胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌39例的CT影像学特征

目的 探讨胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析经过病理证实的21例浆液性囊腺瘤、12例黏液性囊腺瘤、6例黏液性囊腺癌的CT影像学资料,分析肿瘤部位、单(多)囊、最大囊直径、囊壁特征、囊内分隔、肿瘤边界、肿瘤与胰管关系等影像学征象.结果 21例浆液性囊腺瘤中17例位于胰头颈部,5例位于胰体尾部,其中1例为多发;均为多囊,平均最大囊直径为1.8 cm;4例囊壁或分隔有钙化,7例分隔可见软组织成分;10例胰管轻度增宽.12例黏液性囊腺瘤中6例位于胰头颈部,6例位于胰体尾部;4例为多囊,平均最大囊直径为4.5 cm;1例分隔可见钙化,6例囊壁可见软组织成分;2例胰管扩张,3例胰管轻度增宽.6例黏液性囊腺癌中5例位于胰体尾部,1例位于胰头颈部;4例为多囊,平均最大囊直径为5.1 cm;1例分隔可见钙化,5例囊壁可见软组织成分;1例胰管扩张,1例胰管轻度增宽.所有病灶与胰管均不相通,增强后病灶软组织成分及分隔均有不同程度强化.结论 胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT表现具有一定的特征性,但对于少数不典型表现病例,诊断仍存在困难.     

胰腺腺鳞癌的影像与病理诊断分析

目的 探讨胰腺腺鳞癌的影像及病理学特征,提高对该疾病的认识和诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析7例经手术切除及病理证实的胰腺腺鳞癌患者的临床资料,分析其影像和病理学特点.结果 7例胰腺腺鳞癌发病年龄平均为57岁,肿瘤位于胰头及钩突部5例,胰体尾2例,瘤体直径平均(3.5±1.5)cm,临床主要表现为腹痛和黄疸.腺鳞癌的病理特征表现为实体部分由导管腺癌成分和鳞癌成分以不同比例混合而成,本组鳞癌成分占10%～60%.鳞癌占优势的胰腺腺鳞癌影像学表现为囊实性占位,本组有5例,且肿瘤体积越大,其中央囊性区直径与瘤体直径的比值就越大.囊性部分在增强前后均呈低密度,囊性区内无分隔,囊周多伴有不规则小囊.实性结构在平扫呈低或等密度,增强后动脉期轻度强化,门静脉期明显强化,本组有2例.伴有胰胆管扩张5例,伴胰腺萎缩4例.结论 鳞癌占优势的胰腺腺鳞癌有相对特征性的影像学和病理学表现,对于早期诊断有重要意义.     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的研究进展

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）是指起源于主胰管或分支胰管内上皮细胞,形成大体可见的乳头状（偶见扁平状）、产黏液的,并伴有不同程度胰管扩张的一类肿瘤,是最常见的胰腺囊性肿瘤.1982年由Ohashi等首先报道,并命名为产黏液胰腺癌;IPMN曾被称为绒毛状腺瘤、乳头状肿瘤、乳头状癌、胰腺黏液导管扩张症及胰腺产黏液性肿瘤等[1].2000年,WHO将胰腺产黏液性肿瘤分成IPMN及黏液性囊性肿瘤（MCN）.根据细胞及组织异型程度,IPMN又被分成非浸润性IPMN（包括低级别、中等级别及高级别异型增生）和浸润性IPMN;根据累及胰管的范围,IPMN又被分为主胰管型（20％）、分支胰管型（40％）及混合型（40％）[2].     

内镜诊治胰腺导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤的应用

目的探讨胰腺导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤(IPMN)的诊断、内镜下治疗,以提高对该疾病的认识及内镜对其诊断及治疗的意义。方法回顾性分析经内镜诊治的IPMN患者12例,总结并分析他们的一般情况、临床症状、影像学检查、实验室检查、内镜下治疗等方面资料。结果 12例IPMN患者以老年男性为主,无特异性临床表现,主要发生部位为胰头或钩突部,CT主要表现为囊实性低密度影,其内可有壁结节,胰管扩张伴或不伴胆管扩张,2例侵及胰腺实质。磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)主要表现为胰管扩张,胰腺萎缩,胰头部圆形高信号影。内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)显示十二指肠乳头膨大,开口扩张,可见胶冻样粘液流出,胰管造影显示胰管全程扩张或胰头部囊状扩张,3例伴胆总管、肝内胆管扩张。9例行ERCP治疗,清除粘液栓并置入胰管支架,3例同时置入胆管支架。结论 IPMN是一种特殊类型的胰腺囊性疾病,影像学检查有其独特的表现,ERCP对其诊断及治疗有重要意义。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤19例的诊断与外科治疗

