Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) reduces perioperative blood loss associated with total knee arthroplasty

In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we haveinvestigated the effect of an antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamicacid (Cyklokapron), on blood loss and transfusion requirementsassociated with total knee arthroplasty. Twenty-nine patientswere allocated randomly to receive either tranexamic acid 15mg kg^–1 or an equal volume of placebo a few minutes beforea tourniquet was deflated. Blood loss during surgery, in therecovery room and on the surgical ward was recorded, togetherwith the number of units of blood transfused in hospital. Meanblood loss during surgery was 428 (SD 254) ml in the tranexamicacid group (n = 15) compared with 41 5 (244) ml in the placebogroup (n = 13). In the recovery room the tranexamic acid grouplost 127 (95) ml and the placebo group 576 (245) ml (P <0.001). On the ward the respective volumes were 293 (200) mland 558 (293) ml (P < 0.01). Total blood loss was 847 (356)ml in the tranexamic acid group and 1549 (574) ml in the placebogroup (P < 0.001). During the hospital stay the treatmentgroup received 1.5 (1.3) units of blood compared with 3.3 (1.8)in the control group (P < 0.005). Two patients in the placebogroup experienced a thrombotic complication compared with nonein the treatment group. We conclude that tranexamic acid reducedperioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements associatedwith total knee arthroplasty. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1995; 74: 534–537)     

Tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss in cementless total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid, an inhibitor of fibrinolysis that blocks the lysine-binding site of plasminogen to fibrin, has been reported to reduce intraoperative and postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty with cement. However, there have been few reports describing the effects of tranexamic acid on blood loss during and following total hip arthroplasty without cement. METHODS: We investigated the effects of tranexamic acid in twenty-one patients who underwent staged bilateral total hip arthroplasty without cement for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. The average interval between the two procedures was 16 +/- 16 months. On one side, 1000 mg of tranexamic acid was administered intravenously five minutes before the skin incision. On the other side, tranexamic acid was not administered. Baseline hemoglobin and hematocrit values were obtained three weeks before each arthroplasty. The volume of postoperative blood loss was recorded at two-hour intervals for the first twelve hours and then again at twenty-four hours, and the values were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The total intraoperative blood loss in the tranexamic acid group (607 +/- 298 mL) was similar to that in the control group (633 +/- 220 mL). The postoperative blood loss in the tranexamic acid group was significantly lower than that in the control group at all time-points during the first twenty-four hours (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The greatest reduction in blood loss was observed during the first four hours after surgery in the tranexamic acid group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty without cement, preoperative administration of tranexamic acid is associated with decreased postoperative blood loss during the first twenty-four hours, especially during the first four hours after surgery.     

Polysaccharide hemostatic system reduces blood loss in high-body-mass-index patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundTo investigate the efficacy of a topically applied hemostatic agent used to reduce blood loss in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsThirty-two patients (5 male, 27 female) mean age 65 ± 9.3 (46–80) undergoing single-stage bilateral TKA were enrolled in the study and divided in two groups. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of patients with body mass index (BMI) <30 and >30, respectively. Polysaccharide hemostatic agent (PHA; 3 g) was applied topically to the right knees of each patient intraoperatively. The left knees were used as controls. A negative suction drain was used and the effect of PHA and BMI on postoperative bleeding was evaluated.ResultsBlood loss was significantly higher (p = 0.027, r = 0.397) for patients with higher BMI. Treatment by local application of PHA to potential bleeding sites significantly reduced blood loss—314 ± 151 ml (50–600) for the right knees versus 468 ± 140 ml (150-700) for the left knees (p = 0.007) in group 1; 420 ± 251 ml (100–900) for the right knees versus 620 ± 229 ml (350–1125) for the left knees (p = 0.036) in group 2. Blood loss reduction between the right and left knees was no different between the two groups (p = 0.173).ConclusionsBy reducing blood loss and the need for postoperative blood transfusion in patients with high BMI, PHA can be of value as adjuvant therapy in new blood-management procedures in major joint-replacement surgery.     

Tranexamic acid given intraoperatively reduces blood loss after total knee replacement: a randomized,controlled study

BACKGROUND: Extensive blood loss in total knee replacement (TKR) surgery is well known and is associated with a high transfusion rate of allogenic blood. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce blood loss by 50% in this patient group, but only in cases with a perioperative loss of 1400-1800 ml. This study was performed to see if TXA offers any advantages in knee replacement surgery with blood loss at 800 ml. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients scheduled for TKR in spinal anesthesia with the use of a tourniquet, were randomized to TXA or non-TXA. Tranexamic acid 10 mg kg-1 was given at conclusion of surgery and again 3 h later. Blood loss was registered. RESULTS: Total blood loss was at all times significantly lower in the TXA group compared to the non-TXA group (409.7+/-174.9 ml vs. 761.7+/-313.1 ml; P<0.001). There were no differences in coagulation parameters. No patients in the TXA group had a blood transfusion vs. 13% in the non-TXA group (NS). No complications were registered in the two groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that TXA significantly reduces blood loss after total knee replacement surgery.     

