体重变化对老年2型糖尿病患者代谢的影响

 目的 观察住院老年2型糖尿病超重患者体重变化对营养代谢的影响.方法 收集本院2004～2005年进入营养治疗的体质指数≥24 kg/m2的老年2型糖尿病86例,根据营养治疗结束时体重动态分为A组(体重下降)、B组(体重无变化)、C组(体重上升).了解3组体重、体质指数与空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPPG)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(CH)、总蛋白、白蛋白代谢关联性.结果 组内比较:A组FPG、2 hPPG、TG、CH和B组FPG、2 hPPG下降差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).组间比较:治疗后A组2 hPPG、TG、CH低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A、B组CH低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 体重超标的老年糖尿病患者血糖、血脂的变化与体重变化相一致,体重降低,血糖、血脂恢复理想.     

2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征持续气道正压通气疗效

 目的 观察和评估2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者使用持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)治疗16周后临床疗效的变化。方法 选取2012-01至2017-06于煤炭总医院内分泌科确诊2型糖尿病合并有OSAHS的患者60例,随机分配到A组(降糖药物联合无创呼吸机)、B组(单纯使用降糖药物),每组30例。降糖治疗方式不限。并根据血糖检测值来调整降糖治疗方案,直到血糖达标。呼吸机每日佩戴不少于6 h,随访16周。比较两组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PPG)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能(HOME-β)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb₁Ac)达标的时间以及血脂四项、呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI) 、最低脉搏容积血氧饱和度(minimum pulse volume oxygen saturation, LSp O₂%)、生活质量及对治疗满意度等变化情况。结果 两组患者血糖均得到良好控制,FPG: A组(6.10±0.32) mmol/L vs B组(6.92±1.61 )mmol/L, 2hPPG:A组(8.23±3.12 )mmol/L vs B组(8.91±2.81) mmol/L, Hb₁Ac%:A组6.38±0.32 vs B组 6.50±1.12, TC:A组(4.41±1.22) mmol/L vs B组(4.52±1.35) mmol/L; TG:A组(1.43±0.34 )mmol/L vs B组(1.50±0.62 )mmol/L,LDL-C: A组(2.50±0.42 )mmol/L vs B组(2.63±0.63 )mmol/L,HDL-C:A组(1.28±0.58) mmol/L vs B组(1.18±0.45) mmol/L,两组差异无统计学意义 (P＞0. 05) 。 A组HOMA-IR较 B 组降低(2.01±1.22 vs 3.92±1.61,P＜0.001),A组的HOMA-β较 B组有改善(164.23±60.52 vs 104.91±52.81),AHI(4.31±1.20 vs 31.62±8.35),LSp O₂%(95.43±3.34 vs 89.50±4.62)(P＜0.001)。A组指尖血糖达标所需时间短于B组[(7.01±1.02)d vs (10.12±1.42)d],问卷调查患者的生活质量(98% vs 62%)及对治疗的满意度提高(100% vs 52%)(P＜0.05)。结论 对2型糖尿病合并OSAHS患者进行CPAP治疗,可以改善胰岛素抵抗,恢复胰岛细胞功能,缩短血糖达标所需时间,提高患者的生活质量及对治疗的满意度,是安全有效、简便可行的。     

西宁地区老年高血压患者颈动脉超声检测与临床的探讨

目的:探讨西宁地区各级高血压患者的颈动脉粥样硬化程度,了解老年高血压患者动脉粥样硬化的状况。方法:检测分析西宁地区173例老年高血压患者颈动脉(CADIA)内径、内膜中层厚度(IMT)、斑块发生率并与47例健康老人对照。结果:高血压组较对照组颈动脉内径及内膜中层厚度逐渐增加,P<0.01;高血压病各级之间颈动脉IMT比较差别有显著性,P<0.05,随着高血压分级增加颈动脉IMT逐渐增厚;高血压组的斑块发生率明显高于正常时照组。结论:动脉IMT增厚是动脉粥样硬化的早期特征,血压增高是引起高血压病颈动脉变化的一个重要因素,颈动脉超声检测对于老年高血压病的诊断分级和防治及其并发症具有重要意义,应作为西宁地区老年高血压患者的常规检测项目。     

ApoE-/-训练鼠血总胆固醇升高没有使动脉粥样硬化斑块增长

目的:在小鼠模型中,探讨有氧运动及其引起的血脂、T淋巴细胞亚群比例和自由基代谢改变对动脉粥样硬化斑块生长的影响.方法:ApoE基因敲除鼠和C57BL/6J对照鼠进行不负重游泳,120min/d,6d/w,持续12w.结果:安静状态下与对照鼠比较,ApoE-/-鼠血浆TC(1.91±0.35 mmol/L vs 14.6±1.46 mmol/L,P<0.001)、TG(0.96±0.30 mmol/L vs 1.28±0.34 mmol/L,P=0.013)升高,主动脉壁产生动脉粥样硬化复合斑块.运动后,ApoE-/-鼠TC进一步升高(14.6±1.46 mmol/L vs 17.8±2.96 mmol/L,P=0.023),动脉粥样硬化斑块面积(25.4±7.2 vs 25.9±12.6,P=0.93)没有显著变化,血管壁MDA增加(148.8±16.8 mmol/L vs 201.3±38.0 mmol/L,P=0.020).结论:12周耐力运动后ApoE-/-鼠血浆TC和血管壁MDA水平升高,但TC的升高没有促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的发展.     