目的 探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断及外科治疗方法.方法 对我院普外科2000年1月至2009年8月诊治的19例胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 胰腺囊性肿瘤无特征性临床表现,B超和CT是其主要诊断手段,但均不能准确区分其病理类型,与术后病理对照的定性诊断符合率分别为57.9%(11/19)和68.4%(13/19).肿瘤位于胰头颈部5例,胰体尾部14例,最大直径3～15cm.19例均行手术治疗,切除肿瘤16例,总切除率为84.2%.术中误诊误治4例(21.0%).病理证实浆液性囊腺瘤6例,黏液性囊腺瘤6例,黏液性囊腺癌5例,导管内乳头状黏液腺瘤2例.获得随访15例(78.9%),3例囊腺癌患者中1例切除者已存活4年,无复发;2例未切除者分别于术后4个月和7个月病死.12例囊腺瘤患者目前均存活,肿瘤无复发.失访4例,囊腺癌和囊腺瘤各2例.结论 加强对胰腺囊性肿瘤的认识是减少误诊误治的关键;胰腺囊性肿瘤手术切除后疗效满意,故一经诊断即应积极行外科手术切除.     

胰腺神经内分泌癌28例CT表现

目的 探讨胰腺神经内分泌癌的CT影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析28例胰腺神经内分泌癌的CT表现,观察肿瘤位置、瘤体直径、内部结构、强化方式、胰胆管改变、淋巴结及远处脏器转移情况等影像学征象.结果 24例为单发,4例为多发(胰腺内均可见2个病灶),共有32个病灶,形态多呈结节状或团块状.其中18个病灶位于胰尾,10个位于胰头,2个位于胰体,2个位于胰体尾交界部.位于胰头的病例中有5例胰管扩张,1例胆管扩张,2例胰胆管均扩张,2例胰胆管无明显改变.瘤体直径1.0 ～20.0 cm,平均5.1 cm,其中直径＜2cm 1个,2～5 cm 23个,＞5 cm8个.增强后病灶均不同程度强化,强化峰值多位于胰腺期.23个病灶侵犯邻近血管或脏器,5例有淋巴结转移,6例发生远处转移.结论 胰腺神经内分泌癌的CT表现具有一定的特异性,结合临床资料,做出术前诊断可能性较大.     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤并胰腺分裂症一例

报告1例胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)并胰腺分裂症(PD)患者。患者为老年男性,反复胰腺炎发作,早期缺乏特征性表现,再次发作时影像学检查示PD、胰头囊性病变、胰管扩张、钙化等,被误诊为PD合并假性囊肿,进一步行内镜逆行胰胆管造影检查提示IPMN合并PD可能,内镜下行主胰管括约肌切开+十二指肠副乳头括约肌切开+胰...     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤内镜超声诊断一例

患者女,65岁.因"反复中上腹疼痛2月余"入院.疼痛向腰背部放射,与体位、进食无关,伴脂肪泻,进食油腻食物后明显,但无黏液、脓血便,当地医院腹部超声示胰腺肿胀伴主胰管扩张,CT示胰腺肿胀伴周围渗出,伴胆总管下端及胰头部胰管扩张,脾脏肿大,诊断为"胰体尾占位",给予对症治疗无明显好转而入我院.入院后查血常规、肝肾功能、IgG4及CEA、CA19-9均在正常范围.内镜超声(EUS)示十二指肠乳头明显肿大,胰头部见一囊性占位,内见团块状高回声隆起,约3.4cm×2.6cm,伴后方胰管扩张,胰体尾部组织萎缩,胆总管未见明显扩张,未见肿大淋巴结.诊断胰头部囊性占位,性质待定(IPMN待排).为明确诊断行ERCP,见十二指肠内侧大量胶冻样黏液流出,覆盖副乳头区域,冲洗后见部分肿瘤组织.于十二指肠降部找到主乳头,乳头开口绒毛状;循导丝于副乳头插管,插管造影示全程胰管明显扩张,内见大量密度不均匀充盈缺损影.插入取石气囊,清理胰管,可见较多黏液流出.入院后16d,患者行全胰切除术,术中见全胰质地变硬,表面凹凸不平,与周围脏器无明显浸润.病理诊断为胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤.     