Tranexamic acid for control of blood loss in bilateral total knee replacement in a single stage

Background:

Tranexamic acid (TEA) reduces blood loss and red cell transfusions in patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there is not much literature regarding the use of TEA in patients undergoing bilateral TKA in a single stage and the protocols for administration of TEA in such patients are ill-defined.

Materials and Methods:

We carried out a case control study evaluating the effect of TEA on postoperative hemoglobin (Hb), total drain output, and number of blood units transfused in 52 patients undergoing bilateral TKA in a single stage, and compared it with 56 matched controls who did not receive TEA. Two doses of TEA were administered in doses of 10 mg / kg each (slow intravenous (IV) infusion), with the first dose given just before tourniquet release of the first knee and the second dose three hours after the first one.

Results:

A statistically significant reduction in the total drain output and requirement of allogenic blood transfusion in cases who received TEA, as compared to the controls was observed. The postoperative Hb and Hb at the time of discharge were found to be lower in the control group, and this result was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:

TEA administered in patients undergoing single stage bilateral TKA helped reduce total blood loss and decreased allogenic blood transfusion requirements. This might be particularly relevant, where facilities such as autologous reinfusion might not be available.     

Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and blood transfusions in primary total hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized double-blind study in 40 patients

INTRODUCTION: We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind study on 40 patients scheduled for primary total hip arthroplasty due to arthrosis or osteonecrosis to determine the effect of tranexamic acid on per- and postoperative blood losses and on the number of blood transfusions needed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 40 patients were randomized to tranexamic acid (10 mg/kg given as a bolus intravenous injection, followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hour for 10 hours) or placebo (20 mL saline given intravenously) 15 minutes before the incision. We recorded the peroperative and postoperative blood losses at removal of the drain 24 hours after the operation and the number of blood transfusions. RESULTS: Patients receiving tranexamic acid had a mean peroperative blood loss of 480 mL versus 622 mL in patients receiving placebo (p = 0.3), a postoperative blood loss of 334 mL versus 609 mL (p = 0.001), a total blood loss of 814 mL versus 1231 mL (p = 0.001) and a total need for 4 blood transfusions versus 25 (p = 0.04). No patient in either group had symptoms of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or prolonged wound drainage. INTERPRETATION: Transemic acid is effective in reducing the postoperative blood loss, the total blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in primary total hip arthroplasty.     

氨甲环酸减少全膝关节置换术失血量的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析评价抗纤溶药物氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)对全膝关节置换术失血量的影响.方法 计算机检索数据库MEDLINE(1966年至2008年8月)、PubMed(1966年至2008年8月)、EMBASE(1966年至2008年8月)、Cochrane图书馆(2008年第3期)、中国生物医学光盘数据库(1978年至2008年8月)、中国生物医学文献数据库(1978年至2008年8月)和维普中文科技期刊数据库(1978年至2008年8月)中关于TXA减少全膝关节置换术出血量的临床随机对照研究,并查阅所有检出文献和相关综述的参考文献作为补充资料,截止到2008年8月.采用RevMan 4.3软件进行统计分析,TXA组与安慰剂组总失血量和输血单位采用加权均数差评价,输血率、深静脉血栓和肺栓塞症发生率采用优势比评价.结果 共纳入前瞻性随机对照研究8篇.Meta分析结果显示,与安慰剂组比较TXA能够减少全膝关节置换患者总出血量(加权均数差值-542.11,95%置信区间[-723.20,-361.01],P<0.001)和输血单位(加权均数差值-1.33,95%置倩区间[-1.70,-0.97],P<0.001),降低输血率(优势比0.11,95%置信区间[0.06,0.18],P<0.001),而深静脉血栓和肺栓塞症发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 静脉注射TXA能够减少全膝关节置换手术失血量和输血单位,降低输血率,不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞症的发生风险.     

Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and blood transfusion after TKA: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Background  

TKA may be associated with considerable blood loss, and transfusion carries substantial risk of immunologic reaction and disease transmission. Blood transfusion also involves additional cost, therefore a reduction in its use is important. Several methods reportedly reduce postoperative blood loss and avoid homologous blood transfusion with traditional TKA approaches, but it is unclear these reductions apply to a minimally invasive technique.     

