神经组织工程支架或异种神经移植在面神经缺损中的应用

背景：了解面神经损伤的修复方法,以及各种组织支架的特性与优势,对于修复方法与材料的合理选择是十分必要的。目的：总结神经组织工程支架或异种神经移植在面神经缺损中的应用进展。方法：应用计算机检索PubMed数据库及CNKI数据库,在标题和摘要中以＂组织工程支架,神经移植,面神经,修复＂或＂tissue engineering scaffolds,nerve trans plantation,facial,repair＂为检索词进行检索。根据纳入标准选择21篇文献进行综述。结果与结论：面神经缺损后立即直接缝合神经的断端是最好的修复方法。自体神经移植受神经移植体来源之限,常造成供区失神经支配;以及产生束外有髓和无髓轴突无规则生长会导致神经纤维错向再生,造成严重的联带运动的不足。异体或异种神经移植法虽然取得了一定的效果,但仍处于动物实验的研究阶段,尚难以应用于临床。     

Repairing peripheral nerve defects with revascularized tissue‐engineered nerve based on a vascular endothelial growth factor‐heparin sustained release system

To enhance the angiogenic capacity of tissue‐engineered peripheral nerves, we have constructed revascularized tissue‐engineered nerves based on a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐heparin sustained release system. However, the effects of the repair of large peripheral nerve defects are not known. In this study, we used the above revascularized tissue‐engineered nerve to repair large nerve defects in rats. The repair effects were observed through general observation, functional evaluation of nerve regeneration, ultrasound examination, neural electrophysiology, wet weight ratio of bilateral gastrocnemius muscle, histological evaluation, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The results showed that the tissue‐engineered peripheral nerve based on a VEGF‐heparin sustained release system can achieve early vascularization and restore blood supply in the nerve graft area. The realization of early vascularization in the area of the nerve defect greatly promotes the speed of nerve regeneration and reconstruction in the area of the nerve defect, which greatly advances the process of nerve repair and reconstruction and accelerates the restoration of the normal morphological structure and function of peripheral nerves.     

神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用

背景：神经导管是由天然或人工合成材料制成的、用于桥接神经断端的组织工程支架材料,具有引导和促进神经再生作用。目的：总结近年来常用的神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用。方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库中与神经导管生物材料在神经修复中应用有关的文章,检索时限2002-01/2010-12。检索关键词：神经导管;生物材料;神经损伤;神经修复;神经再生。纳入标准：与神经导管生物材料在神经修复中应用有关的文章。排除标准：重复研究或较陈旧文献。根据纳入排除标准共保留相关文献30篇。结果与结论：非生物降解材料由于其不可吸收性和对再生神经的远期不良影响使临床应用受到限制。生物降解材料在神经再生完成后可在体内降解吸收,无需二次手术取出,但目前未能利用生物降解材料完全仿制出具有天然神经结构的支架。生物衍生材料生物相容性好、排异反应小,可提供细胞外基质、胶原,起支架作用,但缺血后存在管形塌陷、再生不良、吸收瘢痕组织、增生及粘连等问题。神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用前景广阔,但单用一类材料难以制作出理想的神经导管生物材料,通过结合各类材料的优点,与神经营养因子、细胞外基质成分和许旺细胞等联合应用,制备新型具有生物活性的导管材料,将有利于神经修复进一步发展。     

Undifferentiated and differentiated adipose‐derived stem cells improve nerve regeneration in a rat model of facial nerve defect

Autologous nerve grafting is the current procedure used for repairing facial nerve gaps. As an alternative to this method, tissue engineering cell‐based therapy using induced pluripotent stem cells, Schwann cells and bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells has been proposed. However, these cells have major problems, including tumorigenesis in induced pluripotent stem cells and invasiveness and limited tissue associated with harvesting for the other cells. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs), which can be harvested easily and repeatedly by a minimally invasive liposuction procedure. The ASCs had characteristics of mesenchymal tissue lineages and could differentiate into Schwann‐like cells that were relatively simple to isolate and expand in culture. In an in vivo study, a silicone conduit containing undifferentiated ASCs, differentiated ASCs or Schwann cells were transplanted, embedded in a collagen gel and the efficacy of repair of a 7 mm‐gap in the rat facial nerve examined. Morphometric quantification analysis of regenerated facial nerves after a regeneration period of 13 weeks showed that undifferentiated ASCs, differentiated ASCs, and Schwann cells had similar potential for nerve regeneration. Furthermore, the functional recovery of facial nerve regeneration using a rat facial palsy scoring system in the three groups was close to that in autologous nerve graft positive controls. These findings suggest that undifferentiated and differentiated ASCs may both have therapeutic potential in facial nerve regeneration as a source of Schwann cells in cell‐based therapy performed as an alternative to autologous nerve grafts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

