缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护

目的反复短时间缺血可保护组织免受随之而来的长时间缺血性损伤，这种现象称之为缺血预处理（ＩＰＣ）．现探讨ＩＰＣ在肝脏缺血再灌注（Ｉ／Ｒ）损伤中的作用及机制．方法采用大鼠肝脏原位Ｉ／Ｒ模型，术前腹腔注射Ｌ精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）２５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１或Ｌ硝基精氨酸（ＬＮＮＡ）１５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，分别观察血一氧化氮（ＮＯ），ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ；肝组织ＮＯ，脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及肝组织病理损伤．结果肝组织ＬＰＯ含量（多少ｖｓ多少）、血清ＡＬＴ（多少ｖｓ多少）、ＡＳＴ（多少ｖｓ多少）活性明显低于Ｉ／Ｒ组，ＩＰＣ显著改善了由Ｉ／Ｒ引起的肝脏损伤．这种保护作用完全被ＮＯ供体（ＬＡｒｇ）或ＮＯ合酶抑制剂（ＬＮＮＡ）消除．同时，各组之间血、肝ＮＯ含量无显著差异．结论ＩＰＣ对肝脏Ｉ／Ｒ损伤呈现出明显的保护作用，其机理是灭活了氧自由基．ＮＯ在肝脏ＩＰＣ中似乎无明显作用．     

一氧化氮在肝损伤中作用的实验研究

材料与方法：１．动物模型的复制及分组：雄性ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,随机分成六组。除正常对照组外,各组均给予１０％Ｄ－半乳糖胺（Ｄ－Ｇａ１Ｎ）０．６ｇ／ｋｇ及大肠杆菌Ｏ１１１Ｂ４脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ腹腔注射,造成大鼠急性肝损伤模型。并分别于给Ｄ－ＧａｌＮ前２０分钟及后６小时、１１小时,精氨酸（Ａｒｓ）组给子Ｌ－Ａｒｇ０．５ｇ／ｋｇ腹腔注射;Ａｒｇ一硝基精氨酸甲酯（ＮＡＭＥ）组给予Ｌ－Ａｒｇ０．５ｇ／ｋｇ加Ｌ一ＮＡＭＥ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ;ＮＡＭＥ组给予Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ;地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）…     

自由基在实验性胃癌及癌前病变发生中的作用

目的探讨自由基在胃癌及其癌前病变发生中的作用．方法将１００只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分为２组，实验组（７０只），给予１００ｍｇ／Ｌ甲基硝基亚硝基胍（ＭＮＮＧ）水溶液自由饮用３０ｗｋ，对照组（３０只）饮用自来水．选５个时相点，动态观察ＭＮＮＧ诱发实验性胃癌及其癌前病变过程中大鼠体内丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨＰＸ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）等的变化情况．结果在实验组，ＭＤＡ平均含量在５２ｗｋ非常显著地大于０ｗｋ（Ｐ＜００１），并显著地大于１６ｗｋ以前（Ｐ＜００５）．胃癌组织ＭＤＡ含量显著高于胃癌癌前病变组织（Ｐ＜００５）．癌组织ＬＰＯ的含量显著高于癌前病变组织（Ｐ＜００５）．实验组，总ＳＯＤ和ＣｕＺｎＳＯＤ活性在５２ｗｋ明显低于１６ｗｋ之前（分别为Ｐ＜００５和Ｐ＜００１）．癌组织ＣｕＺｎＳＯＤ含量非常显著地小于正常胃粘膜（Ｐ＜００１），亦明显低于胃粘膜异型增生和肠上皮化生（Ｐ＜００５）．在３０ｗｋ和５２ｗｋＧＳＨＰＸ活性显著低于１６ｗｋ以前．结论自由基在实验性胃癌及其癌前病变发生中具有一定作用，自由基清除剂可能对胃癌的综合防治具有积极意义     

