Development of the residual cleft in the hard palate after velar repair in a 2-stage palatal repair regimen

Delayed closure of the hard palate is believed to improve maxillary growth and facial appearance in cleft lip and palate patients. However, the cleft opening in the hard palate after velar closure might impair speech development. The aim of this investigation was to study the development of the residual cleft in the hard palate after 2-stage palatal repair (TSPR) in children born with complete cleft lip and palate (bilateral [BCLP]; n=7 or unilateral [UCLP]; n=22) or isolated cleft palate (CP; n=9). Moreover, we aimed to investigate whether any morphologic factors before surgery might predict development of the residual cleft. Dental casts obtained prior to velar repair (mean age 7 months) and postoperatively at 1 1/2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 years were analyzed with a Reflex Microscope regarding the width, length and area of the cleft in the hard palate.The palatal cleft varied in size both pre- and postoperatively in all 3 types of cleft patients. The width of the cleft in the UCLP subgroup showed a marked reduction immediately after velar repair, but then, on average, remained stable until final surgical closure of the hard palate. In the BCLP subgroup the initially rather narrow width of the clefts remained unchanged postoperatively. Clefts in the CP subgroup, especially in those with a complete cleft, remained large after veloplasty. In 4 of the UCLP and 2 of the BCLP patients, the cleft width increased gradually. In some other subjects, both in the UCLP and BCLP subgroups, the residual cleft closed functionally with time, but this development could not be foreseen.     

Early maxillary orthopedics in CLP cases: guidelines for surgery.

Two samples of complete cleft cases between five and seven years of age are compared (11 UCLP + 9 BCLP versus 21 UCLP + 12 BCLP). The same early orthopedic procedures were applied to all cases, but surgical management differed for the two groups: "classical" surgery (lip 3 months, palate 2--2 1/2 years) versus delayed conservative surgery (lip 6 months, soft palate 18 months, hard palate 6--8 years). It is evident that early maxillary orthopedic treatment is of little consequence for long-term development unless concomitant surgery complies with growth and functional requirements. In contrast to "classical" surgery, palatal closure in two steps is more favourable to skeletal growth and does not interfere to any relevant degree with speech development.     

Influence of early hard palate closure in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate on maxillary transverse growth during the first four years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effects of early primary closure of the hard palate on the anterior and posterior width of the maxillary arch in children with bilateral (BCLP) and unilateral (UCLP) cleft lip and palate during the first 4 years of life. DESIGN: A retrospective, mixed-longitudinal study. SETTING: Cleft Palate Center of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The present investigation analyzes longitudinally 42 children with UCLP and 8 children with BCLP between 1996 and 2000 with early simultaneous primary closure of lip and hard palate (4 to 5 months). Palatal arch width was measured on dental casts with a computer-controlled three-dimensional digitizing system, and their growth velocities were calculated from consecutive periods (mean follow-up 39 months). Differences in growth velocities were compared with those of 25 children with UCLP and 15 children with BCLP with delayed closure of hard palate (12 to 14 months). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in terms of anterior and posterior maxillary width between early and delayed closure of hard palate within the first 4 years of life.     

Long-term outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with various types of cleft

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with various types of cleft. DESIGN: One hundred and seventy patients were classified as cleft lip and alveolar process alone (CLAP), complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). The Bergland criteria were used to assess the long-term outcome of alveolar bone grafting. RESULTS: In the UCLP and BCLP groups, the success rate was significantly better (P<0.05) when the cleft was grafted before the eruption of canines. When the operation was done after the eruption of canines, there was a significant difference in the success rate between CLAP and BCLP (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The timing of the operation was the critical variable that affected the outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. The severity of the deformity influenced the success rate when alveolar bone grafting was done after the eruption of canines.     

Palate height: another indicator of surgical outcome in unilateral cleft lip and palate?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether palate height and maxillary arch depth are systematically related to the surgical center at which primary repair in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) was carried out. DESIGN: A retrospective comparison based on study casts of consecutive cases of UCLP obtained at age 9 years from six different centers. The observer who conducted measurements was blinded to the source of individual records. SETTING: The patients whose records were analyzed received all their surgical care in a national health service setting in six different northern European centers and regions. PATIENTS: Patients were consecutively treated Caucasian children with non-syndromic complete UCLP born in the period 1976 to 1979. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures for the original study were craniofacial form, dental arch relationships, nasolabial appearance, and speech. This report focuses on measurements of anterior maxillary arch depth and palate height. Results: Anterior arch depth and anterior palate height showed some variation among the centers. There was a tendency for anterior arch depth and palate height to also be reduced at centers at which patients showed unfavorable dental arch relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior arch depth and palate height might be considered in future studies of surgical outcome and in their possible relationship to problems of articulation.     