周围神经损伤修复及功能恢复评价

目的：评价修复周围神经缺损的各种生物型人工材料的性能、应用以及功能恢复评定方法,寻找适宜的周围神经替代物。方法：以＂神经导管,周围神经损伤修复,生物材料,许旺细胞＂为关键词,采用计算机检索2004-01/2010-11相关文章。纳入与生物材料以及组织工程神经相关的文章;排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。以28篇文献为主,重点讨论周围神经修复生物型人工材料的种类、性能以及适宜的功能恢复评定方法。结果：以脱细胞神经基质以及人工合成可降解材料为主体的复合型生物工程材料可作为较理想的支架材料应用于周围神经组织工程。脱细胞神经支架解决了自体神经来源受限、移植物排斥反应等问题,韧性与可塑性接近自体神经,微环境更利于周围神经再生。人工合成可降解材料具有生物降解、可塑性、一定的通透性等优势,且已有商品化成品出现。若将上述材料分别合理构建复合材料,有可能得到性能良好的组织工程神经移植物。周围神经修复后功能恢复评定方法主要以大体与形态学观察、组织学、神经肌肉机能学评定为主,辅以分子生物学技术。各类评定方法的应用有利于筛选出最适宜的周围神经损伤修复材料与构建方案。结论：周围神经损伤修复生物型人工材料研究发展迅速,但仍没有超越自体神经移植的支架材料。脱细胞神经基质以及人工合成可降解材料复合构建支架可作为较好的周围神经支架,但仍需要与种子细胞、神经营养因子等联合构建,以取得良好的促进再生效果。当前,对周围神经损伤修复效果的评定更加注重于神经肌肉功能的恢复,迫切需要筛选出最佳的修复材料以及构建方案以满足组织工程神经移植以及功能康复的要求,达到对周围神经损伤后形态、结构修复与功能重建的目的。     

Identification of critical growth factors for peripheral nerve regeneration

Growth factors are essential for the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs, including injured peripheral nerves. However, the expression changes of growth factors during peripheral nerve regeneration have not been fully elucidated. To obtain a global view of alternations of growth factors during the regeneration process, we explored previously achieved sequencing data of rat sciatic nerve stumps at 0 h, 1 d, 4 d, 7 d, and 14 d after nerve crush injury and screened differentially expressed upstream growth factors using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatic software. Differentially expressed growth factors were then subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Enrichment of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Regulatory networks of the differentially expressed growth factors in axon growth-related biological processes were constructed. Pivotal growth factors involved in axon growth were identified and validated by qRT-PCR. Our current study identified differentially expressed growth factors in the injured nerve stumps after peripheral nerve injury, discovered key growth factors for axon growth and nerve regeneration, and might facilitate the discovery of potential therapeutic targets of peripheral nerve injury.

Growth factors are essential for the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs, including injured peripheral nerves.     

