灵芝孢子粉增强免疫力模型的建立及流式细胞术检测的研究

目的:探讨环磷酰胺建立的免疫低下动物模型应用于保健食品增强免疫力检验的研究,并试图应用流式细胞术研究小鼠自然杀伤细胞(NK)细胞分化抗原CD69+/NKG2D+和T淋巴细胞分化抗原CD69+/CD3+检测在免疫低下动物模型评价中的应用。方法:以环磷酰胺一次较大剂量造模、适时强化建立免疫低下模型,灌胃给予灵芝孢子粉,30 d后处死,取外周血和脾,分别检测小鼠外周血自然杀伤细胞(NK)亚群CD69+/NKG2D+和外周血T淋巴细胞CD69+/CD3+亚群,同时进行脾NK细胞活性测定、ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验,观察环磷酰胺对外周血T淋巴细胞、NK细胞免疫功能的影响。结果:灵芝孢子粉可使环磷酰胺降低的小鼠外周血和脾的活化的NK细胞和T淋巴细胞比例及T淋巴细胞转化增殖能力、脾NK细胞活性增强。结论:灵芝孢子粉可有效增强小鼠细胞免疫功能,流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞和NK细胞分化抗原在免疫调节功能评价中有较好应用价值。     

环磷酰胺致小鼠免疫功能低下模型建立与评价

目的 建立环磷酰胺致免疫低下模型,应用流式细胞术检测小鼠自然杀伤细胞(NK)细咆分化抗原CD69 /自然杀伤细胞G2D受体(NKG2D )和T淋巴细胞分化抗原CD69 /CD3 评价其免疫低下动物模型中的应用.方法 以环磷酰胺强化注射、少量多次注射、一次大剂量注射分别建立免疫低下模型,30 d后处死,取外周血和脾,分别检测小鼠外周血自然杀伤细胞(NK)亚群CD69 /NKG2D 和外周血T淋巴细胞CD69 /CD3 亚群,同时进行脾NK细胞活性测定,ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细咆转化试验,观察环磷酰胺对外周血T淋巴细胞、NK细胞免疫功能的影响.结果 环磷酰胺强化注射、少量多次注射均可使小鼠外周血和牌的活化的NK细胞和T淋巴细胞比例及T淋巴细咆转化增殖能力、脾NK细胞活性降低.结论 环磷酰胺强化注射可以长时降低小鼠细胞免疫功能的作用,适用于建立长期免疫低下模型;流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞和NK细胞分化抗原在免疫调节功能评价中有较好应用价值.     

CD+69/CD+3比值和左旋咪唑对照在评价保健食品免疫调节作用中的应用研究

〔目的〕研究左旋咪唑阳性对照和外周血T淋巴细胞CD 6 9 CD 3检测在保健食品免疫调节作用评价中的应用。〔方法〕以左旋咪唑 ( 2 5mg kgbw)连续灌胃 3d的方法设立左旋咪唑阳性对照 ;进行外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD 6 9 CD 3检测、ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验、NK细胞活性测定、迟发型变态反应试验 ,观察低、中、高剂量 (分别为 3 .75、7.5 0、15 .0ml kgbw)参茸膏对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响。〔结果〕与阴性对照组比较 ,左旋咪唑对照组各项试验指标均明显升高 ,参茸膏低、中剂量组T淋巴细胞转化增殖能力、各剂量组外周血T淋巴细胞CD 6 9 CD 3比值以及中剂量组迟发型变态反应能力均明显升高。〔结论〕左旋咪唑有明显增强小鼠细胞免疫功能的作用 ,可以作为保健食品免疫调节功能评价中的阳性对照 ;外周血T淋巴细胞CD 6 9 CD 3检测与传统的细胞免疫检测结果有较好一致性 ,且方法敏感性较好 ,在保健食品免疫调节功能评价中有较好应用价值。     