人工膝关节置换术中静脉注射氨甲环酸对减少术后失血的临床观察

[目的]评价术中静脉注射氨甲环酸减少人工膝关节置换术术后出血量、降低围手术期输血率的临床效果,证实静脉途径应用氨甲环酸不增加血栓的风险性。[方法]分析2014年1月~2015年10月由同一组外科医生完成的连续120例单侧人工膝关节置换术患者的临床资料,其中60例术中静脉滴注15 mg/kg的氨甲环酸,另一组60例患者为未使用氨甲环酸组。通过测定患者手术前后血红蛋白(Hgb)的变化估算出术后失血量,并记录所有患者的输血情况。[结果]使用氨甲环酸组患者的总失血量、显性失血量、输血率显著低于未使用氨甲环酸组,差异有统计学意义;两组患者隐性失血量比较未见明显差异;两组下肢深静脉血栓的发生率无显著性差异。[结论]术中静脉使用氨甲环酸可以减少人工膝关节置换术后的总失血量、显性失血量,降低输血率。不增加下肢深静脉血栓的发生率。     

Tranexamic acid reduces haematomas but not pain after total knee arthroplasty

Aim

Tranexamic acid (TxA) reduces total blood losses (TBL) and allogenic transfusion (TH) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). TBL can be external (surgical field, drains), or hidden (haematomas). Haematomas induce pain and limit postoperative rehabilitation. The aim of the study was to evaluate if TxA reduces haematomas and pain after TKA.

Study design

Prospective non-randomized study.

Method

After ethical committee approvement and written informed consent, the patients planned for a primary TKA were included (control group followed by a TxA group, 15 mg/kg before incision and at skin closure). General anaesthesia and analgesia were standardized (sciatic block, continuous femoral block, ketamine, ketoprofene, paracetamol, PCA with morphine). Volume of haematomas = TBL (calculated based on haemograms performed the day before surgery, and at postoperative day 5, and on transfusions) - measured external bleeding. Patients were followed up for 8 days, and at postoperative day 180 (by phone). Fifty patients per group allowed the detection of a 50% morphine sparing at day 8 (α = 0.05 and β = 0.2), and a 25% reduction of haematoma volumes at day 5.

Results

Perioperative data, pain scores and functional parameters (until day 180) were not different between control group patients (n = 52) and TxA group patients (n = 55): morphine consumption at day 8 was respectively 35 ± 32 and 42 ± 38 mg (P = 0.29). Yet, TxA reduced hematoma volumes (526 ± 202 versus 337 ± 165 mL of red blood cells, P < 0.0001) and clinically apparent hematomas. Morphine consumptions at day 8 and haematoma volumes were not correlated.

Conclusion

After TKA, TxA reduces the volume of hematomas, without any improvement in analgesia and rehabilitation until the sixth postoperative month.     

Debate: bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty

Controversy persists regarding the value of doing bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty. Advocates of this procedure focus on economic costs, patient satisfaction, and quicker return to function as compared with bilateral staged total knee arthroplasty. Those in opposition focus on increased complication rates that question the overall safety of this operative procedure. The purpose of this discussion is to review the orthopaedic literature, concentrating on the reported advantages and disadvantages of bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty in hopes of providing the surgeon with information valuable in determining the safety and efficacy of this procedure.     

Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in total hip replacement surgery

Intraoperatively administered, tranexamic acid (TA) does not reduce bleeding in total hip replacement (THR). Therefore, its prophylactic use was attempted in the present study because this has been shown to be more effective in cardiac surgery. We investigated 40 patients undergoing THR in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Twenty patients received TA given in two bolus doses of 10 mg/kg each, the first just before surgical incision and the second 3 h later. In addition, a continuous infusion of TA, 1.0 mg. kg(-1). h(-1) for 10 h, was given after the first bolus dose. The remaining 20 patients formed a control group. Both groups used preoperative autologous blood donation and intraoperative autotransfusion. Intraoperative bleeding was significantly less (P: = 0.001) in the TA group compared with the control group (630 +/- 220 mL vs 850 +/- 260 mL). Postoperative drainage bleeding was correspondingly less (P: = 0.001) (520 +/- 280 vs 920 +/- 410 mL). Up to 10 h postoperatively, plasma D-dimer concentration was halved in the TA group compared with the control group. One patient in each group had an ultrasound-verified late deep vein thrombosis. In conclusion, we found TA, administrated before surgical incision, to be efficient in reducing bleeding during THR. Implications: In a prospective, double-blinded study of 40 patients undergoing total hip replacement, the preoperative administration of tranexamic acid reduced bleeding by 35%, probably by decreasing induced fibrinolysis. Whether tranexamic acid therapy can replace predonation of autologous blood or intraoperative autotransfusion requires further study.     

