角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的防治

目的 为控制角膜移植术后发生排斥反应，探讨防治排斥反应的有效途径。方法 根据不同角膜病变排斥反应发生的规律给予不同期的药物联合治疗，降低和控制排斥反应。结果 129眼中47眼(36．43％)发生免疫排斥反应，其中高危角膜病变40眼，非高危角膜病变7眼。有角膜新生血管者占89．36％。排斥反应发生时间为术后3周—3年。经药物联合治疗，角膜排斥反应得到明显的抑制，有效率达63．83％。结论 免疫排斥反应的发生是多因素参与的复杂过程，尤其高危角膜病变，术后出现排斥反应的机率明显增加，发生的时间相对较早，时间跨度较长。因此应根据不同的角膜病变及手术情况，尽早应用免疫抑制剂可明显降低排斥反应的发生率。     

高危角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应规律的临床研究

目的 探讨不同病因的高危移植患者行穿透性角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应发生的规律。方法 对６８０例行穿透性角膜移植术中的１２４例１３４只眼高危移植患者术后排斥反应时间、排斥反应发生率及反应类型进行观察。结果 １３４只眼高危角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应发生率在１２％～７５％不等,其中角膜植床严重新生血管化者的排斥率最高。排斥发生时间最早为术后１３天,术后３～６个月为排斥反应发生高峰。排斥反应类型以内皮型和上皮型最多。结论 不同高危因素的穿透性角膜移植术后排斥反应发生率不同,排斥反应发生的时间和类型也不同。     

角膜移植术后角膜免疫排斥反应的临床探讨

目的 探讨角膜移植术后角膜免疫排斥反应的有效防治方法。方法 对穿透角膜移植术后发生角膜免疫排斥反应的68例(68眼)进行回顾性总结。 结果 经统计学分析结果表明:角膜化学烧伤、角膜新生血管、大植片移植、术前活动性角膜炎症、再次移植等均为穿透角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的主要因素。 结论 免疫排斥反应的发生与术前高危角膜移植有着非常密切的关系。     

他克莫司滴眼液预防高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应的研究

目的观察他克莫司滴眼液预防高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应的效果。方法回顾性研究。选取山东省眼科医院2013年至2015年间成功施行角膜移植术的高危免疫排斥患者48例(50只眼),根据术后局部免疫抑制剂使用种类,分为他克莫司组23例(25只眼)和环孢素组25例(25只眼)。术前对所有患者进行排斥风险评分,以排斥反应指数(RI)判断是否出现植片免疫排斥反应,当RI≥5时视为发生免疫排斥反应,所有患者术后随访1年,对比1年内患者术后植片免疫排斥发生率。结果两组各25只眼,排斥风险评分他克莫司组与环孢素组不具有统计学差异(t=0.65,P=0.52>0.05)。术后1年内免疫排斥发生率,环孢素组10例(10只眼)发生排斥,免疫排斥发生率为40.00%,他克莫司组3例(3只眼)发生排斥,免疫排斥发生率为12.00%,他克莫司组免疫排斥率明显低于环孢素组,差异具有显著性(χ~2=5.09,P<0.05)。结论他克莫司滴眼液对高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应有较好的预防和治疗作用。     

角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的防治进展

由于角膜的免疫赦免地位 ,角膜移植是众多器官和组织移植中成功率最高的 ,也是角膜盲患者复明的唯一手段。然而移植后的免疫排斥反应仍然是造成角膜移植术后失败的主要原因。尤其二次移植、新生血管化植床等高危因素的患者 ,术后的免疫排斥发生率高达 6 0～ 90 %。而目前我国多数为高危因素的患者。因此 ,有效的控制角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的发生就成为角膜植片能否长期存活的关键所在。目前用于减少或防治角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的方法综合如下 :1 组织配型组织配型主要包括主要组织相容性抗原 (HLA)配型和ABO血型抗原配型。在心脏…     

FK-506抑制高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应的研究

目的 :探讨FK -5 0 6抑制高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应临床应用的可行性及有效性。方法 :应用前瞻性评估研究方法 ,将行高危角膜移植术 (全角膜移植术、带巩膜环的全角膜移植术、血管化角膜的角膜移植术及角膜再移植术 ) 5 6例 (5 6只眼 )患者按随机原则进行分组 (投药组及对照组 ) ,投药组 (2 8只眼 )滴用 0 5mg/ml的FK -5 0 6滴眼液联合典必珠滴眼液 ,对照组 (2 8只眼 )滴用 1%CsA滴眼液联合典必殊滴眼液 ;平均随访 8 1个月 ,以术后视功能、植片透明维持时间、植片新生血管、水肿及混浊程度作为临床主要评估指标。结果 :随防期内投药组及对照组角膜移植片免疫排斥反应发生率分别为 63 6%及 95 2 % ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =4 72 ,P <0 0 5 )。用药期间未发现该药有任何毒副作用。结论 :局部应用FK -5 0 6可有效抑制高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应的发生。     

