双相情感障碍抑郁相与单相抑郁发作临床分析

目的:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作进行临床分析。方法:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作患者各30例进行临床分析。结果:双相情感障碍抑郁相有如下特点:①发病年龄早;②女性多见;③具有“精力过盛”性人格;④一级亲属中有双相障碍的家族史;⑤症状多为非典型抑郁发作或伴有精神病性症状。结论:如首次抑郁发作的症状符合以上特点,则可能以后发展为双相情感障碍,应使用足量心境稳定剂,谨慎使用抗抑郁剂,以免转为躁狂发作。     

双相情感障碍神经内分泌功能对照研究

目的:探讨双相情感障碍混合发作与躁狂发作患者神经内分泌功能. 方法:以放射免疫方法测定23例双相情感障碍混合发作患者(混合组)、54例躁狂发作患者(躁狂组)和38名正常人(对照组)血浆皮质醇(Cor)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)及促甲状腺激素(TSH)的浓度. 结果:混合组血浆Cor及ACTH浓度均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.001);而躁狂组与对照组血浆Cor浓度比较差异无统计学意义,但ACTH浓度明显高于对照组(P<0.001);混合组血浆Cor浓度明显高于躁狂组(P<0.05),但ACTH浓度两组间差异无统计学意义.与对照组相比,混合组T3浓度显著较高,T4浓度显著较低(P<0.05),而TSH浓度两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);躁狂组T3浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.001),TSH浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.01);混合组T3、T4浓度均显著低于躁狂组(P<0.05或P<0.01),TSH浓度明显高于躁狂组(P<0.05). 结论:双相情感障碍混合发作及躁狂发作均存在神经内分泌功能的改变,但二者的改变并不相同.     

双相情感障碍门诊患者临床特征与自杀意念相关性 研究

目的 探讨双相情感障碍患者自杀意念的影响因素。方法 采用连续采样法对2013年2 月 至 2014 年 6 月在中国 6 个城市 7 家医院门诊连续入组的 405 例双相情感障碍患者进行随访调查,采集 患者的一般人口学、病史等资料,并使用心境障碍问卷量表（MDQ）、16 项抑郁症状快速评估量表（QIDSSR16）分别评估患者的躁狂 / 轻躁狂和抑郁症状,以 QIDS-SR16 第 12 条“自杀意念”评估患者是否有自 杀意念,比较伴有自杀意念和无自杀意念患者的一般人口学资料、临床特征的组间差异,使用 Logistic 回 归分析探讨影响患者伴有自杀意念的临床特征。结果 总体双相情感障碍患者的自杀意念发生比例为 16.8%。伴有自杀意念患者组的双相Ⅰ型诊断比例低（χ2 =7.42,P=0.007）,QIDS-SR16总分高（t=-16.4,P＜ 0.001）,抑郁严重程度在中度及以上的比例高（χ2 =127.94,P＜ 0.001）,过去 12 个月自杀未遂的比例高 （P=0.043）。在总体患者中,QIDS-SR16评分与自杀观念显著关联（OR=1.43,95%CI：1.32～1.56,P＜0.001）; 双相Ⅰ型障碍患者亚组中,QIDS-SR16 评分与高自杀意念具有显著关联（OR=1.56,95%CI：1.39～1.75, P＜ 0.001）;双相Ⅱ型障碍患者中,伴有自杀观念与 30 岁前起病（OR=3.97,95%CI：1.13～14.02,P＜ 0.001） 和 QIDS-SR16 评分（OR=1.29,95%CI：1.13～1.46,P＜ 0.001）有显著关联。结论 双相情感障碍患者伴 有严重的抑郁症状与患者的自杀意念有显著的正相关性。     

精神分裂症患者与躁狂发作患者父母教养方式对照研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症与双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的父母教养方式特点.方法 采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对43例精神分裂症患者及38例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者父母教养方式(研究组)进行评定,并与38例正常受试者(对照组)比较.结果 与双相情感障碍躁狂发作及正常被试比较,精神分裂症患者组在教养方式上,父母均表现为高惩罚与严厉、高过分干涉和高拒绝与否认(P＜0.05);双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者组教养方式各因子得分虽低于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者父母教养方式均存在多方面问题,可能对精神分裂症发病有一定影响.双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的父母教养方式可能存在一定问题,需要进一步研究.     