骨髓间充质细胞构建组织工程神经修复坐骨神经缺损

背景:许旺细胞是周围神经组织工程的种子细胞,但体外分离、培养、纯化许旺细胞较困难.脱细胞同种异体神经移植物具有较强的修复外周神经缺损的能力,且可诱导骨髓间充质细胞分化为类许旺细胞,理论上骨髓间充质细胞可替代许旺细胞作为种子细胞应用于周围神经组织工程.目的:观察骨髓间充质细胞构建组织工程神经修复坐骨神经缺损的效果,评估骨髓间充质细胞作为种子细胞修复周围神经缺损的可行性.设计、时间及地点:随机对照动物实验,于2008-07/12在大理学院基础医学院实验室完成.材料:将30只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为3组,每组10只.骨髓间充质细胞+异体移植组将骨髓间充质细胞复合脱细胞同种异体神经移植物培养的组织工程神经与两断端用10/0无创线端端吻合;异体移植组将脱细胞同种异体神经移植物桥接;自体移植组将切断的坐骨神经旋转180°端端吻合.方法:运用骨髓间充质细胞构建的组织工程神经修复大鼠10 mm坐骨神经缺损,移植后12周通过坐骨神经功能指数、腓肠肌湿质量恢复率、S-100免疫组织化学染色、电镜等方法观察移植物修复效果.主要观察指标:复合物培养时观察细胞形态的变化;移植后观察坐骨神经功能指数及腓肠肌湿质量恢复率;通过甲苯胺蓝染色观察新生髓鞘形成和轴突生长及神经纤维的分布情况,结合透射电镜及S-100蛋白免疫组织化学染色,观察许旺细胞生长和神经纤维再生情况.结果:坐骨神经功能指数及腓肠肌湿质量恢复率的检测结果显示骨髓间充质细胞+异体移植组优于异体移植组(P<0.05).骨髓间充质细胞+异体移植组复合物中S-100的表达明显高于异体移植组,有髓神经纤维数量、有髓纤维直径和髓鞘厚度均大于异体移植组(P< 0.05),修复效果接近自体移植组.结论:骨髓间充质细胞构建的组织工程神经修复周围神经缺损的效果优于单纯的脱细胞同种异体神经移植物,骨髓间充质细胞作为种子细胞在周围神经组织工程中具有较强的应用价值.     

Detergent‐based decellularized peripheral nerve allografts: An in vivo preclinical study in the rat sciatic nerve injury model

Nerve autograft is the gold standard technique to repair critical nerve defects, but efficient alternatives are needed. The present study evaluated the suitability of our novel Roosens‐based (RSN) decellularized peripheral nerve allografts (DPNAs) in the repair of 10‐mm sciatic nerve defect in rats at the functional and histological levels after 12 weeks. These DPNAs were compared with the autograft technique (AUTO) and Sondell (SD) or Hudson (HD) based DPNAs. Clinical and functional assessments demonstrated a partial regeneration in all operated animals. RSN‐based DPNAs results were comparable with SD and HD groups and closely comparable with the AUTO group without significant differences (p > .05). Overall hematological studies confirmed the biocompatibility of grafted DPNAs. In addition, biochemistry revealed some signs of muscle affection in all operated animals. These results were confirmed by the loss of weight and volume of the muscle and by muscle histology, especially in DPNAs. Histology of repaired nerves confirmed an active nerve tissue regeneration and partial myelination along with the implanted grafts, being the results obtained with HD and RSN‐based DPNAs comparable with the AUTO group. Finally, this in vivo study suggests that our novel RSN‐based DPNAs supported a comparable tissue regeneration, along the 10‐mm nerve gap, after 12‐week follow‐up to HD DPNAs, and both were superior to SD group and closely comparable with autograft technique. However, further improvements are needed to overcome the efficacy of the nerve autograft technique.     

Electrophysiological assessment of a peptide amphiphile nanofiber nerve graft for facial nerve repair

Facial nerve injury can cause severe long‐term physical and psychological morbidity. There are limited repair options for an acutely transected facial nerve not amenable to primary neurorrhaphy. We hypothesize that a peptide amphiphile nanofiber neurograft may provide the nanostructure necessary to guide organized neural regeneration. Five experimental groups were compared, animals with (1) an intact nerve, (2) following resection of a nerve segment, and following resection and immediate repair with either a (3) autograft (using the resected nerve segment), (4) neurograft, or (5) empty conduit. The buccal branch of the rat facial nerve was directly stimulated with charge balanced biphasic electrical current pulses at different current amplitudes whereas nerve compound action potentials (nCAPs) and electromygraphic responses were recorded. After 8 weeks, the proximal buccal branch was surgically reexposed and electrically evoked nCAPs were recorded for groups 1–5. As expected, the intact nerves required significantly lower current amplitudes to evoke an nCAP than those repaired with the neurograft and autograft nerves. For other electrophysiologic parameters such as latency and maximum nCAP, there was no significant difference between the intact, autograft, and neurograft groups. The resected group had variable responses to electrical stimulation, and the empty tube group was electrically silent. Immunohistochemical analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed myelinated neural regeneration. This study demonstrates that the neuroregenerative capability of peptide amphiphile nanofiber neurografts is similar to the current clinical gold standard method of repair and holds potential as an off‐the‐shelf solution for facial reanimation and potentially peripheral nerve repair.     