保存角膜与新鲜角膜行大植片穿透角膜移植的临床研究

目的:比较用保存和新鲜的角膜植片行大植片穿透性角膜移植术后的临床疗效和并发症。方法:回顾性分析2003-12/2006-12我院收治的角膜严重病变并须行大植片穿透角膜移植的患者108例(116眼),其中用保存角膜植片移植治疗63眼,用新鲜角膜植片移植治疗53眼。比较两组术后的视力改变、角膜植片及并发症情况。结果:保存角膜植片移植组的视力提高44眼(69.8%),稳定10眼(15.9%),下降9眼(14.3%),植片排斥反应8眼(12.7%);新鲜角膜移植组的视力提高24眼(45.3%),稳定17眼(32.1%),下降12眼(22.6%),植片排斥反应15眼(28.3%)。两组术后的视力和植片排斥反应率均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:大植片穿透性角膜移植时,保存的植片较新鲜植片能降低移植术后的免疫排斥发生率,延长植片的存活时间。     

穿透性角膜移植排斥反应的临床分析

目的探讨导致穿透性角膜移植术后排斥反应的高危病种及危险因素。方法对86例90眼穿透性角膜移植患者术后排斥反应发生率进行回顾性分析。结果各病种排斥反应发生率不同，角膜溃疡为42．86％(9／21)；粘连性角膜白斑为39．13％(9／23)；单纯性角膜白斑为28．57％(8／28)；角膜变性或营养不良为11．11％(1／9)；先天性角膜白斑为100．00％(1／1)；圆锥角膜5眼及大泡性角膜病变3眼无排斥反应发生。术前角膜新生血管形成、虹膜前粘连、术前高眼压、术后高眼压、无晶状体状态、术式增多、大植片使排斥反应发生率增高。结论高危病种有角膜溃疡、粘连性角膜白斑、单疱病毒性角膜炎及化学伤导致的单纯性角膜白斑。术前角膜新生血管形成，虹膜前粘连，术前、术后高眼压，无晶状体，多术式联合，大植片是排斥反应发生的危险因素。     

角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应34例分析

目的 探讨角膜移植术后发生排斥反应的相关因素。方法 我院1999年5月～2003年5月间行角膜移植手术80例(84只眼)，对术后发生排斥反应的34例(36只眼)进行回顾性总结分析。结果 84只眼中发生排斥反应36只眼(42．5％)。角膜新生血管者为20只眼，儿童患者4只眼。发生排斥反应的时间为术后20天～2年。术后3～6月发生率最高。上皮型10只眼，上皮下型1只眼。基质型8只眼，内皮型17只眼。角膜移植片透明愈合28只眼，半透明愈合6只眼，移植片完全混浊2只眼。结论 高危角膜移植、儿童术后随诊不及时、用药不科学等，都是角膜移植病人术后发生排斥反应的因素。     

角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的探讨

目的：为有效控制角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的发生，探讨角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应发生的因素。方法：对角膜手术后发生排斥反应者进行分析，总结发生的原因、时间，程度等，结果：123眼中发生免疫排斥反应46眼（37．4％），其中17眼发生不可逆的排斥反应，占排斥反应的36．96％；有角膜新生血管发生排斥反应41眼，占89．13％，内皮型排斥反应20眼，上皮型12眼，基质型3眼，混合型11眼，排斥反应发生时间为术后3周－3年，术后3－6月发生率最高，占46．48％，结论：免疫排斥反应的发生是多因素参与的复杂过程，与角膜新生血管的数量，角膜受损及感染的程度，植片的大小，手术的次数以及手术的时机和方式密切相关。     

穿透性角膜移植术后继发性青光眼的影响因素及治疗

目的探讨穿透性角膜移植术(penetrating keratoplasty,PKP)后继发性青光眼的发病因素及防治措施。方法对120例(121眼)PKP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨发生继发性青光眼患者其术前原发角膜病变的类型及术后主要临床表现,同时观察根据不同病因给予药物或手术治疗后的效果。结果 121眼中发生继发性青光眼者25眼,总发生率为20.66%;发生率较高的有角膜溃疡、排斥再移植、大泡性角膜病变,而单纯性角膜白斑、圆锥角膜、角膜营养不良或变性的发生率相对较低。术后引起继发性青光眼发生的相关因素早期主要由于黏弹剂滞留,严重眼前段炎症,术后发生虹膜前后粘连;晚期主要原因为角膜内皮失代偿,术后使用糖皮质激素未作定期随访,发生免疫排斥反应等。所有患者经分析病因后给予药物或联合手术治疗眼压均得到有效控制。结论 PKP术后继发性青光眼的发生率与术前角膜病变的类型有相关性,临床准确分析病因、给予对应处理可有效控制眼压。     

