Phenotypic overlap between hematopoietic cells with suggested angioblastic potential and vascular endothelial cells

The existence of angioblast-like circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in adult humans has been suggested recently. Their role in postnatal angiogenesis is under intensive investigation. Discrimination between the supposed angioblasts (AC133(+)/FLK-1(+)/CD34(+)) and mature endothelial cells (ECs) is complicated by the fact that subsets of hematopoietic cells express markers similar to those of ECs. Among these, monocytes/macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) are more differentiated hematopoietic cell populations. They show a wide phenotypic overlap with particularly sinusoidal and microvascular ECs. Furthermore, under local angiogenic growth conditions, monocytes or monocyte precursors or immature DCs may differentiate into endothelial-like cells (ELC). Initial evidence suggests an endothelium-independent revascularization potential carried by macrophages. These macrophages have been shown to form "tunnel-like structures" in ischemic regions. Future studies will need to address the question of whether monocyte-/dendritic cell-derived ELC can develop a similar functional behavior in vasoregulation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis, as described for vascular ECs, and thus may contribute to neoangiogenesis by a direct vessel-forming role.     

姜黄素抑制多发性骨髓瘤细胞脑源性神经营养因子所诱导的血管新生作用

为了研究姜黄素对多发性骨髓瘤（MM）细胞脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、内皮细胞株TrkB的表达及内皮细胞血管新生的影响，以初步探讨姜黄素通过抑制血管新生治疗多发性骨髓瘤的可能性，采用RT—PCR法分别检测姜黄素处理前后多发性骨髓瘤细胞株KM3中BDNF的基因表达变化与内皮细胞株ECV304中TrkB的基因表达变化，应用内皮细胞迁移试验和内皮细胞小管形成试验评价姜黄素对内皮细胞血管新生的影响。结果显示：外源性BDNF能够有效地促进内皮细胞的迁移和小管形成，但这两个效应均能被姜黄素明显阻断；KM3细胞表达BDNFmRNA，ECV304细胞表达TrkBmRNA，姜黄素对两者的表达均具有抑制作用，并呈剂量-时间依赖性。结论：BDNF是一种具有促进血管增殖活性的细胞因子，姜黄素可以分别下调MM细胞BDNF与内皮细胞T她的表达，阻碍两者间的相互作用，继而抑制血管新生，这可能成为治疗MM潜在的作用靶点。     

Platelets secrete stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha and recruit bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to arterial thrombi in vivo

The accumulation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells is essential for remodeling and repair of injured blood vessel walls. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells have been implicated in vascular repair and remodeling; however, the mechanisms underlying their recruitment to the site of injury remain elusive. Here, using real-time in vivo fluorescence microscopy, we show that platelets provide the critical signal that recruits CD34+ bone marrow cells and c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin- bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to sites of vascular injury. Correspondingly, specific inhibition of platelet adhesion virtually abrogated the accumulation of both CD34+ and c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin- bone marrow-derived progenitor cells at sites of endothelial disruption. Binding of bone marrow cells to platelets involves both P-selectin and GPIIb integrin on platelets. Unexpectedly, we found that activated platelets secrete the chemokine SDF-1alpha, thereby supporting further primary adhesion and migration of progenitor cells. These findings establish the platelet as a major player in the initiation of vascular remodeling, a process of fundamental importance for vascular repair and pathological remodeling after vascular injury.     