隐性失血对双侧人工全膝关节同期置换手术的影响

[目的]研究双侧人工全膝关节同期置换术术后隐性失血的相关因素。[方法]对2005年2月～2007年2月44例双侧人工全膝关节同期置换术患者进行回顾性分析，通过Gross方程，根据身高、体重及手术前后的红细胞压积推算术后平均显性失血量及平均隐性失血量。[结果]平均总失血量2065ml，其中显性失血量1198ml，隐性失血量867ml，使用自体血回输患者总失血量为2180ml，隐性失血量为937ml（42％）；未使用自体血回输患者的总失血量是1950ml，隐性失血量是799ml（41％）；两组的隐性失血相比差异无统计学意义。[结论]双侧人工全膝关节同期置换术术后隐性失血量占总失血量的比例较高，且使用自体血回输不能完全满足机体恢复体循环的需要，在围手术期要特别注意及时补充血容量。     

Topical hemostatic procedures control blood loss in bilateral cemented single-stage total knee arthroplasty

Background Blood management is critical in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In bilateral, single stage TKA, blood loss seems more prominent. We believe it is important to control all potential bleeding within the wound tissue.Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate a series of topical procedures used to reduce blood loss and transfusion in single-stage bilateral cemented total knee arthroplasty: antifibrinolysis with tranexamic acid, vasoconstriction with epinephrine, sealing of the bone section intraoperatively, and closure of the drainage tube within the first 4 h postoperatively.Materials and methods Patients with osteoarthritis of the knees were randomly divided into two groups. In group A, 5 ml (25 mg/ml) tranexamic acid (TXA) and 5 ml analgesic containing epinephrine (3 μg/ml) solution were injected at several points into the posterior capsule before installation of the prosthesis. The femoral medullar canal was closed with autograft bone and then sealed compressively with cement. Before the tourniquet was released, 10 ml TXA solution and 10 ml analgesic containing epinephrine were injected at several points into the periosteum, synovium, joint capsule, tendons, and deep fascia tissue (injection of analgesic containing epinephrine into subcutaneous fat and dermis was avoided). The residual nail holes in the bone and the uncovered bone section were covered with bone wax. The tourniquet was then removed, and active bleeding points were stanched. TXA solution (20 ml) was injected into the articular cavity after wound closure. The drainage tube was clamped for 4 h, then opened. In group B, injection of analgesic containing epinephrine into soft tissue, control of active bleeding, and clamping of the drainage tube for 4-h, only, were performed.Results Ninety patients were enrolled in the study. Compared with those in group B, intraoperative blood loss, drainage volume, total postoperative blood loss, and number of patients requiring allogenic blood transfusion were significantly reduced in group A. There was no significant difference between the incidence of complications in the groups.Conclusions Our topical procedures enable effective and safe reduction of blood loss and the number of patients requiring transfusion in single-stage bilateral osteoarthritic TKA.     

Intravenous use of tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

Introduction

Blood transfusion is often required in total knee replacement (TKR); several methods of blood preservation are commonly used but the ideal solution is to reduce the blood loss during and after surgery. Aim of the study was to evaluate the hemostatic efficacy and safety of intravenous use of tranexamic acid in patients receiving TKR (cemented).

Materials and methods

Forty-five patients after TKR receive treatment with tranexamic acid (TXA, treatment group), and 45 were managed with fibrin tissue adhesive (control group). Hemoglobin values decrease and transfusions in both groups were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with Student t test and χ ² test. A statistical model was elaborated to evaluate together all variables and to underline what data can increase transfusions need.

Results

A significant reduction was detected in hemoglobin values in the first 3 days after surgery in the treatment group. The difference in all cases was significant. When tranexamic acid was administered, the need for transfusions was lower (difference statistically significant). No major adverse events were recorded in our series. The use of autologous blood preparation before surgery led to a higher transfusion rate.

Conclusion

Tranexamic acid reduced blood loss in TKR and significantly reduced the blood transfusion need also when compared to fibrin tissue adhesive. The use of tranexamic acid is safe and in future may avoid preparation of autologous blood unit before surgery with a decrease of cost and medical figures involved.     

局部应用氨甲环酸减少全膝关节置换术后失血量的系统评价

目的采用Meta分析评价局部应用氨甲环酸（TXA）对全膝关节置换（TKA）术后失血量的影响。方法计算机检索Corhrane图书馆、Medline、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普数据库中关于局部应用TXA减少TKA术后出血量的随机对照研究（RCT）。采用RevMan5．0．24软件进行统计分析,TXA组与对照组总失血量、引流量、血红蛋白下降值、D-二聚体和术后KSS功能评分采用加权均数差评价,输血率采用优势比评价。结果最终共纳入8篇RCT。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组比较,局部应用TXA能够减少TKA术后总出血量[WMD=-302．05,95％CI（-345．05,-259．05）,P〈0．001]及引流量[WMD=-253．70,95％CI（-293．75,-213．65）,P〈0．001],血红蛋白下降较少[WMD=-0．64,95％CI（-0．85,-0．43）,P〈0．001）,降低输血率[OR=0．29,95％CI（0．17,0．48）,P〈0．001]。结论局部应用TXA可以减少TKA术后失血量及引流量,降低输血率。