吡丙醚5%水乳剂和0.5%颗粒剂对淡色库蚊幼虫及蛹杀灭效果的观察

目的观察有效成分为吡丙醚的5%水乳剂和0. 5%颗粒剂对淡色库蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果,为蚊虫防治提供依据。方法选取Ⅲ龄期的淡色库蚊幼虫放入装有脱氯自来水的白瓷盆内,按推荐使用剂量施药于盆内,每天观察并记录施药后幼虫及蛹的死亡数和正常羽化虫数。结果 1 g/m 25%吡丙醚水乳剂和10g/m 20. 5%吡丙醚颗粒剂对幼虫和蛹都有良好的杀灭效果,幼虫总死亡率分别为35. 0%和27. 3%,蛹死亡率均为100%,正常羽化为0。结论吡丙醚对淡色库蚊幼虫和蛹具有良好的杀灭效果,可用于蚊虫孳生地防治蚊虫,水乳剂对幼虫杀灭率略高于颗粒剂。     

5%吡丙醚颗粒剂和水乳剂抑制家蝇幼虫发育的效果观察

目的比较2种剂型吡丙醚对家蝇幼虫化蛹及羽化状况影响,为蝇类防治提供依据。方法按药物推荐使用剂量将折算好的药量均匀撒施于家蝇孳生物上,观察10 d,记录蝇幼虫死亡、化蛹及羽化情况。结果吡丙醚颗粒剂(GR)和水乳剂(WE)对有幼虫都有杀灭及阻止其化蛹的作用,羽化抑制率为100%。颗粒剂和水乳剂72 h蝇幼虫死亡率分别为15. 0%、21. 8%。颗粒剂和水乳剂72 h化蛹抑制率分别为73. 7%、27. 8%。结论吡丙醚对家蝇幼虫具有良好的防治效果,水乳剂杀灭幼虫效果较好,颗粒剂阻止幼虫化蛹的效果较水乳剂好。     

新疆额尔齐斯河下游北湾地区班布蚋孳生地调查

目的调查新疆额尔齐斯河下游北湾地区班布蚋孳生地情况。方法4月中旬在北湾地区喀拉苏河仔细检查河内的石头、树枝和木棍、树叶、芦苇等物体上班布蚋幼虫、蛹的孳生情况，并同时测量河的宽度、深度、水流速度、温度以及pH值等。结果斑布蚋孳生在有一定流速、水质洁净的水体中，河内检查的各种物体，如石头、芦苇、树叶以及树枝和木棍上都有蚋的幼虫和蛹孳生，但不同的物体孳生的幼虫和蛹数量有很大不同，其中芦苇上孳生的幼虫和蛹最多，幼虫的平均密度为66．43，蛹的平均密度为34．12，树叶上孳生的幼虫和蛹最少，幼虫平均密度1．64，蛹平均密度0．08。结论幼虫的孳生与河水的流速有一定关系。     

盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇幼虫和蛹体内抗氧化酶活力的影响

目的研究不同浓度盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇幼虫和蛹体内总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法家蝇幼虫孵化后分别提供常规饲料、含0.1%、0.3%和0.5%盐酸环丙沙星的饲料。每天分别取样,至家蝇羽化。家蝇幼虫采用直接研磨法获得酶液,家蝇蛹先去除蛹壳后再进行研磨获得酶液。分别采用试剂盒测定T-SOD、CAT和POD活力,数据采用多重比较进行统计学分析。结果对照组、0.1%、0.3%处理组家蝇幼虫和蛹体内T-SOD、CAT和POD活力间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而0.5%盐酸环丙沙星饲喂的家蝇幼虫和蛹体内3种抗氧化酶活力均高于前3组,其中喂食0.5%盐酸环丙沙星后家蝇幼虫体内的TSOD活性最高可达对照组的30倍,蛹体内的T-SOD活性最高可达对照组的40倍;喂食0.5%盐酸环丙沙星后,家蝇幼虫体内CAT活性最高可达对照组的3倍,蛹体内的活性最高可达对照组的6倍;喂食盐酸环丙沙星后,家蝇幼虫体内POD活性最高可达对照组的2倍,而蛹体内的POD活性最高可达对照组的7倍。结论低浓度盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇幼虫和蛹体内的抗氧化酶活力影响较小,而高浓度盐酸环丙沙星则可导致抗氧化酶活力显著升高。     

