趾部游离皮瓣修复指腹缺损的临床应用

目的 总结应用趾部游离皮瓣修复手指指腹缺损的临床效果.方法 对手指指腹缺损采用第一足趾腓侧或第二足趾胫侧游离皮瓣修复25例,皮瓣切取面积大小为2.0 cm×3.0 cm～3.5 cm×4.5cm,进行趾底动脉.指固有动脉,皮下静脉-指背静脉吻合重建皮瓣血液循环,趾底神经-指同有神经重建感觉.结果 25例皮瓣全部成活,术后出现血管危象2例,行手术探查后重新吻合血管成活,3个月后行皮瓣整形手术12例.术后随访2个月～2年,平均10个月,手指功能与外观均满意,指腹饱满,感觉及运动恢复正常,两点辨别觉为4～6 mm.结论 应用趾部游离皮瓣修复手指指腹缺损可获较好的临床效果.     

带桡神经浅支邻指皮瓣修复拇指指腹软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用带桡神经浅支的示指背侧邻指皮瓣治疗拇指指腹软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 应用带桡神经浅支示指背侧邻指皮瓣治疗拇指指腹软组织缺损18例,其中男13例,女5例.年龄22～60岁,平均29.4岁.拇指指腹创面面积最大为3.0cm×2.1 cm,最小为2.3cm×1.8cm. 结果 所有病例均采用上述手术方法进行修复,术后皮瓣全部成活,随访3个月至1年,术后拇指外观满意,功能恢复良好. 结论 带桡神经浅支示指背侧邻指皮瓣血运良好,皮瓣质地、厚薄合适,手术操作简单、安全,既有效地修复拇指指腹软组织缺损,又同时完成拇指指腹感觉功能重建.     

吻合血管的腓肠神经植入重建皮瓣感觉

目的：报道指脱套伤应用皮瓣修复后重建指腹感觉的临床效果。方法：采用小隐静脉动脉化带腓肠神经游离植入,小隐静脉与桡动脉腕背支端端吻合,腓肠神经一端与指神经行外膜吻合,另一端分束植入指腹侧的真皮下血管网隧道中。结果：经腓肠神经植入后,使指皮管感觉由“0”提高2级,少部分感觉提高到3级。结论：此方法能解决指皮管因没有感觉而造成的反复破溃的临床难题,使伤指恢复挤压、冷、温、痛等感觉,治疗,治疗方法简便易行。     

同指远端蒂指背皮神经筋膜瓣修复指腹缺损

目的 总结应用同指指背皮神经筋膜瓣修复指腹创伤缺损的临床经验,并探讨改善静脉回流的方法.方法 2005年7月-2008年6月,急诊采用远端蒂指背皮神经筋膜瓣修复指腹创面直径大于2cm者26例.旋转轴点在同指远侧指间关节（DIP）以近5～8mm,皮瓣面积2cm×2cm～3cm×4cm,皮神经筋膜蒂长2～3 cm,均将指背皮神经与指固有神经吻接,并于旋转点远侧1cm处结扎指背浅静脉,所有静脉均不做吻合.结果 术后皮瓣均有不同程度的静脉瘀血肿胀,10例皮瓣出现张力性水疱.26例随访均超过8个月,所有皮瓣恢复保护性感觉.结论 远端蒂指背皮神经筋膜瓣修复同指指腹缺损,具有方法简单、成活可靠、能保存理想的功能和感觉,且可一期手术完成等优点,是修复同指指腹缺损的理想选择.     

吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染创面

目的报道应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染创面的临床效果。方法应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染软组织缺损创面11例,创面面积最大12cm×18cm,最小8cm×10cm,切取皮瓣面积最大14cm×20cm．最小8cm×10cm。在转移皮瓣时将小隐静脉与创面周围大隐静脉属支吻合。结果11例皮瓣术后均无明显肿胀、瘀血等现象。其中10例顺利成活,1例皮瓣因创面感染未控制致部分坏死,清创游离植皮后治愈。其中10例获4～36个月随访,平均18．4个月,按照美国足踝外科协会评分系统踝一后足评分系统（总分100分）进行评分,最高得分97分,最低84分,平均93．5分,皮瓣外形、色泽及足踝部功能满意。结论应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨感染所致的足跟部皮肤软组织缺损,操作简单,皮瓣成活率高,抗感染能力强,有利于骨感染创面的愈合临床效果好。     