同型半胱氨酸对正常人血小板L-精氨酸/一氧化氮途径的影响

目的通过观察同型半胱氨酸（Ｈｃｙ）对血小板Ｌ精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）／一氧化氮（ＮＯ）系统的影响,探讨Ｈｃｙ对血小板损伤的机制。方法健康成人６例,平均年龄（３３±７）岁。晨取静脉血,将每例血样分为对照组及加Ｈｃｙ组,分别测定血小板ＬＡｒｇ转运功能;同时将上述两组分别设立加乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）与不加Ａｃｈ组,测定血小板ＮＯ合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性、ＮＯ生成量和ｃＧＭＰ含量。结果（１）在不同浓度的Ｌ－Ａｒｇ时,Ｈｃｙ组ＬＡｒｇ转运速率均低于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。（２）在Ａｃｈ刺激下,ＮＯＳ活性明显提高,但Ｈｃｙ组提高的程度明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。（３）在Ａｃｈ刺激下,ＮＯ生成及ｃＧＭＰ含量明显提高（Ｐ＜００１）,但Ｈｃｙ组仍明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。结论Ｈｃｙ影响血小板功能可能与ＬＡｒｇ／ＮＯ系统改变有关。     

雷抑素对大鼠移植肝Kupffer细胞的影响

目的探讨肝移植术前应用雷抑素对大鼠肝Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞的影响方法以ＳＤ大鼠为供受体建立原位肝移植模型．受体移植术前３ｄ连续口服１％羧甲基纤维素１ｍｌ／ｄ（对照组）或雷抑素１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ（用药组）．分别于术后１，２，３，２４ｈ采血并取肝组织，检测血清ＴＮＦ，ＡＬＴ及肝ＭＤＡ水平，观察肝超微结构及大鼠１周存活率变化．结果对照组移植术后３ｈ血清ＴＮＦ（５３ｋＵ／Ｌ±０４１ｋＵ／Ｌ），肝ＭＤＡ（４８４６ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ±２３６ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ）显著增加，ＴＮＦ表达呈强阳性；而且药组ＴＮＦ（０９ｋＵ／Ｌ±０１１ｋＵ／Ｌ）肝ＭＤＡ（３６１８ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ±１５４ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ）无明显变化，ＴＮＦ表达阴性，两者相差显著Ｐ＜００１）．电镜检查，对照组肝Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞呈活化表现，而用药组肝Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞呈非活化状态．对照及用药组术后１周存活率分别为０％和６０％．结论术前应用雷抑素可抑制移植肝ＴＮＦ和Ｏ２的产生，抑制Ｋｕｐｆｆｅｒ细胞活化，以减轻肝冷缺血再灌注损伤．     

雷公藤多甙对大鼠急性肝衰竭的保护作用

目的探讨雷公藤多甙（ＧＴＷ）对实验性肝衰竭的保护作用．方法雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２４只，随机分为对照组（ｎ＝８），急性肝衰竭（ＡＨＦ）组（ｎ＝８）和ＧＴＷ保护组（ｎ＝８）．ＧＴＷ组在实验前５ｄＧＴＷ２５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）经胃管灌胃，其余两组均以等量生理盐水溶液灌胃．从第６天开始，ＡＨＦ组和ＧＴＷ组均在空腹１２ｈ后ｉｐＤＧａｌＮ１６ｇ／ｋｇ，注射后４０ｈ，以３０ｇ／Ｌ戊巴比妥钠（４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）ｉｐ麻醉，心脏抽血测定血清ＡＬＴ，ＴＢ和Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群．同时，在光镜和电镜下观察各组肝组织病理变化．结果ＡＨＦ组ＡＬＴ（ＩＵ／Ｌ）和ＴＢ（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）分别为７８２８±５７６２和１２５６２７±６７０２７；ＯＸ８水平为１４０％±３％．ＧＴＷ组ＡＬＴ和ＴＢ分别为３５９±５４和４７±３５；ＯＸ８为４３％±４％．两组比较有显著统计学差异（Ｐ＜００５或００１）．同时，前者电镜下线粒体和内质网肿胀、破损，核内染色质凝聚，后者细胞器受损明显减轻．结论雷公藤多甙对实验性急性肝衰竭具有保护作用．     