西安市外环境蚊幼虫密度监测结果分析

目的掌握西安市外环境各种水体中蚊幼虫密度分布及消长趋势等变化规律,为蚊类及蚊媒传染病的防治提供科学依据。方法蚊幼虫勺捕法。结果 2011-2015年共采样1 500勺,阳性675勺,总阳性率为45%,共捕获蚊幼虫(蛹)25 706只,平均密度为38条/勺。2011-2014年蚊幼虫(蛹)密度逐年降低,2015年有所回升。每年7月蚊幼虫(蛹)密度最高,5月或6月最低。结论首次分析了西安地区蚊幼虫(蛹)密度,初步掌握了西安地区蚊幼虫(蛹)的季节消长情况,为西安地区病媒生物及蚊媒传播疾病的监测和控制服务提供了准确的科学依据。     

禽畜粪对家蝇生长发育的影响

目的研究禽畜粪对家蝇生长发育的影响。方法用禽畜粪饲养家蝇幼虫,观察幼虫发育历期、蛹重、羽化率。结果在不同禽畜粪饲养下,鸡粪的蛹最重,为0．032g,羽化率、幼虫历期分别为70％、7．4d。其中蛹重、幼虫发育历期与猪粪、牛粪间差异无统计学意义,但羽化率差异有统计学意义（P=0．022）。随着饲养密度、禽畜粪高度增加,家蝇幼虫发育历期延长。在不同幼虫密度、禽畜粪高度条件下,家蝇蛹期有差异;蛹重随着化蛹时间的延长呈下降趋势;不同密度下禽畜粪的蛹重之间差异均无统计学意义,但羽化率受到影响。同样,羽化率随着禽畜粪高度增加而降低。结论应用禽畜粪饲养家蝇幼虫,在30℃下鸡粪为饲料,高度为4～6cm其生长条件最优。     

0.5%吡丙醚颗粒剂对白纹伊蚊控制效果的研究

目的探索0.5%吡丙醚颗粒剂对白纹伊蚊的控制效果,为上海世博会期间蚊虫控制做好药物和技术储备。方法采用幼虫浸液法,观察实验室和模拟现场条件下不同药剂浓度对幼虫的致死率、化蛹率和羽化率,并观察在0.06、0.08mg/L浓度下其对不同龄期蚊幼虫的控制效果。居民区现场用吡丙醚处理白纹伊蚊孳生地（雨水井和其他水体）,用叮刺法测定成蚊密度。从现场孳生地中取回含有蚊幼虫的水体,进一步观察蚊幼虫的生长发育过程。结果 （1）0.06～0.12mg/L浓度梯度下,实验室内幼虫的致死率为25.75%～49.00%,化蛹率为31.19%～40.25%,未出现羽化的成蚊;对照组化蛹率为99.25%,羽化率为95.47%。（2）0.06、0.08mg/L浓度下对不同龄期幼虫具有抑制其化蛹和羽化的能力,且呈现出浓度增加,化蛹率降低的趋势。（3）在模拟现场向阳和背阳环境下,使用浓度在0.5mg/L以上时,吡丙醚能有效抑制蚊虫的化蛹率和羽化率。（4）吡丙醚颗粒剂施用于现场蚊虫孳生地后,按蚊虫孳生地阳性率和成蚊叮刺法调查,蚊幼虫以及成蚊密度均有明显下降。从水系中采回的蚊幼虫,仅0.24%～0.71%发育为成蚊。结论吡丙醚具有抑制白纹伊蚊幼虫生长发育的作用,可将1mg/L的吡丙醚直接应用于孳生地控制蚊虫。     

