头孢丙烯颗粒与片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的建立生物样本头孢丙烯血浓度HPLC测定方法,进行头孢丙烯颗粒与头孢丙烯片健康志愿者体内药动学和相对生物等效性研究。方法 20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服头孢丙烯颗粒和头孢丙烯片各0·5 g,采用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间血浆浓度,计算其主要药动学参数。结果头孢丙烯颗粒与头孢丙烯片主要药动学参数t1/2为1·970 ±0.388 h和2.046 ±0.449 h,Tmax为1.600 ±0.348 h和1.675 ±0.335 h,Cmax为6.643 ±1.104μg·mL-1和6.637 ±1.320μg·mL-1,AUC0 -12为21.586 ±4.154μg·mL-1·h和21.121 ±4.255μg·mL-1·h,AUC0 -∞为21.814 ±4.164μg·mL-1·h和21.388 ±4.308μg·mL-1·h,头孢丙烯颗粒相对生物利用度为103.138 % ±12.042 %。结论本文所建立的HPLC方法灵敏,简单,可用于头孢丙烯人体药动学及生物等效性研究。AUC0 -12,AUC0 -∞,Cmax和Tmax方差分析,双单侧检验及90%置信限分析显示,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

HPLC荧光法测定人血浆中的5-氨基水杨酸

目的 采用HPLC荧光法测定人血浆中的5-氨基水杨酸,研究单剂量口服柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片后5-氨基水杨酸在中国健康受试者体内的药动学特征.方法 24名健康受试者口服500 mg柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片,采用HPLC荧光法测定血浆中5-氨基水杨酸的浓度,利用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药动学参数.结果 5.055～808.8 ng·mL-1 5-氨基水杨酸与峰面积比值的线性关系良好(r =0.9985),最低检测浓度为5.055 ng· mL-1,日内、日间RSD均＜10％.单次口服给药后,药动学参数为:t1/2=11.19 _±2.48 h,Cmax=232.83±57.94 ng· mL-1,Tmax =17.58 ±5.33 h,AUC(0～t)=5.5907±1.7848 μg·h·mL-1.结论 所用方法准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于口服柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片后5-氨基水杨酸血药浓度测定及人体药动学研究.     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片在健康人体的药动学和生物等效性

目的:建立液-质联用测定人血浆中多潘立酮的浓度,研究多潘立酮口腔崩解片与多潘立酮片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标盐酸苯海拉明,经甲醇沉淀蛋白,采用液-质联用测定。用建立的方法测定18例男性健康志愿者单剂量口服受试制剂(多潘立酮口腔崩解片)或参比制剂(多潘立酮片)后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.100～50 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率79.2%～87.8%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服10 mg受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(20.5±7.6)和(15.8±6.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.79±0.21)和(0.68±0.31)h;t1/2分别为(9.92±2.02)和(9.50±1.61)h;AUC(0-36)分别为(84.3±26.2)和(71.0±15.0)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(89.8±28.2)和(74.6±16.4)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.5±10.3)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

高灵敏度HPLC法测定血浆中昂丹司琼含量及口崩片的生物利用度

目的建立高灵敏度HPLC法测定血浆中昂丹司琼含量,并研究盐酸昂丹司琼口崩片的生物利用度.方法采用液-液萃取,氰基柱分离,检测波长为310 nm,格拉司琼为内标.随机交叉设计,20名健康志愿者单剂量口服盐酸昂丹司琼口崩片或普通片8 mg,考察其药代动力学与生物利用度.结果定量限为0.25 ng·mL-1,昂丹司琼和内标的提取回收率约为85%和90%,线性范围为0.5±50 ng·mL-1,相关系数介于0.997 1-0.999 9.批内与批间精密度分别介于1.78%～2.38% 和3.88%～5.19%.浓度分别为2、10、30 ng·mL-1的质控样品的回收率分别为104.7%±4.4%、102.2%±1.1%、99.51%±2.34%.口崩片的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax、Tmax和T1/2分别为230.2±78.0 ng·h·mL-1、265.2±101.5 ng·h·mL-1, 35.67±8.94 ng·mL-1、1.51±0.79 h、 5.00±1.41 h.方差分析表明口崩片和普通片的药动学参数无显著性差异,90%可信限介于生物等效范围之内.结论建立了高灵敏度HPLC法测定昂丹司琼的含量,并应用于盐酸昂丹司琼口崩片药动学和生物利用度评价.     

苯扎贝特在中国汉族和藏族健康人体内的药动学初探

目的 研究汉族和藏族健康志愿者单剂量口服苯扎贝特片的药物动力学.方法 健康志愿者20名(其中汉族和藏族各10名,男女各半),单剂量口服笨扎贝特片400 mg,采用HPLC法测定血浆中苯扎贝特的含量.用DAS软件程序进行数据处理,用SPSS软件对不同性别药动学参数进行统计分析.结果 受试者单剂量口服400 mg苯扎贝特片后,汉族健康志愿者的主要药动学参数:Gmax为(11.33±3.02)μg·mL-1,tamx为(1.96±0.21)h,t1/2为(2.05±0.37)h,AUC0-12为(40.54±11.25)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0～∞为(46.63±12.42)μg·h·mL-1.藏族健康志愿者的主要药动学参数:Cmax为(11.17±3.26)μg·mL-1,tmax为(2.05±0.32)h,t1/2为(2.04±0.31)h,AUC0～12为(38.25±9.74)μg·h·mL-1; AUC0-∞为(44.52±10.35)μg·b·mL-1.结论 健康志愿者单剂量口服苯扎贝特片的体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型.由于样本数太少,以上结果仅是初探,要得出有无种属差异的结论,尚需扩大样本数,作进一步研究才行.     