第二趾背甲皮瓣联合中环指岛状皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤的临床研究

目的探讨第2趾背甲皮瓣联合中环指岛状皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤的疗效。方法 2009年8月-2013年6月,采用第2趾背甲皮瓣联合中环指岛状皮瓣修复6例机器绞伤导致的拇指脱套伤。男4例,女2例;年龄19~44岁,平均32岁。左手2例,右手4例。Ⅱ型脱套伤5例、Ⅲ型1例。创面范围5.5 cm×2.5 cm~6.5 cm×5.0 cm。急诊清创后,5例行封闭式负压引流3~5 d后行皮瓣修复;1例行腹部包埋,14 d后行皮瓣修复。第2趾背甲皮瓣切取范围为2.5 cm×2.2 cm~4.2 cm×3.0 cm,中环指岛状皮瓣为2.0 cm×1.5 cm~3.5 cm×2.8 cm。第2趾背甲皮瓣内的趾底神经与受区残端指神经吻接5例,未吻合1例。6例均截除部分末节指骨。供区游离植皮修复。结果术后患者第2趾背甲皮瓣及中环指岛状皮瓣均顺利成活;供区植皮均顺利成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合。中环指岛状皮瓣异位感觉3例。6例均获随访,随访时间6个月~3年,平均23个月。皮瓣颜色正常、质地柔软;手指外观不臃肿,与健侧拇指相似,但指甲均较健侧小。拇指背侧感觉恢复达S 3;拇指指腹饱满,两点辨别觉达4~7 mm,平均6 mm;手指伸屈功能按手指总主动活动度(TAM)评分法评定,优5例、良1例。结论第2趾背甲皮瓣联合中环指岛状皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤可获得满意手指外形及功能。     

应用股前内侧穿支皮瓣修复足部创面

目的 探讨应用股前内侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面的临床疗效.方法 应用股前内侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面共7例,其中足背创面缺损4例,足跟创面2例,足底创面1例.缺损面积:6cm×4 cm～18cm×9 cm大小.其中5例穿支皮瓣吻接了股前皮神经支,供区创面直接缝合3例,游离植皮4例.结果 本组7例皮瓣全部成活,未出现血管危象.随访3～9个月,皮瓣质地良好,其中吻合皮神经的穿支皮瓣恢复了保护性感觉.供区功能无影响.结论 应用股前内侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面,临床效果满意.     

改良指动脉岛状皮瓣修复手指创面及感觉重建

[目的]报道改良指动脉岛状皮瓣一次性修复指端指腹缺损及感觉功能重建的临床效果。[方法]应用改良后的指动脉岛状皮瓣逆行旋转至指端缺损处，将残端神经与皮瓣进行包埋和吻合，修复创面；应用带指神经背外侧支岛状皮瓣，顺行转位至指腹侧缺损处，修复创面及感觉重建。临床应用16例18指。[结果]18例皮瓣全部成活。术后15例（指）皮瓣获得随诊6～12个月，手功能按TAM法评定，优良率达93．3％。[结论]改良指动脉岛状皮瓣可一次性修复指端指腹缺损及感觉功能重建，是一种可行的手术方法。     

游离双叶骨间后动脉皮瓣修复两个手指软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离双叶骨间后动脉皮瓣修复两个手指软组织缺损的临床应用效果. 方法 根据相邻两指创面相隔距离的远近,利用骨间后动脉不同区域的皮支组合,设计以骨间背动脉为主干的一蒂双叶皮瓣,修复10例20指皮肤软组织缺损,其中创面分布于拇、示指1例,示、中指2例,中、环指4例,环、小指3例.手指创面面积最小2.5 cm×2.0 cm,最大9.5 cm×3.0 cm,皮瓣面积最小3.0 cm×2.5cm,最大10.0 cm×3.5 cm.结果 10例19指皮瓣术后顺利存活,1指皮瓣尖端少许坏死,换药后愈合.术后随访6 ～ 22个月,平均13.8个月,皮瓣颜色、质地好,8例外形美观,2例较臃肿,8指皮瓣吻合皮神经,两点辨别觉恢复到10 ～ 15 mm,平均12.8 mm.前臂供区的运动功能均无影响. 结论 游离双叶骨间后动脉皮瓣修复两个手指软组织缺损,可以获得良好的外观与功能,供区损伤小,是一种较好办法.     

旋髂深动脉骨瓣联合腓肠神经营养皮瓣修复足跟部缺损

目的总结旋髂深动脉游离骨瓣及腓肠神经营养皮瓣联合修复足跟部皮肤及骨质缺损的临床疗效。方法实施旋髂深动脉游离骨瓣及腓肠神经营养皮瓣联合修复足跟部皮肤软组织合并骨质缺损5例,软组织缺损范围为7cm×9cm～8cm×12cm,跟骨缺损范围为3cm×6cm×2cm～4cm×6cm×3cm,均急诊清创,择期手术覆盖创面,术中在修剪旋髂深动脉骨瓣时要与健侧跟骨的轴向长度相比较,同时将腓肠外侧皮神经与受区的足背内侧皮神经吻合。结果 1例皮瓣远端边缘出现坏死,再次手术清除后,以内踝上皮支带蒂皮瓣修复成活。供区植皮均一期愈合。术后随访6个月～2年,皮瓣血运良好,色泽相近,外形不臃肿,能够负重行走,足跟底部无溃疡发生。走路时足跟部有疼痛感出现跛行1例,足跟转位皮瓣与鞋磨擦出现破溃1例,后经换药愈合。结论应用旋髂深动脉游离骨瓣及腓肠神经营养皮瓣联合修复足跟部皮肤软组织合并骨质缺损,皮瓣具有一定的厚度和感觉,髂骨有足够的硬度,且与跟骨结构相近可吸收震荡,手术操作简便、安全,可有效修复足跟部复合组织缺损。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.