神经预变性促进周围神经桥接后神经再生的初步研究

目的探讨经过体内预变性的神经用于周围神经缺损桥接修复的效果。方法 SD大鼠20只,制作右侧坐骨神经压榨伤动物模型,3 d后,取坐骨神经用于对侧行神经桥接,在桥接后0 d、3 d、7 d、14 d取材,应用ED1和NF200染色比较双侧神经再生速度及神经纤维内巨噬细胞浸入情况。结果压榨伤后3 d,远端神经纤维内见大量ED1染色阳性巨噬细胞侵入,NF200阳性染色成棒状或碎片状;神经桥接后3 d、7 d、14 d,预变性组与对照组桥接远端均可见大量ED1染色阳性巨噬细胞侵入,经过预变性的神经内神经再生速度明显提高。结论 经过体内预变性的神经用于周围神经缺损桥接修复可明显促进神经再生,其机制可能是巨噬细胞的早期侵入,有利于神经生长抑制物的清除。     

PLGA artificial nerve conduits with dental pulp cells promote facial nerve regeneration

A number of recent studies have shown the effectiveness of tubulation, using neural progenitor cells or Schwann cells, for promoting nerve regeneration. However, the use of neural cells from other neural donor tissues has potentially serious clinical complications. Therefore, we focused on dental pulp as a new cell source for use in such artificial conditions. Previously, we showed that silicone tubes filled with dental pulp cells (DPCs) promoted facial nerve regeneration in rats. However, the use of silicone tubes requires a secondary removal operation because they may give rise to chronic inflammation and pain. Therefore, to avoid this procedure, a new artificial device was prepared from a degradable poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) tube containing DPCs, and its effectiveness for repairing gaps in the facial nerves of rats was investigated. A PLGA tube containing rat DPCs embedded in a collagen gel was transplanted into a gap in a rat facial nerve. Five days after transplantation, the facial nerves connected by the PLGA tubes containing DPCs were repaired more quickly than the control nerves. The PLGA tubes were resorbed in vivo and nerve regeneration was observed 2 months after the transplantation. Immunostaining showed that Tuj1-positive axons were present in the regenerated nerves 2 months after transplantation, and osmium-toluidine blue staining showed no mineralization of the regenerated nerves in those tubes containing myelinated fibres after 9 weeks. PLGA tubes filled with DPCs promoted nerve regeneration and were readily resorbed in vivo.     

负压吸引与大鼠损伤坐骨神经的修复和再生

背景:外周神经缺损的修复是目前创伤外科及修复重建外科临床上的一个难题,常用的神经移植、神经延长、神经桥接和组织工程等方法有局限性。目的:比较不同负压对大鼠损伤坐骨神经的修复和再生。方法:健康成年SD大鼠分别以6.65,13.30,19.95kPa压力对大鼠右侧离断坐骨神经近端行负压吸引。负压每吸引60min,休息30min,交替进行,连续4周。结果与结论:术后1个月,6.65,13.30,19.95kPa负压吸引的大鼠坐骨神经实验侧近端均有不同程度生长,且13.30kPa压力组生长长度明显优于6.65和19.95kPa组;对延长的神经进行组织学观察,发现延长神经的近侧部分轴突轴索较直,弯曲度较小,粗细均匀,髓鞘连续性良好,再生神经生长较好;中段部分神经纤维致密,成簇状排列,神经延长末端髓鞘成分减少,许旺细胞增殖明显。说明负压吸引可以促进大鼠坐骨神经的再生,且13.30kPa压力下更有利于神经再生。     