唇腭裂患者上颌前部牙槽骨厚度及骨开窗、骨开裂的三维评价研究

目的　利用锥形束CT（cone-beam CT,CBCT）评价不同类型唇腭裂患者上颌前部牙槽骨厚度和形态,以及上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂情况。方法　选择016年8月至019年10月间在南京医科大学附属口腔医院就诊拟行口腔正畸治疗的唇腭裂患者85例（男51例,女34例,平均年龄（14.65±4.95）岁）,其中单侧唇裂伴牙槽突裂（unilateral cleft lip and alveolus,UCLA）患者19例,单侧完全性唇腭裂（unilateral complete cleft lip and palate,UCLP）患者5例,双侧完全性唇腭裂（bilateral complete cleft lip and palate,BCLP）患者14例。在正畸治疗开始前均予以拍摄颌面部CBCT,应用Image J软件测量其上前牙唇腭侧牙槽骨厚度（alveolar bone thickness,ABT）,计算骨开窗、骨开裂发生率,并比较不同唇腭裂类型患者上颌前部ABT及上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂发生率的差异。结果　UCLP、UCLA患侧上前牙骨开裂发生率（34.9%、4.9%）显著高于其健侧（10.7%、11.1%）,但骨开窗发生率无统计学差异。UCLP健侧上中切牙（5.9%）、侧切牙（9.7%）骨开裂发生率低于UCLA。UCLA、UCLP、BCLP三组间患侧上前牙骨开裂及骨开窗发生率均无统计学差异。UCLP、UCLA患侧上前牙ABT在多部位小于其健侧。除UCLP/UCLA患侧侧切牙外,UCLA、UCLP、BCLP各类型上前牙唇侧平均ABT均小于腭侧。UCLA、UCLP、BCLP三组间患侧上前牙唇腭侧平均ABT无统计学差异。UCLP患侧上侧切牙、尖牙分别在唇侧和腭侧根颈处ABT大于UCLA。结论　单侧唇腭裂患者患侧上前牙骨开裂发生率高于健侧,ABT则在多部位小于其健侧;而三种类型患者上前牙唇侧ABT均小于其腭侧。单侧唇裂伴牙槽突裂与单侧完全性唇腭裂患者健侧上中切牙、侧切牙骨开裂发生率及患侧侧切牙、尖牙根颈处牙槽骨厚度存在差异;单侧与双侧完全性唇腭裂间上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂发生率及牙槽骨厚度则无差异。     

唇腭裂手术对上颌骨矢状向生长发育影响的研究

目的：研究唇腭裂手术对单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌骨矢状向生长发育的影响。方法：混合牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者15例,唇腭裂术后患者18例;16岁以上恒牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者15例,唇腭裂术后患者15例。所有患者均拍摄头颅定位侧位片,测量分析矢状方向的线距和角度;分别以相应年龄段的非唇腭裂正常者作为对照,采用SPSS11.0软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析（ANOVA）。结果：混合牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者表现为上颌长度缩短,而唇腭裂术后患者除上颌长度的缩短外,还存在上颌位置后缩;16岁以上恒牙列单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者主要表现为上颌位置后缩,存在明显Ⅲ类倾向,术后患者上颌位置后缩外,上颌长度也缩短。结论：唇裂手术及早期腭裂手术对上颌骨矢状向生长可能有干扰作用。     