老年高血压病患者IGF-1与颈动脉内膜中层厚度关系的研究

目的:探讨老年高血压病患者血清胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)水平和颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的关系。方法:选择老年高血压病患者60例和老年健康查体者55例,用放射免疫法检测血清IGF-1水平,以多普勒超声测定两组IMT。结果:老年高血压病组随血压增高,IMT逐渐增厚,55例患者有颈动脉斑块形成,IGF-1水平〔(207.70±79.21)ng/ml〕明显高于对照组〔(132.53±35.62)ng/ml〕(P<0.001)。结论:老年高血压病患者血清IGF-1与颈动脉内膜中层厚度有密切关系,颈动脉超声检查可作为观察全身动脉粥样硬化的一个窗口。     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病危险因素探讨

目的:探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素.方法:以2型糖尿病合并冠心病(观察组)93例病人与无冠心病120例(对照组)进行对照分析.两组病例均记录血压、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血脂四项.结果:(1)两组患者空腹血糖无明显差异(P>0.05).(2)血压、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)存在明显差异,在观察组餐后血糖、血压、血脂明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:高血糖、高血压、高血脂(三高)是糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素.     

阿托伐他汀钙联合阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀钙联合阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法选取沈阳市第一医院内分泌科收治的2型糖尿病患者92例,通过随机数字表方法将研究对象平均分为两组。其中A组46例,予阿卡波糖50 mg,3次/d口服,每2 d根据血糖水平调节药物剂量,若血糖控制不佳,适当使用长效胰岛素控制血糖,连续治疗6个月;B组46例,在A组治疗的基础上加用阿托伐他汀钙片10 mg,1次/d口服,连续治疗6个月。采用彩色多普勒超声仪检测各组患者治疗前后肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能(FMD)和颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT);同时,观察各组患者治疗前后血脂水平变化。结果 A组患者治疗后血脂水平与治疗前相仿,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组患者治疗后血中TC、LDL-C明显较治疗前降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而TG、HDL-C水平与治疗前相仿,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组患者治疗后TC、LDL-C水平明显低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后FMD、IMT较治疗前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组患者治疗后FMD值明显较A组增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而ITM值明显较A组下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿卡波糖在降低患者血糖时,还能改善患者FMD和IMT,降低患者总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇C水平。合用阿托伐他汀钙片时能进一步改善血管内皮功能,减轻动脉粥样硬化病变。     

高原地区32例肺心病急性加重期的血糖异常分析

目的:观察高原地区慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期患者血糖变化。方法:32例来自高原地区肺心病患者测定空腹及餐后2h血糖。结果:急性期空腹血糖(7.2~8.3)mmol/L 3例,(8.3~11.1)mmol/L 11例,>11.1mmol/L 8例,餐后2h血糖升高10例。结论:高原地区肺心病急性加重期患者常合并有高血糖,增加患者的死亡率。如何早发现、早治疗是临床非常关注的问题。     

茯苓对2型糖尿病患者的降糖作用

为了解不溶性膳食纤维对糖尿病患者食疗的效果。选择 6 0岁以上老年 2型糖尿病患者 13例 ,并以含不溶性膳食纤维为主的茯苓为代表进行试验 ,每天每人 5 0g茯苓 ,将其制作成馒头 ,分早晚食用 ,共食用 7天 ,测定试验前后空腹与餐后血糖。结果 :空腹血糖 ,受试前为 (8 76± 2 0 4)mmol/L ,受试后为 (7 94± 1 45 )mmol/L(P <0 0 0 1) ;餐后 2h血糖 ,受试前为 (13 71± 2 49)mmol/L ,受试后为 (11 6 9± 2 19)mmol/L(P <0 0 0 1)。提示食用茯苓馒头对 2型糖尿病患者具有一定降糖效果。     

达格列净对2型糖尿病患者肾功能及β细胞功能的影响

目的 分析达格列净对2型糖尿病患者肾功能及β细胞功能的影响。方法 研究选取2018年6月-2021年3月收治的100例2型糖尿病患者,随机数字法予以分组,50例予以达格列净药物者纳入实验组,50例予以常规药物者纳入对照组,观察患者治疗前后血糖水平肾功能指标、β细胞水平及治疗有效性。结果 治疗前2组血糖指标比较P>0.05,无差异;治疗后与对照组空腹(6.35±1.23)mmol/L、餐后2 h(8.39±0.56)mmol/L对比,试验组血糖水平：空腹(4.30±1.24)mmol/L、餐后2 h(5.59±0.45)mmol/L明显较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。且两组患者治疗前空腹C-肽、HOMA-IR及HOMA-β水平比较P>0.05,无差异;与对照组治疗后空腹C-肽(0.35±0.15)、HOMA-IR(7.38±0.42)及HOMA-β水平(3.71±0.24)对比,实验组空腹C-肽(0.76±0.25)、HOMA-IR(3.16±0.34)及HOMA-β水平(5.70±0.25)明显较好,2组比较P<0.05。对比对照组,实验组临床效果明显较...     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.