流式细胞术在保健食品功能评价中的应用

目的 建立保健食品增强免疫力功能评价指标的流式细胞术检测方法,并初步评价其应用价值。方法 3种受试物蛋白粉、参茸膏和灵芝虫草菌丝体小鼠实验模型的实验剂量组均按人体推荐量的5、10、30倍进行灌胃,阴性及阳性对照组均给予等量纯净水,阳性对照组为给药结束前3d开始每天灌胃给予25mg／kg左旋咪唑,并于给药结束当天用2％绵羊红细胞进行免疫;大鼠实验模型采用拌饲法按人体推荐量的25、50倍给予受试物;实验结束后同步检测以下指标：（1）传统指标：包括刀豆素A诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验、小鼠脾自然杀伤（NK）细胞活性测定、绵羊红细胞诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应实验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验。（2）流式细胞仪检测指标：小鼠外周血淋巴细胞计数,大、小鼠T、NK细胞表面活化抗原检测以及小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球功能。结果 给予受试物蛋白粉后,0．83、1．67、5．01g／kg剂量组小鼠T、B淋巴细胞的相对比例和绝对数量与阴性对照组间差异无统计学意义;给予受试物参茸膏后,3．75、7．50和15．0ml／kg剂量组的小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞CD69表达阳性比例较阴性对照组明显升高,与其他传统检测指标有良好一致性;蛋白粉0．83、1．67g／kg剂量组小鼠外周血NK细胞CD69表达阳性比例较阴性对照组明显升高,且与NK细胞活性测定结果有良好一致性;给予1．50g／kg剂量灵芝虫草菌丝体的大鼠外周血NK细胞CD25表达阳性比例较阴性对照组升高;小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能实验：传统检测方法未发现对照组与剂量组有明显差别,而流式细胞术检测结果显示：灵芝虫草菌丝体0．15、0．30和0．90g／kg剂量组总吞噬比例增加,0．30、0．90g／kg剂量组吞噬指数均提高。结论 应用流式细胞术检测保健食品增强免疫力功能指标,与传统方法检测结果具有良好一致性,且具有更高的敏感性,在检测和评价保健食品增强免疫力功能方面具有良好的应用价值,值得进一步研究和推广。     

免疫低下模型的建立及流式细胞术的检测研究

目的：探讨环磷酰胺致免疫低下模型的建立,并试图研究应用流式细胞术检测小鼠自然杀伤细胞（NK）和T淋巴细胞的应用。方法：以环磷酰胺强化注射、少量多次注射、一次大剂量注射分别建立免疫低下模型,30 d后处死,取外周血和脾,分别检测小鼠外周血自然杀伤细胞（NK）亚群和外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,同时进行脾NK细胞活性测定、ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验,观察环磷酰胺对外周血T淋巴细胞、NK细胞免疫功能的影响。结果：环磷酰胺强化注射、少量多次注射均可使小鼠外周血和脾的活化的NK细胞和T淋巴细胞比例及T淋巴细胞转化增殖能力、脾NK细胞活性降低。结论：环磷酰胺强化注射可以长时降低小鼠细胞免疫功能的作用,适用于建立保健食品免疫低下模型;流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞和NK细胞分化抗原在保健食品免疫调节功能评价中有较好应用价值。     

某营养复合物对荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及免疫功能的影响

目的了解百合、薏米、黑豆、红枣、乳清蛋白粉和螺旋藻6种营养复合物对C57BL/6荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及免疫功能的影响,为肿瘤患者营养干预提供依据。方法以24只C57BL/6雄性荷瘤小鼠为研究对象,低、中、高剂量组分别给予8、20、40 g/kgbw剂量的百合、薏米、黑豆、红枣、乳清蛋白粉和螺旋藻6种营养复合物,对照组给予0.5%CMC-Na溶液,所有小鼠连续灌胃7 d,测定小鼠增重、瘤体积、瘤重、抑瘤率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、T淋巴细胞增值能力、NK细胞杀伤率和白细胞介素-2 (IL-2)表达量等指标水平。结果各剂量组小鼠的瘤重均低于对照组(P0.05);各剂量组CD3+T淋巴细胞数均大于对照组(P0.05)。低、中、高剂量组抑瘤率分别为32.46%、45.14%和48.03%。各剂量组的OD值、NK细胞杀伤率、脾细胞IL-2表达量和T淋巴细胞亚群水平的差异呈现剂量依赖性(P0.05)。其中,中、高剂量组的胸腺指数、NK细胞杀伤率、脾细胞IL-2表达量、CD4+T淋巴细胞数和CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞值均大于对照组(P0.05);中、高剂量组的瘤体积和CD8+T淋巴细胞数均小于对照组(P0.05);高剂量组的OD值大于对照组(P0.05)。结论百合、薏米、黑豆、红枣、乳清蛋白粉和螺旋藻6种营养复合物可以通过调节荷瘤小鼠免疫功能发挥抗肿瘤作用。     