唇腭裂正颌外科术前正畸治疗的临床研究

目的 以１６例唇腭裂修复术后重度性反Ｈｅ患者为例,对正颌外科术前正畸治疗的适应症、矫治时机等问题进行探讨。方法 选择１６例唇腭裂修复术后Ｈｅ患者,其中双侧腭裂６例,单侧腭裂１０例,采用方丝弓固定矫治器,配合使用四角腭弓等扩弓装置,开 颌牙弓,排齐上下牙列。结果 术前正畸治疗后,上下牙弓形态恢复正常,上下颌牙齿排列整齐,上下颌前牙去代偿,其正常轴倾度恢复。上牙弓宽度明显开展,上下牙弓宽度经模型拼对后协调。结论 术前正畸治疗是保证手术成功,防止术后复发的关键步骤,通过正畸与正颌外科联合治疗,不但可使患进的面型得到改观,也使Ｈｅ关系得到良好恢复。     

Abnormal maxillary trapezoid pattern in human fetal cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate abnormal growth patterns of human fetal maxillae with cleft lip and palate (CLP). SUBJECT: A total of 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses. METHOD: Dimensions of the maxillary trapezoid (MT), formed by the maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC), were taken from radiographic images. The CLP dimensions were compared with maxillary trapezoid dimensions of normal fetuses from a previous study (Lee et al., 1992). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cleft lip subjects without a cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL+A/UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL+A/BCLP) displayed abnormal MT patterns. MT abnormalities were most marked in the BCL+A/BCLP cohort. RESULTS: The MT growth of prenatal CLP maxillae was severely arrested, resulting in abnormal MT shape on palatal radiograms. BCL+A/BCLP subjects had a more protruded nasal septum than subjects with other types of CLPs, while UCL+A/UCLP subjects showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum toward the noncleft side. Cleft lip-only subjects also exhibited abnormal MT growth. CONCLUSION: MT is primarily involved in CLPs, so that the MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.     

Three-dimensional Evaluation of Mandibular Volume in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate During the Deciduous Dentition Period

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between mandibular volume and craniofacial morphology in patients with cleft lip and palate using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare these findings with control (noncleft) patients undergoing CBCT for other purposes during the deciduous dentition period.Materials and MethodsEighty-four patients were categorized into the unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA) group (n = 25; mean age, 4.60 ± 0.40 years), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) group (n = 23; mean age, 4.52 ± 0.39 years), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) group (n = 22; mean age, 4.54 ± 0.37 years), and control group without cleft (n = 14; mean age, 5.19 ± 0.52 years). Mandibular volume and craniofacial cephalometric measurements were obtained using CBCT. All measurements were assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparison tests.ResultsANCOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mandibular volume among the groups. SNA° and ANB° were significantly larger in the UCLA and BCLP groups than in the control group. SN-MP° was smallest in the UCLA group. Co-A in the UCLP group was shorter than in the UCLA and BCLP groups. Go-Gn was shortest in the UCLP and BCLP groups compared with the control group.ConclusionsThree-dimensional evaluation of craniofacial morphology using CBCT can provide valuable information on malocclusion and other dentoskeletal problems among patients with CLP.     

Changes in soft tissue thickness after Le Fort I osteotomy in different cleft types

The soft tissue thickness before and after Le Fort I osteotomy was evaluated in 46 cleft patients. The sample consisted of 10 patients with isolated cleft palate (CP, mean age 25.5 years); 10 patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP, mean age 21.7 years); and 26 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP, mean age 22.9 years). Patients with bimaxillary surgery, simultaneous rhinoplasty, or V-Y plasty of the upper lip were excluded. Soft tissue changes were analyzed by cephalograms taken shortly before surgery and at 6 months postoperatively. Horizontal advancement varied from 4.1 mm in the UCLP group to 5 mm in the BCLP group. The vertical lengthening varied from 3.7 mm in the CP group to 7.2 mm in the BCLP group. In all cleft types, thinning of the subnasal area, superior labial sulcus, and upper lip (anterior nasal spine-subnasale, point A-soft tissue point A, and prosthion-labrale superius) took place. Significant thinning of the upper lip occurred in the UCLP and BCLP patients. Surgical changes of the lower lip and mandibular area were small and insignificant. There were significant differences in soft tissue thicknesses between different types of clefts. The subnasal area and superior labial sulcus were significantly thicker in the CP group than in the BCLP or UCLP groups, both pre- and postoperatively. The upper lip was thickest in the BCLP group preoperatively but thickest in the CP group postoperatively. The upper lip was thinnest in the UCLP group both before and after the operation.     

Maxillary lateral incisors of subjects with cleft lip and/or palate: Part 2.