穿透性角膜移植术后排斥反应的危险因素分析

目的探讨导致穿透性角膜移植术后排斥反应的危险因素。方法对168眼穿透性角膜移植术后排斥反应发生情况进行回顾性分析,总结免疫排斥反应发生的时间、次数,原因以及预后等。结果168眼中发生免疫排斥反应46眼,总发生率27．38％。各病种排斥反应发生率不同,圆锥角膜3．85％（1／26）;角膜内皮营养不良9．09％（1／11）;单纯疱疹性角膜炎29．55％（13／44）;真菌性角膜炎34．48％（20／58）;细菌性角膜炎40％（6／15）;角膜内皮细胞功能失代偿40％（2／5）;热、化学伤33．33％（3／9）。结论免疫排斥反应的发生是角膜移植手术失败的主要原因,其发生的时间与发生率同角膜疾病的种、角膜植片的位置及大小密切相关。     

穿透性角膜移植排斥反应危险因素分析

目的:探讨穿透性角膜移植术后植片排斥的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2001-01/2008-01实施穿透性角膜移植发生排斥反应的病例,分析各因素在植片排斥反应病例中所占的比率及各种病例中植片排斥的发生率。结果:总排斥反应率为31.0%,其中普通组为25.5%,高危组为59.4%(P<0.05)。眼部化学伤排斥反应发生率最高48.1%(P<0.05)。高危组发生排斥反应早且病情严重。结论:引起角膜植片排斥的多种因素中,不同疾病的穿透性角膜移植的发生率不同,排斥反应的发生与术前原发病,植床情况,手术设计操作术后预防有密切关系,其中植床新生血管是植片排斥的高危因素。     

Penetrating keratoplasty for varicella-zoster virus keratopathy

PURPOSE: To examine and report the results of penetrating keratoplasty performed in patients with varicella-zoster virus keratopathy. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 15 patients who had penetrating keratoplasty for varicella-zoster virus keratopathy from January 1989 through December 1998 on the Cornea Service at Wills Eye Hospital. RESULTS: Twelve patients had a preoperative diagnosis of herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and three, of varicella. Four eyes had lateral tarsorrhaphies performed in conjunction with penetrating keratoplasty. Three eyes had endothelial rejection episodes that responded well to treatment with topical steroids. One eye had a regraft 1 month after primary failure, and this second graft also failed because of recurrent neurotrophic keratopathy. Three eyes that had repeated penetrating keratoplasty for graft failure had clear grafts at the last examination. At an average follow-up time of 50 months, 13 (86.7%) grafts remained clear, and the best corrected visual acuity was 20/100 or better in eight (53.3%) eyes. Five patients had decreased visual acuity because of retinal diseases. CONCLUSION: Although varicella-zoster virus keratopathy is an uncommon indication for penetrating keratoplasty, effective visual rehabilitation can be achieved in these patients. Careful postoperative management, frequent lubrication, and lateral tarsorrhaphies to protect the corneal surface are major factors in the successful outcome of these cases.     

二次穿透性角膜移植术后失败原因分析

目的探讨二次穿透性角膜移植术（PKP）术后失败的原发病因及直接原因。方法回顾性病例研究。选择2003年1月至2010年1月于山东省眼科研究所青岛眼科医院行二次PKP患者的临床资料100例（100只眼）,统计分析失败患者的原发病因及直接原因。结果本文中行二次PKP术后病例共计100例,其中失败病例37例,失败率为37%。不同原发病因行二次PKP术后失败的数量依次为：化脓性角膜炎（11只眼,29%）、眼外伤（10只眼,27%）、单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎（7只眼,19%）、蚕食性角膜溃疡（5只眼,14%）、大泡性角膜病变（2只眼,5%）、角膜变性及营养不良（1只眼,3%）、角膜白斑（1只眼,3%）。引起二次PKP术后失败的直接原因依次为：植片免疫排斥（17只眼,45%）、角膜内皮细胞功能失代偿（8只眼,22%）、角膜植片溃疡（7只眼,19%）、原发病复发（4只眼,11%）、角膜植片溶解（1只眼,3%）。结论二次PKP术后失败的原发病因以化脓性角膜炎为主,直接原因主要是免疫排斥。     

Clinical aspects and treatment of immune reactions following penetrating normal-risk keratoplasty