AKT/eNOS信号途径在脑源性神经营养因子诱导内皮细胞血管新生中的作用

目的探讨脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）促进内皮细胞血管新生的机制及其参与的信号通路，为抗多发性骨髓瘤血管生成的研究提供新的实验依据。方法以人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）为对象，采用Western blot印迹法检测细胞内磷酸化丝／苏氨酸激酶（AKT）、内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）蛋白质的表达；采用Transwell小室迁移实验、小管形成实验评价体外内皮细胞血管新生的能力，小鼠体内Matrigel plug实验评估体内内皮细胞血管新生的能力，采用硝酸还原酶法检测HUVEC上清中内皮细胞源性一氧化氮（eNO）的含量，FITC-Annexin V／PI双染色流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡。结果BDNF以时间一浓度依赖性的方式激活P13K／AKT／eNOS信号通路，应用PI3K激酶抑制剂Ly294002可以明显阻断BDNF刺激后内皮细胞eNO的生成。在体外，BDNF诱导的细胞迁移和小管形成效应均分别能被Ly294002和L-NAME（NOS抑制剂）阻断；而BDNF的抑制凋亡效应与L-NAME无关，仅受Ly294002影响；在体内，经L-NAME喂养的小鼠皮下Matrigel栓中的新生血管数量与未经L-NAME喂养的小鼠相比显著减少。结论BDNF通过AKT／eNOS途径活化介导血管薪生，这可能成为治疗多发性骨髓瘤血管新生的新靶点。     

Identification of a low-molecular weight TrkB antagonist with anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in mice

The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) have emerged as key mediators in the pathophysiology of several mood disorders, including anxiety and depression. However, therapeutic compounds that interact with TrkB receptors have been difficult to develop. Using a combination of structure-based in silico screening and high-capacity functional assays in recombinant and neuronal cells, we identified a low-molecular weight TrkB ligand (ANA-12) that prevented activation of the receptor by BDNF with a high potency. ANA-12 showed direct and selective binding to TrkB and inhibited processes downstream of TrkB without altering TrkA and TrkC functions. KIRA-ELISA analysis demonstrated that systemic administration of ANA-12 to adult mice decreased TrkB activity in the brain without affecting neuronal survival. Mice administered ANA-12 demonstrated reduced anxiety- and depression-related behaviors on a variety of tests predictive of anxiolytic and antidepressant properties in humans. This study demonstrates that structure-based virtual screening strategy can be an efficient method for discovering potent TrkB-selective ligands that are active in vivo. We further propose that ANA-12 may be a valuable tool for studying BDNF/TrkB signaling and may constitute a lead compound for developing the next generation of therapeutic agents for the treatment of mood disorders.     

Defining human endothelial progenitor cells

Summary.  There is no specific marker to identify an endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) and this deficiency is restricting the ability of an entire field of research in defining these cells. We will review current methods to define EPC in the human system and suggest approaches to define better the cell populations involved in neoangiogenesis. PubMed was used to identify articles via the search term 'endothelial progenitor cell' and those articles focused on defining the term were evaluated. The only human cells expressing the characteristics of an EPC, as originally proposed, are endothelial colony forming cells. A variety of hematopoietic cells including stem and progenitors, participate in initiating and modulating neoangiogenesis. Future studies must focus on defining the specific hematopoietic subsets that are involved in activating, recruiting, and remodeling the vascular networks formed by the endothelial colony forming cells.     

多发性骨髓瘤细胞激活内皮细胞脑源性神经营养因子自分泌环

目的在体外共培养体系中研究人多发性骨髓瘤（MM）细胞对正常内皮细胞的作用。方法建立人MM细胞株RPMI8226与正常人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）的体外共培养体系；以同期单独培养的HUVEC为对照，对与RPMI8226细胞共培养的HUVEC进行脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）及其特异性受体TrkB基因的半定量RT—PCR分析和蛋白的Western blot分析，采用ELISA方法检测共培养体系培养上清中BDNF的含量；在转换共培养实验的基础上应用Transwell小室迁移实验、网状结构形成实验评价与RPMI8226细胞共培养激活的HUVEC对正常HUVEC血管新生能力的影响。结果与同期单独培养的HUVEC相比，经共培养后的HUVEC不仅上清中BDNF的含量增加[分别为（12．4±5．1）ng／ml和（31．6±7．2）ng／ml，P〈0．05]，RT-PCR结果显示HUVEC常规表达BDNF，与RPMI8226细胞共培养后HUVEC BDNF表达量约为前者的1．7倍（P〈0．05）；单独培养的HUVEC几乎不表达TrkB，共培养的RPMI8226细胞明显上调HUVEC TrkB的表达（为前者的4．4倍，P〈0．05），Western blot结果与上述结果相符；经RPMI8226细胞活化的内皮细胞可明显促进HUVEC迁移和网状结构形成，与未活化的内皮细胞相比迁移指数和网状结构数量分别增加了99％和72％，抗BDNF抗体可部分抑制其活性。结论MM细胞通过可溶性的细胞因子介导，激活内皮细胞的BDNF／TrkB自分泌环，继而实现内皮细胞的自促进血管新生效应。     

