145例慢性燃煤性砷中毒患者尿中微量蛋白的改变

目的观察燃煤性砷污染患者尿液各种微量蛋白的改变,了解其对砷中毒诊治的意义。方法对145例燃煤性砷中毒患者随机尿液进行视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)的检测。结果三个中毒组与对照组相比较结果为:轻度组RBP、TRF、α1-MG有增高趋势,但无统计学意义(P>0.05),中、重度组RBP、α1-MG显著高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01),中度组TRF仅上升趋势(P>0.05)。各组间比结果为:各组间男性与女性RBP、TRF、α1-MG相比较无显著性差异,无统计学意义。中度组RBP、α1-MG高于轻度组(P<0.05),重度组RBP、α1-MG显著高于轻度组(P<0.01),且TRF显著升高(P<0.05),有统计学意义。结论在燃煤性砷中毒早、中期进行RBP、TRF、α1-MG检测,可以帮助诊断治疗,同时可作为重度中毒患者的预后指标。     

尿β2-微球蛋白测定对新生儿窒息后早期肾损害诊断的临床价值

目的探讨窒息新生儿肾损害与尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)变化的关系.方法将窒息新生儿分为轻度窒息和重度窒息两组,每组按有无肾功能损害再分组并设对照组比较,于生后第1d和第7d检测尿β2-MG的水平.结果①无肾功能损害组尿β2-MG水平比对照组稍高(P>0.05);②并肾功能损害组尿β2-M水平比对照组明显增高(P＜0.05);重度窒息组尿β2-MG水平高于轻度窒息组(P＜0.05).结论尿β2-MG水平的测定可作为判断新生儿窒息程度及肾损害的一个重要指标;对早期肾功能损害的诊断有一定临床价值.     

血清视黄醇结合蛋白和尿α_1-微球蛋白在妊娠糖尿病早期肾损害诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和尿α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)在妊娠糖尿病(GDM)早期肾损害诊断中的应用价值。方法选取GDM患者60例,正常孕妇60例,未孕妇女60例,应用免疫比浊法检测血清RBP和尿α1-MG水平。结果 (1)GDM组血清RBP、尿α1-MG水平均高于正常孕妇组和未孕妇女组,各组间差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);(2)正常孕妇中孕组、晚孕组、GDM中孕组、晚孕组血清RBP、尿α1-MG水平差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);(3)GDM组血清RBP、尿α1-MG水平呈正相关(r=0.712,P0.05)。结论血清RBP、尿α1-MG是可以反映GDM早期肾损伤的实验室指标,联合检测血清RBP、尿α1-MG可以早期诊断GDM导致的肾功能损害,降低母婴并发症或围产期死亡率,具有重要的应用价值。     

2型糖尿病检测尿α1-MG的临床意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病早期肾损害时近曲小管功能情况。方法 同期对33例2型糖尿病患者和20例正常人测定晨尿Alb/Cr比值和测定晨尿α1-MG、TRU、IgG浓度。结果 (1)正常白蛋白尿组(DM-Ⅰ)与对照组(NC组)比较:尿α1-MG显著升高(P<0.001),而尿Alb/Cr、TRU、IgG无显著的差异。(2)微量白蛋白尿组(DM-Ⅱ)与NC组比较:尿Alb/Cr、α1-MG、TRU、IgG均显著升高(P<0.001)。(3)DM-Ⅱ组与DM-Ⅰ组比较:尿Alb/Cr、α1-MG、TRU、IgG均显著升高(α1-MG,P<0.01,其余P<0.001)。结论 2型糖尿病肾脏早期损害,除肾小球病变之外,也存在近曲小管病变,甚至早于肾小球病变。     

窒息新生儿尿中内皮素(ET-1)的变化与肾损伤的关系

目的 探讨窒息新生儿尿中ET-1的变化与肾损伤的关系。方法 采用放射免疫分析检测窒息患儿尿中ET-1水平，并同时测定尿中反应肾损伤的指标-β2微球蛋白(MG)的水平。结果 轻度窒息组与正常组及重度窒息组与轻度窒息组比较，ET-1、β2-MG水平显著升高(P＜0．05)，又ET-1与β2-MG之间呈显著正相关关系(r＝0．72，P＜0．05)。结论 尿中ET-1水平的测定可作为判断新生儿窒息程度及肾损伤的一个重要指标。     