PURPOSE: Endothelial graft rejection is one of the most common causes of graft failure following penetrating keratoplasty (PK). The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, time course and outcome of treatment of graft rejection after normal-risk PK and to identify possible risk factors for the recurrence of immune reactions and irreversible graft failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 500 eyes from the prospective Erlanger Normal-risk Keratoplasty Study with a mean follow-up of 42 +/- 18 (median 40) months. Indications for PK were keratoconus in 48 %, Fuchs' dystrophy in 30 %, secondary bullous keratopathy in 11 %, non-vascularized corneal scars in 7 % and stromal dystrophies in 4 %. Standardized complete ophthalmological examinations were performed on a regular basis before, during the acute graft rejection and then regularly in a defined examination raster in an cornea out-patient service. RESULTS: During follow-up 29 eyes (5.6 %) developed an episode of endothelial graft rejection (23 eyes with acute diffuse and 6 eyes with chronic focal rejection type). Episodes of endothelial graft rejection clustered between 11 and 25 months postoperatively (15 from 29, 51.7 %). Most grafts (25 of 29) regained clarity after topical and systemic steroid treatment. Only 4 patients showed an irreversible graft failure requiring a repeat PK, all of whom had secondary bullous keratopathy as the primary indication for PK. Risk factors for irreversible graft failure were pre-existing anterior synechiae in 3 patients and secondary open angle glaucoma in pseudoexfoliation syndrome in one patient. Recurrence of graft rejection was seen in 5 patients (all with keratoconus) after a time interval of 8 to 12 months. Under very low topical steroid treatment no further recurrence was observed in all 5 patients up to 2 years. CONCLUSION: Patients should be followed-up on a regular base for longer postoperative periods, since most episodes of graft rejection were observed between 1 and 2 years after PK. Development of irreversible graft failure was strongly associated with pre-existing anterior synechiae and pre-existing glaucoma. Low-dose topical steroid treatment after immunological rejection seems to prevent the recurrence of further graft rejection.     

Effect of Donor and Recipient Factors on Corneal Graft Rejection

PURPOSE:: To assess the relationship between donor and recipient factors and corneal allograft rejection in eyes that underwent penetrating keratoplasty in the Cornea Donor Study. METHODS:: Overall, 1090 subjects undergoing corneal transplantation for a moderate risk condition (principally Fuchs dystrophy or pseudophakic corneal edema) were followed for up to 5 years. Associations of baseline recipient and donor factors with the occurrence of a probable or definite rejection event were assessed in univariate and multivariate proportional hazards models. RESULTS:: Eyes with pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema (n = 369) were more likely to experience a rejection event than eyes with Fuchs dystrophy (n = 676) [34% ± 6% vs. 22% ± 4%; hazard ratio = 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21-2.03]. Among eyes with Fuchs dystrophy, a higher probability of a rejection event was observed in phakic posttransplant eyes compared with those that underwent cataract extraction with or without intraocular lens implantation during penetrating keratoplasty (29% vs. 19%; hazard ratio = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36-0.82). Female recipients had a higher probability of a rejection event than male recipients (29% vs. 21%; hazard ratio = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.87) after controlling for the effect of preoperative diagnosis and lens status. Donor age and donor recipient ABO compatibility were not associated with rejection. CONCLUSIONS:: There was a substantially higher graft rejection rate in eyes with pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema compared to that in eyes with Fuchs dystrophy. Female recipients were more likely to have a rejection event than male recipients. Graft rejection was not associated with donor age.     

Bilateral penetrating keratoplasty – indications, results and review of literature

Purpose: To analyze the indications, functional results, and rates of graft rejection and failure after bilateral penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in a major eye care hospital and research center in India. Methods: Retrospective review of the case records of 38 patients who underwent bilateral PK and had at least 6 months follow-up after cornealtransplantation in the second eye. Results: The mean age of the 38 patients (20 M, 18 F) was 35 ± 25 years (range, 0.5 to 79 years). Mean follow-up was 49 ± 23 months (range, 13.4 to 116.4 months) after surgery in the first eye and 31 ± 22 months (range, 6.6 to 103.6 months) after surgery in the second eye. The average time interval between surgery in the first and second eye was 18 ± 10 months (range, 0 to 38 months). The commonest indications for surgery were corneal dystrophies (50%),aphakic bullous keratopathy (21%), and keratoconus (11%). Postoperatively, secondary glaucoma occurred in 2 first and 3 second eyes. Best-corrected visual acuity at last follow-up was > 6/12 in 34% of first eyes and 50% of second eyes, and was > 6/60 in 26% and 18% of first and second eyes respectively. Allograft rejection occurred in 4 of the first eyes and 3 of the second eyes. The two-year graft survival rate in first eyes was 70% and in second eyes was 83%. Worse outcomes were noted in grafts performed for secondary endothelial failure. Earlier graft failure occurred in first eyes (54 ± 5 months) compared to second eyes (79 ± 10 months) (Logrank Test p = 0.2311).Conclusions: Bilateral penetrating keratoplasty has reasonable success in selected patients. Corneal transplantation in the second eye does not seem to increase the risk of graft rejection in either eye.