COPD患者血清合肽素测定的临床意义

目的探讨血清合肽素测定对于COPD患者的临床意义。方法测定COPD患者治疗前后及对照组的血清合肽素(copeptin)、白介素-6(IL-6),比较二组相关数值的差异。结果治疗前COPD患者的血清合肽素A组(0.94±0.17)ug/L明显高于B组(0.39±0.04)μg/L及对照组(0.07±0.03)μg/L,治疗后A组、B组COPD患者血清合肽素均较治疗前显著降低,分别为(0.17±0.03)和(0.11±0.03)μg/L。治疗后COPD患者血清IL-6与治疗前相比,明显下降。结论 COPD患者血清合肽素的检测可作为判断疗效的一项指标。     

COPD 患者血清合肽素测定的临床意义简

目的 探讨血清合肽素测定对于COPD患者的临床意义.方法 测定COPD患者治疗前后及对照组的血清合肽素（copeptin）、白介素-6（IL-6）,比较二组相关数值的差异.结果 治疗前COPD患者的血清合肽素A组（0.94±0.17）ug/L明显高于B组（0.39±0.04）μg/L及对照组（0.07±0.03）μg/L,治疗后A组、B组COPD患者血清合肽素均较治疗前显著降低,分别为（0.17±0.03）和（0.11±0.03）μg/L.治疗后COPD患者血清IL-6与治疗前相比,明显下降.结论 COPD患者血清合肽素的检测可作为判断疗效的一项指标.     

社区获得性肺炎患者血清丙二醛和血清总抗氧化力水平测定的临床意义

目的 观察社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者血清丙二醛(MDA)和血清总抗氧化力(T-AOC)水平的变化,探讨其临床意义.方法 以徐州医学院附属医院呼吸科2010年9月-2011年9月收治的90例CAP患者[男54例,女36例,平均年龄(54±20)岁]和30名同期在我院体检健康者[男20名,女10名,平均年龄(52±11)岁]为研究对象.CAP患者进行肺炎严重指数(PSI)评分,将其分为Ⅰ～Ⅲ级低危险组46例,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级为高危险组44例;检测血清MDA和血清T-AOC水平.组间采用t检验或者x2检验;CAP组中根据患者存活或死亡的转归,进行Logistic回归分析.结果 CAP组血清MDA[(6.5±2.4) μmol/L]高于对照组[(3.6±0.3)μmol/L];CAP组血清T-AOC[(12.6±1.6) U/ml]低于对照组[(17.7±2.1) U/ml];高危险组及死亡组血清MDA[(8.1±2.5) μmol/L;(9.9±1.6)μmol/L]高于低危险组及存活组[(4.9±0.7) μmol/L;(6.1±2.2)μmol/L];高危险组及死亡组血清T-AOC[(11.5±1.6) U/ml;(10.6±1.5)U/ml]低于低危险组及存活组[(13.6±0.6) U/ml;(12.8±1.4) U/ml];血清MDA与PSI评分呈正相关,相关系数为0.745;差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经过有效治疗后血清MDA水平总体呈下降趋势,血清T-AOC呈上升趋势.Logistic回归分析血清MDA是影响CAP患者预后的危险因素.结论 CAP患者血清MDA水平能够反应病情的严重程度及判断预后.动态监测血清MDA和T-AOC水平可以帮助判断治疗效果.     

老年人社区获得性肺炎临床分析

社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)是威胁人类生命健康的主要疾病之一[1]。有报道显示其发病率为0.2%~1.2%[2],特别是老年人发病率更高。本文回顾2004年1月至2005年11月因CAP住院的患者临床资料,分析老年人CAP的基础疾病、临床特点、病原菌分布情况。1资料和方     

老年人社区获得性肺炎的月罹患率及患者的临床特点分析

目的调查上海市新华街道内≥65岁的老年人社区获得性肺炎的月罹患率,并分析老年人社区获得性肺炎患者的临床特点,为街道内老年人社区获得性肺炎的预防和诊断提供信息。方法从2004年2月20日至3月21日,对街道内所有≥65岁的老年人（共9837人）进行一个月的调查．了解本街道内老年人群的社区获得性肺炎月罹患率。并描述其临床表现、体格检查和实验室检查结果。采用统一设计的调查表来收集患者的资料。结果一个月内共发现社区获得性肺炎新发病例26例,月罹患率2．64‰≥80岁与〈80岁人群的月罹患率分别为5．45‰、1．83‰,差别有统计学意义。老年人社区获得性肺炎患者多合并有各种基础疾病,咳嗽、咳痰为最常见的临床表现。结论本街道内≥65岁老年人社区获得性肺炎的月罹患率为2．64‰,高龄老年人是社区获得性肺炎的高发人群。老年人如出现社区获得性肺炎相关的症状应及早就医、及时治疗。     