早期肾损伤标志物在老年高血压肾损害检验中的应用

目的 探讨早期肾损伤标志物在老年高血压肾损害检验中的应用价值.方法 选择我院2016年1月至2017年7月体检中心抽查的280例老年(≥60岁)高血压患者作为高血压组,选择同期来医院体检的200例正常健康人作为对照组,均测定血肌酐(Scr)、胱抑素C(CysC)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿素氮(BUN)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿微量白蛋白(UmALB)水平,比较老年高血压患者与正常健康人及不同分级高血压患者肾功能指标的差异,并测定肾小球滤过率(GFR),按是否合并肾功能损伤分为肾功能正常组与肾功能受损组,比较两组肾功能指标的差异,分析高血压GFR水平与肾损伤标志物的相关性.结果 高血压组CysC、β2-MG、RBP、UmALB水平均高于对照组(P＜0.05);高血压2级、3级患者CysC、β2-MG、RBP、UmALB高于高血压1级者,高血压3级患者Scr、CysC、β2-MG、BUN、RBP、UmALB水平均高于高血压2级者(P＜0.05);高血压3级患者CysC、β2-MG、RBP、UmALB异常检出率均高于高血压1级、2级者(P＜0.05),高血压2级患者CysC、RBP、UmALB异常检出率高于高血压1级者(P＜0.05);肾功能受损患者CysC、β2-MG、RBP、UmALB均高于肾功能正常组(P＜0.05);高血压患者CysC、β2-MG、RBP、UmALB与GFR呈负相关(P＜0.05);单项检测中β2-MG对老年高血压早期肾损害检出率最高,其次为RBP,但单项检测阳性率均低于早期肾损伤标志物联合检测.结论 老年高血压患者伴CysC、β2-MG、RBP、UmALB明显上调,且随高血压程度的增加,上述因子表达水平上调更明显,且其表达水平的变化与GFR呈明显负相关.     

窒息新生儿尿β2微球蛋白检测的临床意义

目的了解β2-MG评价窒息新生儿肾功能损害的意义.方法将窒息患儿分为轻度和重度窒息两组,每组按有无肾功能损害再分组并设对照组比较,于生后第1、3天和第7天检测尿β2-MG.结果①无肾功能损害组尿β2-MG比对照组稍高(p>0.05),②并肾功能损害组尿β2-MG比对照组明显增高(p<0.05),重度窒息组高于轻度窒息组(p<0.05).结论尿β2-MG对判断窒息新生儿合并肾功能损害及估计其程度有一定的意义.     

窒息新生儿尿β2微球蛋白检测的临床意义

目的 了解β2-MG评价窒息新生儿肾功能损害的意义.方法 将窒息患儿分为轻度和重度窒息两组.每组按有无肾功能损害再分组并设对照组比较,于生后第1、3天和第7天检测尿β2-MG.结果 ①无肾功能损害组尿β2-MG比对照组稍高(p>0.05)。②并肾功能损害组尿β2-MG比对照组明显增高(p<0.05),重度窒息组高于轻度窒息组(p<0.05).结论 尿β2-WG对判断窒息新生儿合并肾功能损害及估计其程度有一定的意义.     

窒息新生儿肾功能损伤指标检查的临床意义

目的 比较研究反映窒息新生儿肾损伤的实验室指标差异的临床意义。方法 测定38例窒息新生儿尿常规、尿β微球蛋白(β—MG)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)、血尿酸(Ua)的变化。结果 窒息组各项检测指标的异常发生率明显高于对照组(P＜0．05)；重度窒息组各项指标的异常发生率高于轻度窒息组(P＜0．05)；同一组内尿β—MG的异常发生率高于血Cr、BUN、Ua的异常发生率(P＜0．05)；重度窒息组尿常规异常发生率明显高于轻度窒息。结论 尿常规检查和尿β—MG检测是判断窒息后新生儿肾损伤的敏感指标。     

肾病患儿尿中三种蛋白联合检测的临床意义

为探索Alb、IgG和 β2 -MG联合测定在肾病患儿早期诊断和区分病变部位的价值 ,本文采用RIA法对肾病患儿尿液中的Alb、IgG和 β2 -MG进行测定。结果表明 ,肾炎组和肾病组尿中的Alb、IgG明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。肾病组尿中的 β2 -MG明显高于对照组和肾炎组 (P <0 .0 1)。尿中的Alb、IgG和 β2 -MG联合测定能高灵敏早期反映肾脏的损伤 ,且能区分是肾小球还是肾小管的损害 ,并与病情呈正相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.