5%吡丙醚微乳剂阻止蝇幼虫化蛹及羽化实验观察

[目的]吡丙醚阻止家蝇幼虫化蛹及羽化效果观察。[方法]按100mg a．i／m^2的用量将吡丙醚水溶液喷洒在家蝇滋生物上，观察10d，计算蝇幼虫死亡、化蛹情况和蛹羽化情况。[结果]吡丙醚按100mga．i／m^2的用量，实验室校正阻止化蛹率为99．13％，校正阻止羽化率为100．00％；现场对家蝇幼虫校正杀灭率3d为83．73％，7d为85．97％，10d为94．32％。[结论]吡丙醚对家蝇幼虫具有良好的防治效果。     

黄足真蚋孳生习性和幼虫龄期的观察

该文报道黄足真蚋幼期的孳生习性及幼虫龄期组成。卵全部在０．３～３ｃｍ深的水中漂浮的茅草叶上采获，在石块和砖头、塑料等杂物上未查到卵。在茅草叶、石块和杂物上共采获７２８条幼虫，茅草叶、石块和杂物上的幼虫数分别占幼虫总数的５７．１％、３５．３％和７．６％。共采获２１７只蛹，茅草叶上蛹数占采蛹总数的７８．３％，石块上仅占２１．７％，在杂物上未来到。黄足真蚋幼虫分为５个龄期，来到１～３龄幼虫较少，４～５龄较多，占幼虫总数的８１．２％，大部分幼虫已为成熟幼虫。     

5%吡丙醚展膜油剂对蚊幼虫生长发育的抑制作用

目的 观察5%吡丙醚展膜油剂对蚊幼虫生长发育的抑制效果,评价其对蚊幼虫生长发育的影响和致死活性。方法 取Ⅲ~Ⅳ龄期的致倦库蚊幼虫100只放入装有脱氯自来水托盘内,施药浓度为50μl/m2,每天观察并记录施药后幼虫及蛹的死亡数和羽化虫数。结果 总体死亡率为100%,化蛹率为85.3%,但化蛹后一般都在24 h内死亡,羽化率为0。经统计学分析,P<0.05,各实验组间的死亡率比较,差异均具有统计学意义。结论 5%吡丙醚展膜油剂具有抑制蚊幼虫生长发育的作用,可将5%吡丙醚展膜油剂直接应用于蚊虫孳生地控制蚊虫孳生。     

Quality of life as an indicator of outcome in the treatment of cancer patients: the purchaser perspectives

Evaluation of treatment can be seen as part of a wider concern to measure quality of care, as well as about the need to monitor and improve the effectiveness of services. Quality of life issues will be of increasing interest to those involved in the commissioning of health-care services. Cancer is used to illustrate how the quality of life of patients, both during and after treatment, can be measured and the information used by purchasers to consider the relative effectiveness of different methods of treatment. This in turn can inform the overall purchasing strategy of commissioning agencies.     

Limitations and possibilities of detecting lung cancer by fluoroscopic screening of the population

In 10th district of Budapest a longitudinal, epidemiological examination was started in 1975 with the aim of analysis of the objective factors influencing the population screening and determination of possibilities of screening effectiveness. It was found that effectiveness of lung cancer detection with screening depends on the tumour cell-type, as well as on the localization being in connection with same. By computer method based on mathematical modelling the population can be divided into the following groups: risk-free, moderate-risk, high-risk and superhigh risk groups. The screening was said to be absolutely unnecessary in risk free groups and in case of persons over the age of 70 irrespective of their risk factor status. The material savings resulting from the reduction of screenings can be assigned to introduction of complex methods. The switch-over from quantitative screening to the qualitative one can increase the effectiveness of lung cancer detection.     

食蚊鱼生态及灭蚊幼虫效果试验研究

目的 :观察食蚊鱼的生态习性和灭蚊幼虫效果。方法 :食蚊鱼经实验室及试验鱼塘养殖观察后移入试验地 (稻田、积水坑、自然水体 )继续观察。结果 :该鱼身体细小 ,适应性强 ,能在贵州生态环境下很好地生活、繁殖。在稻田中 ,以 2 5 0尾 /亩的密度投放食蚊鱼 ,可降低蚊幼密度67.0 2 % ;在菜地积水坑中 ,以 3～ 5尾 /m2 投鱼 ,蚊幼密度下降 96.5 2 %。结论 :该鱼适宜在贵州环境下各类水体中生存与繁殖 ,且灭蚊效果理想 ,是生物灭蚊的有效手段之一。     

The role of the ketogenic diet in the management of epilepsy

Ketogenic Diet is effective in the treatment of epilepsy in both children and adults. KD increases the effectiveness of conventional therapies and can be applied for the treatment of other diseases. Simultaneously, KD is cheaper and does not possess as many adverse effects as conventional medicine.     