糖尿病对内皮祖细胞移植促血管新生作用的影响

背景：内皮祖细胞为血管新生的前体细胞,通过促血管新生作用治疗糖尿病血管病变有着良好的前景。目的：探讨糖尿病对内皮祖细胞移植治疗缺血性疾病过程中促血管新生作用的影响。方法：制备糖尿病大鼠模型,提取糖尿病和正常大鼠供体骨髓单个核细胞体外定向培养为内皮祖细胞。同时建立糖尿病及正常大鼠下肢缺血模型,并于缺血病变部位局部移植糖尿病或正常大鼠内皮祖细胞或PBS进行对照。移植后定期应用ELISA方法检测病变部位血管内皮生长因子含量,应用免疫组化方法计数病变部位微血管密度。结果与结论：①受体相同,移植物不同时：移植糖尿病大鼠来源或正常大鼠来源内皮组细胞后,下肢缺血组织中血管内皮生长因子水平及微血管密度比较,差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。②移植物相同,受体不同时：正常大鼠移植内皮祖细胞后下肢缺血组织中血管内皮细胞生长因子含量和微血管密度均高于糖尿病组。说明在体外定向培养和病变部位局部注射条件下,糖尿病对骨髓来源内皮祖细胞移植促血管新生作用无明显影响,而对血管新生所处的病变部位微环境有明显影响。     

Effects of trkB and trkC neurotrophin receptor agonists on thermal nociception: a behavioral and electrophysiological study

Nerve-growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, plays an important role in nociceptor function. Prompted by a previous unexpected finding that NT-4/5, as well as NGF sensitizes single nociceptors to noxious heat, we have explored the relative potency of all neurotrophins in eliciting thermal hyperalgesia. NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-4/5 and NT-3 were injected locally into the hind paw of rats, and the behavioral response to noxious heat was compared with that from the other paw that received an identical injection of vehicle. Like NGF, agonists of tyrosine kinaseB (trkB) receptors (NT-4/5 and BDN F) induced thermal hyperalgesia in the first 5 h after treatment (NT-4/5>BDNF) but the effect had worn off by 24 h. In contrast, the trkC agonist NT-3 had no effect on the response to noxious heat. Electrophysiological recordings from single C-fibres in the in vitro skin-saphenous nerve preparation revealed sensitization to noxious heat stimuli after direct application of BDNF to the receptive field, as previously noted for NT-4/5, and in parallel with the behavioral findings. NT-3 was ineffective as in the behavioral studies. These results suggest that trkB agonists BDNF and NT-4/5 as well as the trkA agonist NGF can regulate nociceptive responses to noxious heat.     

Role of angiogenic growth factors in transplant coronary artery disease

Transplant coronary artery disease (TxCAD) as a manifestation of chronic rejection is a major limitation to long-term survival of heart transplant recipients. Although the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to neointimal formation are unknown, it has been generally believed that smooth muscle cells (SMC) of donor origin migrate from the media into the subendothelial layer of the vascular wall, where SMC proliferate and synthesize extracellular matrix resulting in intimal thickening. However, recent observations indicate that hematopoietic and vascular progenitor cells derived from recipient bone marrow may contribute to the arteriosclerotic lesion formation in the coronary arteries of the transplant. On the other hand, studies on postnatal hematopoiesis indicate that angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) may regulate the recruitment of these cells into distant organs. Furthermore, embryonic VEGFR-2 /CD34+ stem cells may serve as vascular progenitor cells and their differentiation into endothelial cells and SMC may be regulated by VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), respectively. In this review, we discuss the role of angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF, Ang, and PDGF in the recruitment of hematopoietic and vascular progenitor cells in TxCAD and suggest novel therapies targeted at homing, differentiation and proliferation of these cells in the allograft.     