奥美沙坦酯片在健康人体内的药动学

目的：研究奥美沙坦酯片在健康人体内的药动学。方法：10名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服20 mg奥美沙坦酯片,采用HPLC荧光检测法测定血浆中奥美沙坦浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果：健康志愿者单剂量口服奥美沙坦酯片后的主要药动学参数为：cmax（526.88±75.74）ng/mL,tmax（2.05±0.37）h,t1/2（12.68±2.37）h,MRT（13.86±3.51）h,Cl/F（4.66±0.67）L/h,AUC0-48（3 990.43±679.47）ng.h.mL^-1,AUC0-∞（4 367.95±602.53）ng.h.mL^-1。结论：健康志愿者口服奥美沙坦酯片后吸收迅速,主要药动学参数与国内外文献报道值基本一致。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法研究依托红霉素颗粒的生物等效性

目的:建立人血浆中红霉素和红霉素丙酸酯的高效液相色谱-质谱测定法,并研究其在健康志愿者的药动学及相对生物利用度.方法:单剂口服依托红霉素颗粒450 mg后,血样经二氯甲烷-正己烷(3∶2)提取,进行LC-MS分析.结果:红霉素丙酸酯的线性范围为19.4～2910.0 ng·mL-1,定量下限为19.4ng·mL-1,提取回收率为87.9%～94.3%;红霉素的线性范围为20.3～1014.0ng·mL-1,定量下限为20.3ng·mL-1,提取回收率为76.0%～84.8%.人体中红霉素丙酸酯的药动学参数为:Cmax为(3 114.8±554.9)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(2.20±0.47)h,t1/2为(2.86±0.69)h,AUC0～t为(14699±2605)ng·h·mL-1,;红霉素的药动学参数为:Cmax为(910.3±213.5)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(1.75 ±0.30)h,t1/2为(3.69±0.94)h,AUC0～t为(4173±1121)ng·h·mL-1.结论:2种依托红霉素素制剂具有生物等效性,本方法灵敏、准确、简便,适用于临床药动学及生物等效性研究.     

盐酸莫西沙星片在健康志愿者体内两种条件下的药动学研究

目的 研究盐酸莫西沙星片在健康志愿者体内两种条件下的药动学.方法 采用随机交叉自身对照试验设计,24名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量空腹(或餐后)口服400 mg盐酸莫西沙星片.采用HPLC-UV法测定受试者血浆中莫西沙星的浓度,计算药动学参数,评价制剂在两种条件下的药动学行为.结果 空腹条件下,盐酸莫西沙星片的主要药动学参数为:Tmax =1.55 ±0.96 h,Cmax=3.45±0.88 μg·mL-1,AUC0-t=58.77±13.02 μg·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞=60.50±13.71 μg·mL-1·h;餐后条件下,盐酸莫西沙星片的主要药动学参数为:Tmax =2.66±1.48 h,Cmax=3.16±0.70 μg·mL-1,AUC0-t=57.01±9.95μg· mL-1·h,AUC0-∞=59.00± 10.60 μg·mL-1· h.结论 餐后与空腹条件相比,除了Tmax有所延迟外,其余药动学参数均无太大差别,表明食物可能会减缓盐酸莫西沙星的吸收.     

普卢利沙星片人体药代动力学研究

目的进行健康志愿者普卢利沙星片单次和多次口服给药活性代谢物NM394人体药代动力学研究。方法采用三交叉试验设计,12名健康志愿者随机分为3组,普卢利沙星片132.1mg,264.2mg和396.3mg分别单次口服或264.2mg每日2次,连续7日口服。采集肘静脉血,HPLC法测定NM394血浓度,DAS软件计算药动力学参数。结果普卢利沙星片单次口服给药NM394主要药动学参数Cmax为0.64±0.25μg·mL-1,1.06±0.35μg·mL-1和1.45±0.44μg·mL-1,Tmax为0.94±0.22h,1.02±0.17h和0.98±0.23h,t12为8.37±0.70h,7.70±0.82h和7.78±0.77h,AUC0-24为2.93±0.78μg·mL-1·h,4.39±1.05μg·mL-1·h和5.55±1.32μg·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞为3.32±0.84μg·mL-1·h,4.82±1.06μg·mL-1·h和6.10±1.38μg·mL-1·h;连续多次口服给药NM394主要药动学参数Cmax为1.20±0.33μg·mL-1,Tmax为0.67±0.12h,t127.38±1.03h,AUC0-24为5.58±1.25μg·mL-1·h和AUC0-∞为6.09±1.24μg·mL-1·h。结论普卢利沙星片单次口服给药NM394Cmax和AUC呈良好剂量依赖性;单次和多次给药NM394药动学特征无明显差异;多次给药NM394体内无蓄积。     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在朝鲜族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学

目的:研究朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片的药代动力学.方法:健康受试者20名(朝鲜族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片剂50mg;用HPLC-荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,采用DAS软件和SPSS软件进行数据处理和统计学分析.结果:单剂量口服50 mg氯沙坦钾片后,朝鲜族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(524±349),(493±188)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.9±0.4),(2.4±0.8)h;t1/2(1.5±0.4),(3.1±0.7)h;AUC0-24分别为(682±319),(2563±752) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(752±331),(2608±766)ng·h·mL-1.汉族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Gmax分别为(351±168),(242±60)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.4±1.1),(3.6±1.7)h;t1/2分别为(0.8±0.4),(4.7±1.1)h;AUC0-24分别为(498±172),(1853±194) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为( 523±184),(1960±182) ng-h·mL-1.结论:氯沙坦钾片在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者体内药动学参数差异存在统计学意义,在不同性别间药动学参数差异无统计学意义,个体间药动学参数存在较大差异,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.