胰腺肿瘤的病理诊断和鉴别诊断

胰腺肿瘤发病率近年呈上升趋势,本文仅就胰腺外分泌的上皮性肿瘤的主要类型加以介绍。其中包括胰腺导管腺癌及其主要的变型和腺泡细胞癌、胰母细胞瘤等。文中还包括了浆液性囊性肿瘤、黏液性囊性肿瘤、导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤（IPMN）和导管内乳头状嗜酸性肿瘤以及实性一假乳头状肿瘤,对上述个性肿瘤的免疫组化特点和分子特征也进行了阐述。     

胰腺癌前病变诊断和治疗

目的 通过对7例胰腺癌前病变患者的临床诊断和治疗分析,探讨此类疾病诊断方法的应用及治疗策略.方法 收集2006年1月-2007年12月92例手术治疗胰腺肿瘤中有癌前病变的7例患者,其中黏液囊腺瘤(MCN)1例、导管内乳头状黏液瘤(IPMN)2例、胰腺内分泌肿瘤1例、胰腺上皮内瘤变(PanIN)Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级各1例.采用免疫荧光分析法测定患者血清CA19-9.7例上腹部均行超声和螺旋CT检查;1例行超声内镜检查及穿刺;2例行逆行胰胆管造影检查.结果 胰腺癌前病变临床表现不典型,影像学检查常无实质性肿块,但PanIN可伴有胰管扩张、狭窄;IPMN在胰头处可表现为囊性扩张的胰管;囊腺瘤等在胰体尾处可表现为单个孤立的囊肿.肿瘤指标CA19-9在此类疾病中可轻度增高.但对诊断作用有限.手术切除可治愈,并可防止肿瘤的进一步癌变.结论 对疑为胰腺癌前病变患者需积极选用多种影像学方法进行诊断,并予以积极的手术探查及切除.     

Synchronous Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy

Cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with multiple masses accompanying underlying pancreatic diseases, such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, have been reported. However, synchronous invasion without underlying pancreatic disease is very rare. A 61-year-old female with abdominal discomfort and jaundice was admitted to our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed cancer of the pancreatic head with direct invasion of the duodenal loop and common bile duct. However, positron emission tomography-CT showed an increased standardized uptake value (SUV) in the pancreatic head and tail. We performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) for the histopathologic diagnosis of the pancreatic head and the evaluation of the increased SUV in the tail portion of the pancreas, as the characteristics of these lesions could affect the extent of surgery. As a result, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas were confirmed by both cytologic and histologic analyses. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsy specimens was positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and p53 in both masses. The two masses were ultimately diagnosed as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, stage IIB, based on EUS-FNB and imaging studies. In conclusion, the entire pancreas must be evaluated in a patient with a pancreatic mass to detect the rare but possible presence of synchronous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Additionally, EUS-FNB can provide pathologic confirmation in a single procedure.     

A case of pancreatic carcinoma with marked ductal dilatation: what contributed to the dilatation?

BACKGROUND: We report the case of an 82-yr-old man with invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreatic head, in which the main pancreatic duct and duct of Santorini were markedly dilated, measuring 1.6 and 1.1 cm, respectively, in diameter on computed tomography. METHODS: A preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma of the pancreatic head was made, and Whipple's procedure was carried out. RESULTS: Histopathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma, and the resected pancreatic parenchyma showed low papillary mucous cell hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia in dilated ductular branches. Conclusion. Even among patients with tubular adenocarcinoma, the most common type of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, if the patient is aged and has chronic pancreatitis, the main pancreatic duct and duct of Santorini may dilate to the same degree as in mucin-hypersecreting neoplasm.     

A case of pancreatic carcinoma with marked ductal dilatation

Summary Background. We report the case of an 82-yr-old man with invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreatic head, in which the main pancreatic duct and duct of Santorini were markedly dilated, measuring 1.6 and 1.1 cm, respectively, in diameter on computed tomography. Methods. A preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma of the pancreatic head was made, and Whipple’s procedure was carried out. Results. Histopathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma, and the resected pancreatic parenchyma showed low papillary mucous cell hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia in dilated ductular branches. Conclusion. Even among patients with tubular adenocarcinoma, the most common type of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, if the patient is aged and has chronic pancreatitis, the main pancreatic duct and duct of Santorini may dilate to the same degree as in mucin-hypersecreting neoplasm.     

Clinical significance of main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography： Single and double duct dilation

AIM: To study the patients with main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography (CT) and thereby to provide the predictive criteria to identify patients at high risk of significant diseases, such as pancreatic cancer, and to avoid unnecessary work up for patients at low risk of such diseases. METHODS: Patients with dilation of the main pancreatic duct on CT at Emory University Hospital in 2002 were identified by computer search. Clinical course and ultimate diagnosis were obtained in all the identified patients by abstraction of their computer database records. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were identified in this study. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer were the most common causes of the main pancreatic duct dilation on CT. Although the majority of patients with isolated dilation of the main pancreatic duct (single duct dilation) had chronic pancreatitis, one-third of patients with single duct dilation but without chronic pancreatitis had pancreatic malignancies, whereas most of patients with concomitant biliary duct dilation (double duct dilation) had pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION: Patients with pancreatic double duct dilation need extensive work up and careful followup since a majority of these patients are ultimately diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Patients with single duct dilation, especially such patients without any evidence of chronic pancreatitis, also need careful follow-up since the possibility of pancreatic malignancy, including adenocarcinoma and intraductal papillary mucinous tumors, is still high.     