负压吸引与大鼠损伤坐骨神经的修复和再生

背景：外周神经缺损的修复是目前创伤外科及修复重建外科临床上的一个难题,常用的神经移植、神经延长、神经桥接和组织工程等方法有局限性。目的：比较不同负压对大鼠损伤坐骨神经的修复和再生。方法：健康成年SD大鼠分别以6.65,13.30,19.95kPa压力对大鼠右侧离断坐骨神经近端行负压吸引。负压每吸引60min,休息30min,交替进行,连续4周。结果与结论：术后1个月,6.65,13.30,19.95kPa负压吸引的大鼠坐骨神经实验侧近端均有不同程度生长,且13.30kPa压力组生长长度明显优于6.65和19.95kPa组;对延长的神经进行组织学观察,发现延长神经的近侧部分轴突轴索较直,弯曲度较小,粗细均匀,髓鞘连续性良好,再生神经生长较好;中段部分神经纤维致密,成簇状排列,神经延长末端髓鞘成分减少,许旺细胞增殖明显。说明负压吸引可以促进大鼠坐骨神经的再生,且13.30kPa压力下更有利于神经再生。     

Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells produce nerve growth factor: implications for wound repair

Following cutaneous injury, sensory nerves regenerate into the dermis and epidermis. Tissues that are innervated by sensory nerves synthesize neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF). The close anatomic proximity of nerves and capillaries throughout the skin suggests that mutual regulation may exist between nerve fibers and microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) during wound repair. Release of the neuropeptide substance P by sensory nerves induces endothelial cell rounding, capillary leak, and cytokine upregulation. We propose that dermal endothelial cells produce neurotrophins required for nerve fiber maintenance and regeneration. In this study, we demonstrate that substance P stimulates NGF messenger RNA expression by cultured human dermal MECs. Likewise, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay demonstrated that conditioned medium from cultured dermal MECs contains NGF. NGF bioactivity in the supemates was verified by conditioned medium-induced clonal rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cell differentiation. This activity was inhibited by anti-NGF antibodies. Therefore, we have demonstrated that substance P, an inflammatory neuropeptide released by sensory nerve fibers, induces endothelial cells to produce NGF. Our data suggest that MECs may be unrecognized contributors to nerve regeneration after cutaneous injury.     

神经生长因子不同给药方式对坐骨神经吻合后修复与再生的影响

背景：神经生长因子对神经损伤后的修复有促进作用,但目前对不同用药方式的优劣性尚有争议。目的：观察鞘膜内与局部应用神经生长因子对兔坐骨神经吻合后修复与再生的影响。方法：将24只新西兰大白兔坐骨神经切断后再缝合,分别向兔鞘膜内或损伤局部注射30μg神经生长因子或等量生理盐水结果与结论：坐骨神经损伤后12周,鞘膜内注射神经生长因子组损伤坐骨神经鞘膜增厚,神经纤维排列较整齐,与正常神经纤维差异不大;且其神经干传导速度、有髓神经纤维数目、髓鞘厚度也明显高于其他组（P〈0.05）,损伤局部注射神经生长因子组次之。说明神经生长因子具有促进外周神经吻合后修复与再生的功能,鞘膜内应用优于局部注射。     

Treatment of traumatic peripheral nerve injury

Peripheral nerve injuries are caused by traction, laceration and missile injury. Primary surgical repair is recommended for clean, sharp injuries that cause transection of a nerve. In compressed, stretched or contused nerves, surgical repair at three months is indicated if functional recovery has not occurred. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies are helpful in deciding which patients need secondary repair. Recovery is possible for 18 months following injury. Since nerve regeneration occurs at a rate of one inch per month, the distance from the nerve injury to the innervated muscle must be less than 18 inches. Therefore, the outcome is generally better in distal lesions than in proximal ones.     

A (heat) shock to the system promotes peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerves are easily damaged, resulting in loss of motor and sensory function. Recovery of motor and sensory function after peripheral nerve injury is suboptimal, even after appropriate surgical repair. This is due to the slow rate of axonal elongation during regeneration and atrophic changes that occur in denervated Schwann cells and target muscle with proximal lesions. One way to solve this problem is to accelerate the rate at which the axons regenerate. In this issue of the JCI, Ma and colleagues show that this can be achieved in mice by overexpression of heat shock protein 27, providing hope for enhanced functional recovery in patients after peripheral nerve damage.     