58例老年人社区获得性肺炎临床分析

老年人由于高龄和基础疾病的存在,罹患社区获得性肺炎（community—acquired pneumonia,CAP）往往起病隐蔽,临床表现不典型,多以基础疾病加重或并发症为首发表现。现将我院2010年1月至2012年12月收治的58例老年社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料进行分析,报告如下。     

血清白蛋白变化对真菌性社区获得性肺炎的临床价值

目的探讨血清白蛋白（ALB）变化对真菌性社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的临床价值。方法分析49例真菌性CAP患者急性期和恢复期ALB及生化指标的变化。结果真菌性CAP患者急性期ALB水平较正常对照组降低,恢复期显著升高（P〈0.05）,其他生化指标治疗前后未见差异。结论真菌性CAP容易导致急性期ALB水平降低,随着感染逐步控制ALB水平可有所升高。     

院外社区获得性肺炎179例临床特征分析

目的分析院外社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的临床特征。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学宣武医院发热初检门诊2006-04-01—2006-06-01接诊的179例CAP患者的临床特征。结果179例患者中14~30岁者104例,占58.1%,既往身体健康者130例,占72.6%,发热后2~4d内50%~80%的患者确诊肺炎。确诊时除发热外,咳嗽、咳痰最常见(占52.5%),另有约1/3患者无呼吸道相关症状;113例患者(63.1%)白细胞计数正常。X线胸片示单侧肺炎147例,占82.1%。对52例随访患者的调查显示,抗生素治疗后约80%患者3d内退热。结论以发热为主要症状的社区获得性肺炎大多数年轻、并发症少,若诊断及时,多数患者在门诊治疗能取得较好效果。     

社区获得性肺炎后发生的心血管事件研究的进展

社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和心血管事件(CVE)是两个主要的公共卫生问题。目前已认识到,CAP的心脏并发症,包括冠状动脉疾病、心肌损害、心力衰竭、心律失常与短期和长期死亡率相关。治疗CAP与CVE的药物之间存在相互影响。本文就CAP后发生的CVE的研究进展作一综述,旨在为CAP后CVE预防和治疗策略的定制提供指导。     

Low-risk patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia

Purpose

To describe the natural history of community-acquired pneumonia in the subset of a large cohort of patients at low risk for mortality who were admitted to the hospital.

Methods

Prospective observational study of all patients at low risk for mortality (risk classes I and II) who presented to 6 hospitals and 1 emergency department in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada with a diagnosis of possible community-acquired pneumonia from November 15, 2000, to November 14, 2002.

Results

A total of 586/3065 (19.1%) low-risk patients (Fine criteria) were admitted, 48.4% of whom stayed more than 5 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients who were admitted were more likely to be female, to have presented at Site B, which serves an inner city population, to have diminished premorbid functional status, to have comorbidities likely to be made worse by pneumonia (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease), and to suffer from substance abuse or psychiatric illness. A respiratory rate of ≥28 breaths per minute, and symptoms of shaking chills, shortness of breath, nausea or diarrhea were the remaining factors predicting admission. Nineteen percent of the patients suffered one or more complications, the most serious of which was progression of the pneumonia, resulting in respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation in 2.4% and empyema in 1.4%. Four patients had lung cancer, and 1 had cancer of the vocal cords. Thirty-one percent of those who were admitted were still unable to eat or drink enough to maintain hydration by hospital day 5 or on discharge day.

Conclusions

One in 5 patients at low risk for mortality were admitted to the hospital and half stayed more than 5 days; 19% suffered 1 or more complications. Our data emphasize the need for better rules to guide the admission decision and the importance of physician judgment in this decision.     

