ERBD术后2例;EST术后发生急性胆囊炎4例(0.5%);全组死亡2例(0.2%)。结论应用十二指肠镜行治疗性ERCP去除胆管结石,控制胆道炎症,解除胆胰管恶性梗阻是一种理想的微创外科方法,熟练的技术与细致的围手术期处理是防治并发症关键。     

胰腺分裂内镜治疗价值

目的探讨内镜下治疗胰腺分裂的疗效和安全性。方法收集2006年6月至2013年6月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院消化科就诊的8例胰腺分裂患者的临床资料,对术中及术后情况进行回顾性分析。结果8例胰腺分裂患者共行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术28例次,均置入胰管支架,其中7例同时行副乳头括约肌切开术,6例行内镜下扩张术,1例行胰管取石术。术后出现1例次轻度胰腺炎。随访2～47个月,1例死于胰腺癌,3例已拔出支架,3例定期复查,1例失访。患者术后慢性胰腺炎急性发作频率及腹痛程度均较术前明显降低。结论内镜下治疗胰腺分裂安全有效,可减少胰腺炎发作频率,减轻术后腹痛程度,术后并发症发生率低。     

内镜下诊治伴发胰管结石慢性胰腺炎的价值

目的探讨ERCP在胰管结石诊断和治疗中的临床价值及其安全性评估。方法分析2008年2月～2008年10月期间共20例接受ERCP诊断和治疗的伴发胰腺结石慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果20例病例中,16例（80％）胰管结石位于胰头处,3例（15％）位于胰头及胰体处,1例（5％）累及全程胰管。14例（70％）患者一次性取石完全,5例患者术后接受体外震波碎石（ESWL）,1例患者未能完成取石,建议其外科手术治疗．18例表现为腹痛的病例,在接受内镜下治疗结石后,腹痛症状均消失,在接受治疗后2～10d内出院,平均（5．3±2．43）d。术后2例（10％）出现一过性的血淀粉酶升高。结论对于伴有胰管结石的慢性胰腺炎病例而青,内镜下取石是安全有效的方法,同时应川支架及鼻胰管引流,不仅对胰管结石的治疗有效,而且充分的胰液引流对于缓解腹痛症状、减少术后的胰腺炎、高淀粉酶m症的发乍有着重要的作用。     

Early endoscopic cholangiopancreatography and sphincterotomy in acute biliary pancreatitis: report of 50 cases.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was successfully performed in 49/50 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis and suspected biliary aetiology in the early phases of the disease (24-72 hours from admission). ERCP showed common bile duct lithiasis and/or stenosis (25 cholecystectomized patients) in 41/49 cases (83.7%). In 38 patients endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed: stone removal was possible in lithiasic patients (36 cases, 13 previously cholecystectomized); 3 further patients showed a main pancreatic duct stenosis (2 of these underwent pancreatic ES). The patients treated with ES showed a quick improvement in symptomatology and clinical outcome; no adverse effect of ERCP was found; no mortality was registered. Comparison with a previous series of 130 cases of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) showed a reduction in mortality, complications and length of hospitalization. These findings suggest that, from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view, early ERCP is safe and useful in ABP.     

What is the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in assessing traumatic rupture of the pancreatic in children?

Background and study aims: Trauma is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. The diagnosis of pancreatic injury is based on clinical presentation, laboratory and imaging findings, and endoscopic methods. CT scanning is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pancreatic trauma in children. Patients and methods: This retrospective study evaluates data from 25 pediatric patients admitted to the University Hospital Motol, Prague, with blunt pancreatic trauma between January 1999 and June 2013. Results: The exact grade of injury was determined by CT scans in 11 patients (47.8%). All 25 children underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Distal pancreatic duct injury (grade III) was found in 13 patients (52%). Proximal pancreatic duct injury (grade IV) was found in four patients (16 %). Major contusion without duct injury (grade IIB) was found in six patients (24%). One patient experienced duodeno-gastric abruption not diagnosed on the CT scan. The diagnosis was made endoscopically during ERCP. Grade IIB pancreatic injury was found in this patient. One patient (4%) with pancreatic pseudocyst had a major contusion of pancreas without duct injury (grade IIA). Four patients (16%) with grade IIB, III and IV pancreatic injury were treated exclusively and nonoperatively with a pancreatic stent insertion and somatostatine. Two patients (8%) with a grade IIB injury were treated conservatively only with somatostatine without drainage. Eighteen (72 %) children underwent surgical intervention within 24 h after ERCP. Conclusion: ERCP is helpful when there is suspicion of pancreatic duct injury in order to exclude ductal leakage and the possibility of therapeutic intervention. ERCP can speed up diagnosis of higher grade of pancreatic injuries.