Maxillary lateral incisors on the alveolar cleft were investigated in 431 cleft children registered in the Department of Orthodontics, Kyushu University Dental Hospital. The majority of primary maxillary lateral incisors were located on the distal side of the alveolar cleft in both unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA) and unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) subjects. Permanent teeth in UCLA tend to be located distally, but in UCLP they tend to be congenitally absent (p less than .01). The majority of primary teeth had normal shapes; the majority of permanent teeth were of intermediate type or were missing congenitally. One third of the UCLA and one half of the UCLP subjects who had primary maxillary lateral incisors were not followed by permanent replacements. The location of the majority of permanent maxillary lateral incisors tallied with that of the primary ones except in four UCLA, ten UCLP, and two bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) subjects. Four UCLA and ten UCLP subjects who had primary lateral incisors on the distal side were followed by their permanent successors on the mesial side. Three UCLP and one BCLP subjects had permanent maxillary lateral incisors even though they had no temporary predecessors.     

术前正畸对完全性唇腭裂牙槽突植骨疗效的影响

目的　探讨牙槽突植骨术前正畸治疗对于完全性唇腭裂牙槽突植骨长期疗效的影响。方法　选择牙弓狭窄、上颌前牙舌倾或扭转 ,可以伴有前牙反 \ ,牙槽突植骨手术不易进行的完全性唇腭裂患者 16例 ,男 9例 ,女 7例。其中单侧完全性唇腭裂 10例 ,双侧完全性唇腭裂 6例 ,共有裂隙 2 2侧 ,患者年龄 8～ 2 2岁。在牙槽突植骨前进行正畸治疗 ,植骨术后定期拍摄上颌体腔片或上颌前部咬合片 ,观察植骨疗效 ,手术后观察期为 0 5～ 4年。牙槽骨高度的评价采用Bergland标准进行。结果　术前正畸 ,特别是通过开展狭窄的上牙弓 ,能够使因存在错畸形而不易进行牙槽突植骨的唇腭裂患者顺利完成手术 ,牙槽突植骨的临床成功率达 86 %。结论　对于上牙弓狭窄 ,错畸形严重的完全性唇腭裂患者 ,应该在植骨手术前进行正畸治疗。     

恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者正畸治疗临床疗效研究

目的　通过测量恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者术后牙牙合、软硬组织的相关数据,观察正畸治疗对患者面型、牙弓及咬合关系的临床疗效。方法　选择10例UCLP恒牙晚期（15～17岁）术后患者,采用上颌慢速扩弓联合固定矫治,对治疗前、扩弓保持半年后X线头颅侧位片及扩弓治疗前、扩弓结束后、保持半年后牙牙合模型相关数据进行测量。采用配对t检验和配伍组设计资料的方差分析的统计方法,2组之间的两两比较用最小显著差(LSD)检验。结果　UCLP患者在正畸治疗后,X线头颅侧位片在软硬组织部分测量数据上有显著性变化(P<0.01),牙弓宽度在尖牙和前磨牙区有明显增加（P<0.01）,前磨牙区宽度的增加能稳定保持（P<0.05）。结论　 恒牙晚期UCLP术后患者经正畸治疗,骨骼、面部软硬组织及咬合关系均有较理想的治疗效果。     

Craniofacial growth in clefting from one month to ten years as studied by P-A headfilms

Craniofacial growth of 64 children with a unilateral cleft of lip and palate, 32 children with a bilateral cleft of lip and palate, and 78 children with a cleft of palate only were studied at the ages of one month, three months, six months, one year, 18 months, two years, and annually till the age of 10 years. Nine width and 12 height measurements are obtained from the tracings of p-a X-ray headfilms and analysed. It was found that the cleft type differences were mainly restricted to the base line width, interorbital width, optic foramen width, basal maxillary width, interorbital height, optic foramen height, and gonial height. For all these measurements except basal maxillary width, the means are in the order BCLP greater than UCLP greater than CPO. For basal maxillary breadth it was UCLP greater than BCLP greater than CPO. Sex differences are restricted to base line width, basal maxillary width, bizygomatic width, interorbital height, and optic foramen height. For these width measurements, males have larger means than females. For the height measurements, females have larger means than males.     