Synchronous cancer of the biliary tract and pancreas associated with anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system.

A 58-year-old man on abdominal ultrasonography and CT had an irregularly elevated lesion at the neck of the gallbladder and a cyst of approximately 6.5 cm in diameter at the pancreatic tail. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography revealed a 2-cm shadow defect at the neck of the gallbladder and an irregular, translucent 30 x 12 mm lesion in the intrapancreatic bile duct. Total pancreatectomy and extended cholecystectomy with regional lymph node dissection was performed. An anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system (AAPBD) was demonstrated by postoperative contrast radiography of resected specimen. The lesions of the gallbladder and common bile duct were papillary adenocarcinoma. In addition, papillary adenocarcinoma was limited almost entirely to the mucosal layer of the main pancreatic duct and its branches, from the junction of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct to the pancreatic tail. The three tumors were not continuous. The cyst at the pancreatic tail was a pseudocyst. This case represents synchronous cancer of the gallbladder, common bile duct, and pancreas associated with AAPBD.     

Mucinous ductal ectasia of the pancreas: a premalignant disease and a cause of obstructive pancreatitis

Five cases of localized ectasiae of pancreatic ducts associated with epithelial mucinous metaplasia have been previously reported by Itai et al. (Radiology 1986; 161:697-700). During a 1-year period, we collected four new observations of patients presenting with recurrent attacks of pancreatic pain due to similar clusters of cystlike dilated ducts communicating with the main pancreatic duct and lined by a columnar epithelium interspersed with numerous goblet cells. Duct lumina were filled with mucous. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were high in the pure pancreatic juice, but normal in the blood. Sonography and CT scan showed cystlike, intrapancreatic defects localized three times in the head of the pancreas and once in the body. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed a huge dilation of some collateral ducts filled by radiolucent defects. The main pancreatic duct was dilated proximally to pathological ducts in three cases. Neither pancreatic stones nor exocrine insufficiency could be demonstrated 7 years after the clinical onset; one case presented with an in situ carcinoma. Since mucinous ductal ectasia is a precancerous state, surgery is mandatory. ERCP is probably the best method of diagnosis.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤21例的CT影像学表现

目的 探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT影像学特点,以提高该病术前的正确诊断率.方法 回顾性分析21例经手术、病理证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT表现.结果 21例患者中青年女性(9～29岁)为19例.13例病灶位于胰头颈部,胰体、尾各有4例.肿块最大直径为3～15 cm,平均约7.5 cm.CT表现为胰腺单发类圆形囊实性肿块,18例有完整的包膜,3例与周围组织分界欠清,5例肿瘤出现包膜或中心散在钙化,仅1例出现胰管扩张(直径约5 mm),无1例出现胆管改变.增强后动脉期肿瘤包膜和实性部分轻中度强化,门脉期、延迟期明显强化;瘤内囊性部分不强化,包膜明显强化.结论 胰腺实性假乳头状瘤CT表现具有一定的特征性,综合临床及影像学表现,一般可做出较准确诊断.     

自身免疫性胰腺炎的影像特征及其诊断价值

目的 探讨自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)的影像特征及其在AIP诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析13例AIP患者的影像和临床资料.结果 11例AIP表现为胰腺弥漫性肿大,2例胰头局限性肿大.CT平扫病变密度均均匀.4例在MR T1WI上信号降低、T2WI上信号轻度升高,增强后动脉期病变轻度强化,门脉期及延迟期进一步强化.9例胰腺周围有包膜样结构.横轴位图像上肝内外胆管扩张、胆总管胰腺段狭窄或闭塞10例,胰管未显影11例.6例行MRCP者有4例显示胆总管胰腺段较大范围狭窄或闭塞,胰管节段性狭窄.7例ERCP显示胰管弥漫性、不规则狭窄.胰周静脉受累8例,肾脏多发低密度灶6例,腹膜后纤维化2例,肝门部胆管狭窄1例,肺间质病变1例,强直性脊柱炎1例.结论 AIP的影像学征象具有一定特征性,影像检查在AIP诊断中起重要作用.识别胰腺外脏器受累对正确诊断AIP有帮助.