大蒜素对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群影响的实验研究

目的观察大蒜素对小鼠脾脏指数及其T淋巴细胞亚群分化的影响。方法将80只清洁级昆明小鼠随机化分组:生理盐水对照组、大蒜素低剂量组、大蒜素中剂量组和大蒜素高剂量组,每组20只,并分别按0.1ml/(10g bw)、100mg/(kg bw)、200mg/(kg bw)、400mg/(kg bw)的剂量连续灌胃14d,每天灌胃1次并称重。灌胃结束7d后处死小鼠,无菌分离脾脏称重,计算脾脏系数,制作单细胞悬液,采用流式细胞仪检测小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群中CD4~+T淋巴细胞、CD8~+T淋巴细胞和CD4~+/CD8~+的值。结果大蒜素中、高剂量组和生理盐水对照组比较,脾脏指数、脾脏淋巴细胞CD4~+T淋巴细胞比例和CD4~+/CD8~+值均升高,CD8~+T淋巴细胞比例降低,差异有统计学意义(F=5.52,P0.05),而大蒜素低剂量组与生理盐水对照组比较,脾脏指数、脾脏淋巴细胞CD4~+T淋巴细胞、CD8~+T淋巴细胞和CD4~+/CD8~+值差异无统计学意义(F=1.87,P0.05)。结论大蒜素能够使得小鼠脾脏指数、脾脏淋巴细胞CD4~+T淋巴细胞比例和CD4~+/CD8~+值均升高,CD8~+T淋巴细胞比例降低,对正常小鼠脾脏免疫功能具有正向调节作用。     

海洋蛋白肽和核苷酸配伍对小鼠免疫调节作用

目的 探讨海洋蛋白肽(MPP)和核苷酸(NT)配伍剂对小鼠的免疫调节作用及其可能的作用机制.方法 观察不同剂量[0.795,0.265和0.088 g/(kg·bw)]的MPP和NT配伍剂对小鼠细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核巨噬细胞功能、杀伤细胞(NK)活性、血清免疫球蛋白水平以及脾脏淋巴细胞亚群的影响.结果 配伍剂低剂量[0.088 g/(kg·bw)]组刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞增殖能力为(0.25±0.03),足跖肿胀度为(0.34±0.04)mm,明显高于对照组(P<0.05).低、中剂量组溶血空斑数分别为(2.08±0.11)和(2.00±0.1),明显高于对照组(P<0.05).低剂量组CD4~+T百分比和CD4~+/CD8~+比值分别为(35.45±0.97)%和(2.20±0.18),明显高于对照组(P<0.05).低剂量组血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM和IgA分别为115.82,45.91和12.49 mg/g,明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 MPP和NT配伍剂具有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用.     

牛初乳粉对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的　探讨牛初乳制品对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法　以牛初乳粉为受试物 ,设立3 75g/ (kg·bw) (低 )、7 5 0g/ (kg·bw) (中 )、2 2 5 0g/ (kg·bw) (高 ) 3个剂量组和对照组。依据卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2 0 0 3年版 )进行ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验、迟发型变态反应 (DTH)、抗体生成细胞检测 (PFC)、血清溶血素的测定、小鼠碳廓清试验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验和NK细胞活性测定。结果　在对绵羊红细胞诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应试验中的受试物各剂量组足跖增厚值高于对照组和ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验的中剂量组吸光度高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;血清溶血素试验中各剂量组的抗体积数高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;受试动物碳廓清试验和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验的中、高剂量组试验结果与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。结论　该牛初乳粉具有增强受试动物的细胞和体液免疫功能及单核 -巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。     

不同剂量蛋白质粉对小鼠免疫调节作用的影响的试验研究

目的了解不同剂量的蛋白质粉增强免疫调节的作用。方法分别给予昆明种小鼠以0.83、1.67、3.33g/kg·bw3种剂量的蛋白质粉,以饮用纯净水为对照组,连续灌胃30d,参照卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003年版)的方法对小鼠各项免疫功能指标进行测定。结果与对照组比较,1.67、3.33g/kg·bw剂量组蛋白粉可以使小鼠的足跖增厚值和光密度差值明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),使小鼠血清溶血素抗体积数和脾细胞抗体生成水平高于对照组(P<0.01),使小鼠的腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞吞噬百分率转换值及吞噬指数明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论对小鼠给予1.67、3.33g/kg·bw剂量的蛋白质粉能使小鼠的迟发型变态反应、脾淋巴细胞转化水平、细胞抗体生成水平、血清溶血素抗体滴度水平、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞功能均有不同程度的提高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.