Vertical Changes in Patients with Complete Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip, Alveolus and Palate

AIMS AND METHODS: Twelve UCLP and eleven BCLP patients who had been treated according to the Hanover treatment protocol were evaluated by means of cephalometric analysis and cast measurements. The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate changes in the vertical plane and in incisor position in the course of craniofacial growth compared to age-matched non-cleft controls. Lateral cephalograms and casts were analyzed for each cleft patient at age 10 and 15 and compared with corresponding data of a non-cleft control group (n = 20). RESULTS: A vertical growth impairment of the maxilla was registered in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. The maxilla of the cleft patients showed a significant clockwise rotation while the inclination of the mandible remained virtually unchanged. Both upper and lower incisors, which were significantly retruded at the beginning of the late mixed dentition, could be protruded in the course of craniofacial growth, development of the dentition and treatment, but remained retruded in comparison with the non-cleft controls. The posterior midfacial height was highly significantly shorter in both UCLP and BCLP patients at both evaluation timepoints, whereas the anterior lower jaw height was greater than in the control group     

Long-term effects of palate repair on craniofacial morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the long-term effects of palate repair on craniofacial growth in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Sri Lankan Cleft Lip and Palate Project. SUBJECTS: Forty-eight adults with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate, 29 men and 19 women, had lip repair only (LRO group). Fifty-eight adults with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate, 35 men and 23 women, had lip and palate repairs by the age of 9 (LPR group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical notes were used to record surgical treatment histories. Cephalometry was used to determine craniofacial morphology. RESULTS: In the lip and palate repair group, the depth of the bony pharynx (Ba-PMP), the maxillary length at the alveolar level (PMP-A), the effective length of the maxilla (Ar-IZ, Ar-ANS, Ar-A), the maxillary protrusion (S-N-ANS, SNA), the anteroposterior jaw relation (ANS-N-Pog, ANB), and the overjet were smaller than in the lip repair only group. There were no significant differences in the maxillary length at the basal level (PMP-IZ, PMP-ANS) and the anterior and posterior maxillary heights (N-ANS and R-PMP, respectively) in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Palate repair inhibits the forward displacement of the basal maxilla and anteroposterior development of the maxillary dentoalveolus in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Palate repair has no detrimental effects on the downward displacement of the basal maxilla or on palatal remodeling in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患者牙弓宽度正畸扩弓治疗后的稳定性研究

目的探讨单侧完全性唇腭裂后牙反[牙合]患者正畸扩弓矫治后牙弓宽度的稳定性。方法已经完成保持的经过四角舌弓及固定矫治器正畸治疗的手术后单侧完全性唇腭裂患者20名（男性14名，女性6名），三维测量仪对治疗前、治疗后及保持后的研究模型进行尖牙间、第一、二双尖牙、第一磨牙间宽度以及基骨和牙槽弓宽度的测量。统计方法为配对资料的方差分析，两两比较用Fishe rLSD法。结果经过四角舌弓及固定矫治器治疗后单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌各段宽度均增加，差异有统计学意义；下颌除第一双尖牙外各段宽度变化不具统计学意义。正畸治疗后上颌牙弓宽度的增加在尖牙和双尖牙区大于磨牙区。保持结束后牙弓各段宽度较治疗后均有减小，其中上颌尖牙间宽度减小1．34±0．82mm（P〈0．05）、第一双尖牙间宽度减小1．52±0．78mm（P〈0．05）达到显著水平。但是保持结束后上颌各段的牙弓宽度仍大于治疗前，差异有统计学意义。结论经过四角舌弓及固定矫治器系统治疗后，单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌牙弓各段的宽度均显著增加；保持结束后上颌牙弓各段宽度虽有复发，但是大部分矫治结果能够保持。     

Prevalence of intranasal ectopic teeth in children with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ectopic eruption of intranasal teeth. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study, where records of children with repaired cleft lip and palate were analyzed. SETTING: The study was conducted at a large craniofacial center, the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, USP, Bauru, S?o Paulo, Brazil. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 815 records from patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) and 1,495 records from patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). The age of the subjects was 5 to 10 years old and the groups included both males and females. RESULTS: The results showed that 0.61% of the children with BCLP and 0.40% of those with UCLP had an intranasal tooth. The prevalence of an intranasal tooth for the whole group was 0.48%, and it appeared to be more common in females.