监测老年社区获得性肺炎患者血清降钙素原水平的临床意义

目的评价连续监测血清降钙素原(PCT)对老年社区获得性肺炎病原学诊断及判断病情严重程度中的意义。方法治疗前所有入选患者进行痰细菌学培养,肺炎支原体抗体、衣原体抗体及血清PCT测定。治疗后24 h、72 h再次检测血清PCT水平。根据临床肺部感染评分将研究对象分为高评分组及低评分组;按血清PCT0.1μg/L作为界值将研究对象分为两层进行统计分析。结果 1 58例老年肺炎患者痰细菌学培养阳性20例,肺炎支原体抗体阳性10例,肺炎衣原体抗体Ig M阳性2例,痰细菌学培养阴性26例。2痰菌阳性组PCT水平较非典型病原体组及痰菌阴性组高,且随治疗时间的推移呈逐渐下降的趋势,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。痰菌阴性组及非典型病原体组的血清PCT水平无明显变化规律,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3高评分组PCT水平较低评分组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),高评分组PCT阳性率较低评分组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论连续监测血清PCT水平对老年CAP患者的病原诊断有一定的预测价值;且PCT升高程度有助于评价老年CAP感染的严重程度。     

社区获得性肺炎患者心血管事件发生情况及其影响

目的：探讨社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者心血管事件(CVE)发生情况及其对患者的影响。方法2011年1月至2013年1月期间,符合 CAP 诊断标准并入院接受治疗的患者纳入研究,按照 CAP 指南进行规范化治疗。按照年龄分为青年组(<60岁)和老年组(≥60岁)。记录患者住院期间 CVE 发生情况及30 d 病死率,采用 logistic 多因素回归分析 CVE 对 CAP 患者30 d 病死率的影响。结果共纳入759例符合标准的 CAP 患者(老年组547例,青年组212例),其中112例发生CVE (14.7%),30 d 病死率为6.9%。老年组心血管事件发生率高于青年组(18.8% vs 4.2%,χ2=25.836,P <0.01)。老年组患者中,合并心血管事件的患者病死率(27.1%)高于未合并心血管事件者(5.1%,χ2=47.881,P <0.01)。Logistic 多因素回归分析表明,并发 CVE、高龄(>75岁)、D-二聚体水平升高(>500μg/L)、低白蛋白血症(<30 g/L)以及酸中毒(pH<7.35)是老年 CAP 患者30天死亡的独立危险因素(OR =2.461、2.163、2.552、3.323、2.999,P 值均<0.05)。结论CVE 并发症在老年 CAP 患者中很常见,这些患者有更高的院内死亡风险;高度重视老年 CAP 患者可能发生的 CVE 并发症并尽早采取干预措施对降低近期病死率可能有重要意义。     

老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者临床资料分析

目的总结老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者的临床表现、病原学及预后相关资料。方法回顾分析2002年1月~2007年10月我院收治的CAP患者的临床资料,比较老年CAP患者（年龄）≥60岁）与中青年患者（年龄≤60岁）临床特征的异同。结果成人CAP患者321例,年龄（67±22）岁。老年CAP患者231例,其中73.4%患者合并基础疾病,住院死亡率为12%,肺炎链球菌仍是老年CAP患者的最主要致病菌。与90例中青年CAP患者相比,老年CAP患者入院时出现呼吸困难、急性意识障碍、心率增快及呼吸急促的比例明显增多,病原体分布与中青年CAP患者存在差异。结论老年CAP患者发病率高、并发症多、预后差。临床表现、病原学具有其特殊性,应予足够重视。     

老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者的临床资料分析

目的总结老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者的临床表现、病原学及预后相关资料。方法回顾性分析2002年1月-2006年1月中山大学附属第三医院收治的成人CAP患者的临床资料,比较老年CAP患者（年龄〉65岁）与中青年CAP患者（年龄≤65岁）临床特征的异同。结果成人CAP患者302例,年龄（68±21）岁。老年CAP患者216例,其中67．1％的患者合并基础疾病,175例（81．0％）患者在Fine危险分级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级,住院病死率为12．0％。肺炎链球菌仍是老年CAP患者最主要的致病菌。与86例中青年CAP患者相比,老年CAP患者入院时出现呼吸困难、急性意识障碍、心率增快及呼吸急促的比例明显增多,病原体分布与中青年CAP患者存在差异。结论老年CAP患者发病率高、并发症多、预后差。临床表现、病原学具有其特殊性,应予足够重视。     