Role of A2B adenosine receptors in regulation of paracrine functions of stem cell antigen 1-positive cardiac stromal cells

The existence of multipotent cardiac stromal cells expressing stem cell antigen (Sca)-1 has been reported, and their proangiogenic properties have been demonstrated in myocardial infarction models. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that stimulation of adenosine receptors on cardiac Sca-1(+) cells up-regulates their secretion of proangiogenic factors. We found that Sca-1 is expressed in subsets of mouse cardiac stromal CD31(-) and endothelial CD31(+) cells. The population of Sca-1(+)CD31(+) endothelial cells was significantly reduced, whereas the population of Sca-1(+)CD31(-) stromal cells was increased 1 week after myocardial infarction, indicating their relative functional importance in this pathophysiological process. An increase in adenosine levels in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice in vivo significantly augmented vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in cardiac Sca-1(+)CD31(-) stromal cells but not in Sca-1(+)CD31(+) endothelial cells. We found that mouse cardiac Sca-1(+)CD31(-) stromal cells predominantly express mRNA encoding A(2B) adenosine receptors. Stimulation of adenosine receptors significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6, CXCL1 (a mouse ortholog of human IL-8), and VEGF release from these cells. Using conditionally immortalized Sca-1(+)CD31(-) stromal cells obtained from wild-type and A(2B) receptor knockout mouse hearts, we demonstrated that A(2B) receptors are essential for adenosine-dependent up-regulation of their paracrine functions. We found that the human heart also harbors a population of stromal cells similar to the mouse cardiac Sca-1(+)CD31(-) stromal cells that increase release of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF in response to A(2B) receptor stimulation. Thus, our study identified A(2B) adenosine receptors on cardiac stromal cells as potential targets for up-regulation of proangiogenic factors in the ischemic heart.     

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 promotes angiogenesis via a heme oxygenase 1-dependent mechanism

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) plays a major role in the migration, recruitment, and retention of endothelial progenitor cells to sites of ischemic injury and contributes to neovascularization. We provide direct evidence demonstrating an important role for heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in mediating the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1. Nanomolar concentrations of SDF-1 induced HO-1 in endothelial cells through a protein kinase C zeta-dependent and vascular endothelial growth factor-independent mechanism. SDF-1-induced endothelial tube formation and migration was impaired in HO-1-deficient cells. Aortic rings from HO-1(-/-) mice were unable to form capillary sprouts in response to SDF-1, a defect reversed by CO, a byproduct of the HO-1 reaction. Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein was impaired in HO-1(-/-) cells, an event that was restored by CO. The functional significance of HO-1 in the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1 was confirmed in Matrigel plug, wound healing, and retinal ischemia models in vivo. The absence of HO-1 was associated with impaired wound healing. Intravitreal adoptive transfer of HO-1-deficient endothelial precursors showed defective homing and reendothelialization of the retinal vasculature compared with HO-1 wild-type cells following ischemia. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic role for HO-1 in SDF-1-mediated angiogenesis and provide new avenues for therapeutic approaches in vascular repair.     

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been developed as lipid-lowering drugs and are well established to reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease. Here we demonstrate that statins potently augment endothelial progenitor cell differentiation in mononuclear cells and CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells isolated from peripheral blood. Moreover, treatment of mice with statins increased c-kit(+)/Sca-1(+)--positive hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and further elevated the number of differentiated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Statins induce EPC differentiation via the PI 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway as demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of pharmacological PI3K blockers or overexpression of a dominant negative Akt construct. Similarly, the potent angiogenic growth factor VEGF requires Akt to augment EPC numbers, suggesting an essential role for Akt in regulating hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Given that statins are at least as potent as VEGF in increasing EPC differentiation, augmentation of circulating EPC might importantly contribute to the well-established beneficial effects of statins in patients with coronary artery disease.     