Evaluation of post-introduction COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness: Summary of interim guidance of the World Health Organization

Phase 3 randomized-controlled trials have provided promising results of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, ranging from 50 to 95% against symptomatic disease as the primary endpoints, resulting in emergency use authorization/listing for several vaccines. However, given the short duration of follow-up during the clinical trials, strict eligibility criteria, emerging variants of concern, and the changing epidemiology of the pandemic, many questions still remain unanswered regarding vaccine performance. Post-introduction vaccine effectiveness evaluations can help us to understand the vaccine's effect on reducing infection and disease when used in real-world conditions. They can also address important questions that were either not studied or were incompletely studied in the trials and that will inform evolving vaccine policy, including assessment of the duration of effectiveness; effectiveness in key subpopulations, such as the very old or immunocompromised; against severe disease and death due to COVID-19; against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern; and with different vaccination schedules, such as number of doses and varying dosing intervals. WHO convened an expert panel to develop interim best practice guidance for COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness evaluations. We present a summary of the interim guidance, including discussion of different study designs, priority outcomes to evaluate, potential biases, existing surveillance platforms that can be used, and recommendations for reporting results.     

合编医疗单位双向互动管理综合效益评价

目的:研究联勤后合编医疗单位双向互动管理模式的综合效益。方法:利用TOPSIS法分别对医院、疗养院2005—2007年的综合效益情况进行评价。结果:医院、疗养院3年来的综合效益均逐年提高。结论:医院与疗养院合编单位构建和实践双向互动模式,能够有效推进医院和疗养院合编单位的建设发展。     

Effectiveness of a single dose of the quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine,MenACWY-CRM,in the Korean Armed Forces

Conjugate vaccines are widely used to overcome the disadvantages of polysaccharide vaccines in the prevention of meningococcal disease. However, limited studies have examined the clinical effectiveness of single-dose meningococcal quadrivalent conjugate vaccines in adults. We assessed the effectiveness of the meningococcal vaccination program in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, since 2013. Following vaccination program implementation, meningococcal disease cases decreased from 0.52/100,000 to 0.06/100,000 and the number of deaths declined from four to zero. Two meningococcal cases that developed post-implementation were identified as serotype B and X. The effectiveness of single-dose conjugate vaccination in recruits, expressed as the incidence rate ratio, was 0.88 during a 19–23-month observation period. These results indicate that meningococcal infections can be prevented by single-dose administration of the quadrivalent conjugate vaccine in at-risk groups, such as soldiers, travelers, and students in dormitories. Continuous investigation is needed to determine serogroup change, including B serogroups.     

弱视训练动画软件的开发

介绍了弱视训练动画软件的开发和研制方法,主要体会包括：与传统的精细目力训练相比,弱视训练动画软件结合了儿童认知心理学、视觉发育理论和最新计算机多媒体技术,避免了传统训练方法的枯燥乏味,能让弱视儿童主动参与,提高了训练的依从性;家长可以随时查阅阶段训练效果,便于及时调整训练方案,增加了弱视训练制订的科学性,从而提高了弱视训练的效果。     

How the Recovery Act's Federal Coordinating Council paved the way for the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $1.1 billion for comparative effectiveness research and established the Federal Coordinating Council for Comparative Effectiveness Research to direct that investment. The council laid a critical foundation for comparative effectiveness research in the steps it took to gather information, invite public input, set priorities, coordinate project solicitations, and stress the importance of evaluating research investments. Although the council has been superseded by a successor--the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute--the experiences of the council can and should inform the work of the new institute as it begins its operations.