北京地区成人社区获得性肺炎非典型病原体流行病学调查

目的　对引起社区获得性肺炎 (CAP)的病原体进行流行病学调查 ,加强对非典型致病原重要性的认识。方法　收集 2 0 0 1年 11月至 2 0 0 2年 6月CAP患者共 10 3例。分别检测患者急性期及恢复期肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、肺炎衣原体血清抗体。应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)分别扩增肺炎支原体P1黏附蛋白基因及肺炎衣原体 16SrRNA基因。应用酶免疫测定 (EIA)方法检测尿中嗜肺军团菌抗原。取患者急性期痰标本进行细菌培养 ,应用常规方法分离鉴定细菌。结果　 10 3例CAP患者 ,病原体检出率为 48.5%。 2 3例 (2 2 .3 % )检出肺炎支原体 ,3例 (2 .9% )检出嗜肺军团菌 ,2例 (1.9% )检出肺炎衣原体。 12例分离出肺炎链球菌 (11.7% )、9例分离出流感嗜血杆菌 (8.7% )、7例分离出肺炎克雷伯菌 (6.8% )。 6例患者存在混合感染 (5.8% ) ,其中 5例为肺炎支原体混合其他病原体。结论　非典型病原体尤其是肺炎支原体感染在CAP中占据重要地位 ;肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌仍为常见的致病细菌 ;混合感染不容忽视     

Marked reduction in 30-day mortality among elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Background

Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common infectious cause of death in the US. Over the last 2 decades, patient characteristics and clinical care have changed. To understand the impact of these changes, we quantified incidence and mortality trends among elderly adults.

Methods

We used Medicare claims to identify episodes of pneumonia, based on a validated combination of diagnosis codes. Comorbidities were ascertained using the diagnosis codes located on a 1-year look back. Trends in patient characteristics and site of care were compared. The association between year of pneumonia episode and 30-day mortality was then evaluated by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities.

Results

We identified 2,654,955 cases of pneumonia from 1987-2005. During this period, the proportion treated as inpatients decreased, the proportion aged ≥80 years increased, and the frequency of many comorbidities rose. Adjusted incidence increased to 3096 episodes per 100,000 population in 1999, with some decrease thereafter. Age/sex-adjusted mortality decreased from 13.5% to 9.7%, a relative reduction of 28.1%. Compared with 1987, the risk of mortality decreased through 2005 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.47). This result was robust to a restriction on comorbid diagnoses assessing for the results' sensitivity to increased coding.

Conclusions

These findings show a marked mortality reduction over time in community-acquired pneumonia patients. We hypothesize that increased pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates as well as wider use of guideline-concordant antibiotics explain a large portion of this trend. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.     

Arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry in initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with the use of arterial blood gas (ABG) and pulse oximetry (PO) in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and arterial hypoxemia at presentation. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 944 outpatients and 1,332 inpatients with clinical and radiographic evidence of CAP prospectively enrolled from 5 study sites in the United States and Canada. ANALYSES: Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to 1) compare measurement of ABG and PO within 48 hours of presentation across sites while controlling for patient differences, and 2) identify factors associated with arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 <60 mm Hg or SaO2 <90% for non-African Americans and <92% for African Americans) while breathing room air. RESULTS: Range of ABG use by site was from 0% to 6.4% (P =.06) for outpatients and from 49.2% to 77.3% for inpatients (P <.001), while PO use ranged from 9.4% to 57.8% for outpatients (P <.001) and from 47.9% to 85.1% for inpatients (P <.001). Differences among sites remained after controlling for patient demographic characteristics, comorbidity, and illness severity. In patients with 1 or more measurements of oxygenation at presentation, hypoxemia was independently associated with 6 risk factors: age >30 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 5.9), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.6), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.1), respiratory rate >24 per minute (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8 to 3.0), altered mental status (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.3), and chest radiographic infiltrate involving >1 lobe (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.7 to 2.9). The prevalence of hypoxemia among those tested ranged from 13% for inpatients with no risk factors to 54.6% for inpatients with > or =3 risk factors. Of the 210 outpatients who had > or =2 of these risk factors, only 64 (30.5%) had either an ABG or PO performed. In the 48 outpatients tested without supplemental O2 with > or =2 risk factors 8.3% were hypoxemic. CONCLUSIONS: In the initial management of CAP, use of ABG and PO varied widely across sites. Increasing the assessment of arterial oxygenation among patients with CAP is likely to increase the detection of arterial hypoxemia, particularly among outpatients.