Efficient mobilization and recruitment of marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic stem cells by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors

Adult bone marrow (BM) is a rich reservoir for endothelial and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that contribute to revascularization of injured and tumor tissue. Physiological stress results in the release of specific chemo-cytokines that promote mobilization of stem cells to the circulation and direct their incorporation into the target tissues. In order to dissect the mechanism and identify the cellular mediators that regulate stem cell recruitment, we have developed an in vivo murine model, in which the plasma levels of chemokines are elevated by introducing adenoviral vectors (Advectors) expressing such chemokines. Among the known stem cell-active chemokines, the angiogenic factor VEGF through interaction with its receptors, VEGFR2 and VEGFR1 expressed on endothelial and hematopoietic stem cells, promotes mobilization and recruitment of these cells into the neo-angiogenic sites, thereby accelerating the revascularization process. Based on these studies, it has become apparent that mobilization of stem cells is a dynamic process and requires sequential release of chemocytokines, expression of adhesion molecules and activation of proteases that facilitate egress of cells from the BM to the circulation. Chemokine-activation of metalloproteinases is essential for the release of bio-active cytokines, thereby enhancing stem cell mobilization potential. Advectors are ideal for delivery of chemocytokines since they allow for long-term robust expression facilitating in vivo proliferation and mobilization of large numbers of an otherwise rare population of stem cells. VEGF-mobilized endothelial and hematopoietic stem cells provide for an enriched source of adult pluripotent cells that can be used for revascularization, tissue regeneration or gene therapy.     

Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced angiogenesis depends on in situ platelet-activating factor biosynthesis

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell growth in vitro, is angiogenic in vivo. Therefore, it was suggested that the angiogenic properties of this agent might be consequent to the production of secondary mediators. Since TNF-alpha stimulates the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by monocytes and endothelial cells, we investigated the possible involvement of PAF in the angiogenic effect of TNF-alpha. Angiogenesis was studied in a murine model in which Matrigel was used as a vehicle for the delivery of mediators. In this model the angiogenesis induced by TNF-alpha was shown to be inhibited by WEB 2170, a specific PAF receptor antagonist. Moreover, in mice injected with TNF-alpha, PAF was detected within the Matrigel, 6 and 24 h after TNF-alpha injection. The synthesis of PAF within the Matrigel was concomitant with the early migration of endothelial cells and infiltration of monocytes. No infiltration of lymphocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed. Synthetic PAF as well as PAF extracted and purified from mice challenged with TNF-alpha induced a rapid angiogenic response, inhibited by WEB 2170. These results suggest that the angiogenic effect of TNF-alpha is, at least in part, mediated by PAF synthesized from monocytes and/or endothelial cells infiltrating the Matrigel plug.     

Functional disruption of alpha4 integrin mobilizes bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitors and augments ischemic neovascularization

The cell surface receptor alpha4 integrin plays a critical role in the homing, engraftment, and maintenance of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the bone marrow (BM). Down-regulation or functional blockade of alpha4 integrin or its ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mobilizes long-term HPCs. We investigated the role of alpha4 integrin in the mobilization and homing of BM endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). EPCs with endothelial colony-forming activity in the BM are exclusively alpha4 integrin-expressing cells. In vivo, a single dose of anti-alpha4 integrin antibody resulted in increased circulating EPC counts for 3 d. In hindlimb ischemia and myocardial infarction, systemically administered anti-alpha4 integrin antibody increased recruitment and incorporation of BM EPCs in newly formed vasculature and improved functional blood flow recovery and tissue preservation. Interestingly, BM EPCs that had been preblocked with anti-alpha4 integrin ex vivo or collected from alpha4 integrin-deficient mice incorporated as well as control cells into the neovasculature in ischemic sites, suggesting that alpha4 integrin may be dispensable or play a redundant role in EPC homing to ischemic tissue. These data indicate that functional disruption of alpha4 integrin may represent a potential angiogenic therapy for ischemic disease by increasing the available circulating supply of EPCs.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 stimulate postnatal hematopoiesis by recruitment of vasculogenic and hematopoietic stem cells