人胚雪旺细胞组织工程神经修复坐骨神经缺损的实验研究

目的：探索人胚雪旺细胞作为组织工程的种子细胞修复周围神经缺损的可行性。方法：通过组织工程方法用PLGA导管和polyglactin 910纤维负载人胚雪旺细胞预先构置好人工神经，然后用于修复大鼠20mm的坐骨神经缺损，并与神经切断后原位缝合以及用单纯的PLGA导管进行修复的实验组进行对照。通过活体肢体功能观察、靶器官肌肉测量、电生理检测、辣根过氧化物酶示踪、连续组织切片图像分析以及透射电镜等检查神经再生情况。结果：人工神经修复组神经再生良好，效果接近于神经原位缝合组，明显优于单纯的PLGA导管修复组。结论：人胚雪旺细胞构建的人工神经可以修复20mm的周围神经缺损。     

周围神经损伤后不同时间的修复比较

背景:大量实验证明,Bungner带-许旺细胞-基底膜结构是神经再生理想的微环境.这一结构在神经损伤两三周后形成.而在神经损伤数小时后,近断端的神经纤维就开始发芽再生神经纤维开始再生与所需微环境的形成并不同步.目的:观察周围神经损伤后不同时间进行修复的最佳效果.设计、时间及地点:随机对照动物实验,于2007-06/2008-06在哈尔滨医科大学动物实验中心完成.材料:新西兰大白兔20只,随机数字表法分为4组:2周后神经修复组、4周后神经修复组、3个月后神经修复组、即时神经修复组.方法:建立成年新西兰大白兔周围神经损伤模型,即时修复组立即缝合伤口,2周后神经修复组、4周后神经修复组、3个月后神经修复组采用神经两断端分别固定于肌膜上,逐层缝合伤口,2周,4周,3个月后重新打开伤口,在手术显微镜下用10-0无损伤尼龙针线进行外膜缝合修复坐骨神经,缝合伤口.主要观察指标:各组缝合神经段的神经电生理、轴突数、光镜及电镜观察结果.结果:2周后神经修复组神经传导速度慢于4周后神经修复组、3个月后神经修复组(P＜0.01);即时神经修复组与2周后神经修复组差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).2周后神经修复组效果最好,神经纤维走行正常、排列完好,神经纤维可见血管增生,髓鞘结构较好,许旺细胞功能活跃,新生轴突内微缝密集排列.4周后神经修复组最差,神经纤维数量少、排列紊乱,髓鞘轴突变性明显,大部分神经纤维脱髓鞘崩解,轴突消失,未见再生神经纤维.3个月后神经修复组效果较差,可见较多神经纤维结构破坏,捧列略紊乱,髓鞘和轴突变性较明显,仅见少量再生神经纤维,许旺细胞略少,胞质不发达.即时进行神经修复组效果较好,神经纤维结构破坏不明显,排列整齐,髓鞘和轴突变性轻,神经纤维内见有大量再生髓鞘,许旺细胞明显增多,胞质较发达.2周后神经修复组轴突计数优于其他3组(P＜0.05),4周后神经修复组最少.结论:神经损伤2周后进行神经修复效果优于其他时间点,是周围神经损伤后修复的最佳时机.     

组织工程神经支架材料的临床应用

背景：神经损伤后没有自我修复的能力,因此,神经组织工程支架材料应用于神经修复、促进神经再生成为研究的热点。目的：分析目前常用的神经组织工程支架材料的应用范围及效果。方法：分别对胶原、壳聚糖、凝胶以及透明质酸与人工合成材料形成的聚合物用于神经损伤修复进行动物模型分析,应用免疫染色、生化检测等方法观察评估再生神经的结构和生理功能,确定不同神经组织工程支架材料的应用效果。结果与结论：神经组织工程支架材料胶原、壳聚糖、凝胶、透明质酸以及人工合成材料均可以通过不同的方式用于损伤神经的再生修复,既可以联合细胞进行生物聚合,也可以联合神经片段移植形成损伤神经桥状联接导管,应用于动物模型实验均显示较好的治疗效果。