重型肝炎患者外周血内皮素及一氧化氮水平变化的意义

目的探讨内皮素（ＥＴ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在重型肝炎（ＳＨ）发病中的作用．方法检测３０例ＳＨ,３２例慢性肝炎（ＣＨ）患者外周血ＥＴ和ＮＯ代谢物ＮＯ－２的水平,并用ＮＯ合成酶底物左旋精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）进行治疗前后对比．结果ＳＨ患者外周血ＥＴ和ＮＯ－２水平（１３９ｎｇ／Ｌ±１４ｎｇ／Ｌ,１２７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±４０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显高于ＣＨ组（８５ｎｇ／Ｌ±１５ｎｇ／Ｌ,６３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜００１）．合并有Ⅲ,Ⅳ期肝性脑病与肝肾综合征患者外周血ＥＴ和ＮＯ－２水平（１４９ｎｇ／Ｌ±１３ｎｇ／Ｌ,１６２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±３４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显高于非肝性脑病患者（１１５ｎｇ／Ｌ±１２ｎｇ／Ｌ,８８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±２４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜００１）和Ⅱ期肝性脑病患者（１３６ｎｇ／Ｌ±１０ｎｇ／Ｌ,１２２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±２６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜００１）;ＬＡｒｇ静脉滴注后血浆ＥＴ水平和平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）显著下降,而肌酐清除率（ｃＣｒ）和尿钠含量明显增加．结论ＥＴ和ＮＯ水平升高是引起ＳＨ多脏器功能障碍的重要因素．ＬＡｒｇ长期治疗可能促进ＳＨ患者脑水肿形成和肝肾综合征发生．     

急性肝坏死大鼠NO水平的动态变化和作用

目的探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在急性肝坏死大鼠模型中的浓度动态变化及其可能的作用机制．方法通过用化学药物促进或抑制急性肝坏死大鼠ＮＯ的合成，检测其外周血ＮＯ及ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ的浓度变化，并观察肝脏的病理变化．结果①急性肝坏死大鼠血清ＮＯ浓度６，１２，２４，４８ｈ显著高于正常对照（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，９０±１３，１３７±３１，６６±１６，４４±１０ｖｓ１６±６，分别为Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００５）；ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ也显著升高（ＡＬＴ，Ｕ／Ｌ，６９８±１０８，２０５６±６６８，８５８±２０８，１９６±３４ｖｓ３５±１３，Ｐ＜００１；ＡＳＴ，Ｕ／Ｌ，８０１±９４，３５７５±７１４，１２７２±２４２，１７５±１２７ｖｓ６５±２２，Ｐ＜００１）；②用ＮＡＭＥ抑制ＮＯ合成，降低了急性肝坏死大鼠外周血ＮＯ浓度，却显著升高了ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ浓度．③急性肝坏死大鼠应用ＮＯ合成底物后，与阳性对照组相比，未见ＮＯ显著升高，ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ也无显著变化．结论ＮＯ对ＤＧａｌｎ／ＬＰＳ诱导的急性肝坏死大鼠肝组织具有保护作用．     

大鼠急性肝损伤中一氧化氮及自由基的变化

大鼠急性肝损伤中一氧化氮及自由基的变化滕书玲，习玲，武希润用ＴＡＡ诱发大鼠急性肝损伤，观察肝损伤大鼠内ＮＯ与自由基的产生及其对肝损伤的影响。材料与方法一、实验动物：Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，雄性，体重２００－３００克。二、主要药品：ＴＡＡ、Ｌ－Ａｒｇ、Ｌ－Ｎ...     

鼠自身免疫性肝炎模型的建立

目的探索鼠实验性自身免疫性肝炎（ＥＡＨ）模型的建立．方法用♀重１３０ｇ～１６０ｇＷｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分成８组，♀重２５ｇ～３５ｇＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠分成２组（每组ｎ＝６）．Ⅰ组为ＰＢＳ对照组；Ⅱ组为ＣＦＡ；Ⅲ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇｉｐ；Ⅳ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｍ；Ⅴ组为大鼠Ｓ１００５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ；Ⅵ组为大鼠Ｓ１００１０ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ；Ⅶ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ；Ⅷ组为小鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ组；Ⅸ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ给小鼠组；Ⅹ组为小鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ给小鼠组．观察生存率、肝功能、免疫球蛋白、肝脏的病理改变．结果用同种肝抗原Ｓ１００辅以福氏完全佐剂腹腔免疫Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠可诱导ＥＡＨ模型，该法形成率高（９８％）、死亡率低（２％）．病理检查显示典型的ＥＡＨ病变．ｗｋ５血清ＡＬＴ为２００ＩＵ／Ｌ、ＩｇＧ为５５ｇ／Ｌ．结论Ｓ１００可以诱导典型的ＥＡＨ模型     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.