Tyrosine kinase receptors for angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) are expressed not only by endothelial cells but also by subsets of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To further define their role in the regulation of postnatal hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis, VEGF and Ang-1 plasma levels were elevated by injecting recombinant protein or adenoviral vectors expressing soluble VEGF(165), matrix-bound VEGF(189), or Ang-1 into mice. VEGF(165), but not VEGF(189), induced a rapid mobilization of HSCs and VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2(+) circulating endothelial precursor cells (CEPs). In contrast, Ang-1 induced delayed mobilization of CEPs and HSCs. Combined sustained elevation of Ang-1 and VEGF(165) was associated with an induction of hematopoiesis and increased marrow cellularity followed by proliferation of capillaries and expansion of sinusoidal space. Concomitant to this vascular remodeling, there was a transient depletion of hematopoietic activity in the marrow, which was compensated by an increase in mobilization and recruitment of HSCs and CEPs to the spleen resulting in splenomegaly. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to VEGFR2 completely inhibited VEGF(165), but not Ang-1-induced mobilization and splenomegaly. These data suggest that temporal and regional activation of VEGF/VEGFR2 and Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathways are critical for mobilization and recruitment of HSCs and CEPs and may play a role in the physiology of postnatal angiogenesis and hematopoiesis.     

Human platelet concentrates: a source of solvent/detergent-treated highly enriched brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BACKGROUND: Human blood platelets (PLTs) contain brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin that binds to neurotrophic tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB) receptor on central nervous system cells. This binding promotes neural synaptic plasticity and memory and prevents neuronal degeneration. Alterations in BDNF homeostasis are associated with aging and are found in several neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis. We have developed PLT viral inactivation and chromatographic fractionation processes and decided here to identify fractions enriched in BDNF. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PLT concentrates (PCs) were treated by solvent/detergent (S/D), extracted by oil, and subjected to fractionation (C18, sulfopropyl [SP]‐Sepharose, diethylaminoethyl [DEAE]‐Sepharose, or activated charcoal). BDNF and pro‐BDNF were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. TrkB was studied by Western blot. Tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TnBP) was quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and Triton X‐45 by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The mean BDNF content of 2.9 ± 0.7 ng/mL in PC was noted to increase to 56.2 ± 2.4 ng/mL after S/D treatment and remained stable during oil extraction. Approximately 70% of the BDNF content was recovered after C18 chromatography. BDNF did not bind to DEAE‐Sepharose and was almost completely adsorbed by charcoal. Chromatography on SP‐Sepharose yielded a highly enriched 13‐kDa mature BDNF fraction that was more than 170‐fold purified, with a mean of 137 ± 29.4 ng/mL and 82% chromatographic recovery, devoid of detectable TnBP and Triton X‐45. Pro‐BDNF and TrkB proteins were not detected in the PLT extracts. CONCLUSION: We obtained a S/D‐treated, highly enriched mature PLT‐derived BDNF fraction that could help unveil the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic, and potential therapeutic applications of the BDNF neurotrophin.     

骨髓内皮细胞条件培养液促进小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血分化

为观察骨髓内皮细胞条件培养液(BECM)和(或)细胞因子(VEGF SCF EPO)对小鼠胚胎干细胞(ESC-D3细胞)生成造血干／祖细胞的促进作用，先将ESC-D3细胞形成4天胚状体(Day 4 embryoid body,4dEB)，再诱导4dEBs生成造血干／祖细胞。实验分4组，第1，2和3组分别为BECM VEGF SCF EPO，BECM和VEGF SCF EPO组，第4组为自发分化对照组。检测各组造血干／祖细胞特异抗原、造血转录因子表达以及造血集落的形成。结果显示，BBCM和(或)细胞因子诱导生成的细胞均表达造血干／祖细胞抗原(c-kit,Sca-1,Thy-1和CD34)和造血转录因子(c—myb，SCL和β-H1)基因mRNA，培养后可产生HPP-CFC和BFU-E。从诱导ESC-D3细胞生成造血干／祖细胞的数量和生成的集落总数看，BBCM联合细胞因子组诱导效率均显高于单用组和对照组。结论：骨髓内皮细胞条件培养液能显促进胚胎干细胞早期造血分化，且骨髓内皮细胞条件培养液与细胞因子联合时效果更强。