双相情感性障碍躁狂相的首次发作形式与锂盐疗效的关系

在临床工作中我们发现双相障碍躁狂相的不同的首次发作形式对锂盐的反应也不一样。为此,从1989年2月—1990年2月在我们病房按住院病例(符合入组条件的双相障碍躁狂相)。不同首次发作形式,对锂盐远、近期疗效进行观察,以期找出双相障碍躁狂相的首次发作形式与锂盐疗效的关系。现将结     

双相情感障碍混合发作血清细胞因子水平研究

目的：比较双相情感障碍混合发作与躁狂发作及抑郁发作患者之间血清细胞因子的水平。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法测定38例双相情感障碍混合发作患者（混合组）、54例躁狂发作患者（躁狂组）、47例抑郁发作患者（抑郁组）及38名正常人（对照组）血清白介素-1（IL-1β）、白介素-2（IL-2）及白介素-6（IL-6）的浓度;混合组患者于治疗前和治疗8周进行Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD-24）和Young躁狂量表（YMRS）评定。结果：混合组IL-1β浓度显著高于躁狂组及抑郁组（P〈0.01）,但与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-2浓度与躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组之间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-6浓度显著高于躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组（P〈0.001）。混合组IL-6浓度治疗8周后较治疗前显著下降（t=3.372,P〈0.01）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=1.823,P〉0.05）。混合组治疗前后IL-6浓度差值与HAMD-24、YMRS减分率之间均无显著相关（r分别=-0.211、-0.100,P均〉0.05）。结论：双相情感障碍混合发作可能存在IL-6诱导的免疫功能异常,有不同于双相情感障碍躁狂发作及抑郁发作的生物学特征。     

碳酸锂联合富马酸喹硫平片或丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的疗效

目的研究富马酸喹硫平片、丙戊酸镁缓释片分别联合碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的疗效。方法将100例双相情感障碍躁狂发作的患者随机、双盲分为对照组和观察组,50例/组,对照组采取丙戊酸镁缓释片联合碳酸锂治疗,观察组采用富马酸喹硫平片联合碳酸锂治疗。将两组双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的倍克-拉范森躁狂量表(BRMS)评分、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分、认知功能、临床效果、不良反应发生情况进行比对。结果观察组患者治疗后的BRMS评分及PANSS评分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后的言语记忆测验(HVLT-R)、持续操作测验(CPT)评分高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组的临床总有效率和不良反应发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论在治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作方面,富马酸喹硫平片联合碳酸锂、丙戊酸镁缓释片联合碳酸锂进行治疗均可取得较好的疗效,安全性较高,但是富马酸喹硫平片联合碳酸锂在改善患者认知功能及临床症状方面效果更好。     

奥氮平单药与联合碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作患者的对照研究

目的:比较奥氮平单药与奥氮平联合碳酸锂治疗双相躁狂或混合发作患者的疗效与安全性. 方法:60例双相障碍Ⅰ型躁狂发作或混合性发作患者随机分为单用药组29例和合用药组31例.分别给予奥氮平单药和奥氮平联合碳酸锂治疗.疗程4周.于基线时,治疗l,2,3和4周,分别采用临床总体印象量表-双相障碍版、Young躁狂量表(YMR...     

双相情感障碍不同阶段血清尿酸水平分析

目的探讨双相情感障碍(bipolar disorder,BD)不同临床相、不同疾病阶段与血清尿酸水平的关系。方法纳入BD患者183例(躁狂发作116例,抑郁发作52例,混合发作15例),抑郁症患者88例,正常对照130名,分别测定患者入院时、出院前后2周内及对照组血清尿酸水平,比较三组被试尿酸水平、BD患者不同临床相尿酸水平以及急性期和缓解期尿酸水平。结果 BD组无论是急性期还是缓解期尿酸水平均高于对照组(P0.05);急性期BD患者尿酸水平高于抑郁症患者(P0.05);BD组三个临床相(躁狂发作、抑郁发作、混合发作)间尿酸水平无统计学差异(P0.05);BD组治疗前后(即急性期与缓解期)尿酸水平无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 BD患者存在尿酸水平升高,BD可能与嘌呤系统功能障碍存在关联。     

双相障碍的早期识别

双相障碍是一种高复发率(＞90％的患者反复发作)、高自杀率(25％～50％的患者自杀未遂,11％～19％的患者自杀死亡)、高共病率(46％的患者伴酒依赖,60％的患者伴药物依赖)的临床常见病[1].双相障碍的自然病程中,始终仅有躁狂或轻躁狂发作者很少(单纯躁狂约占双相障碍的1％),这些患者的家族史、病前人格、生物学特征、治疗原则及预后等与兼有抑郁发作的双相障碍相似[2].Akiskal[3]疾呼:双相障碍,尤其是双相抑郁大多被临床医生所忽略.     

Risk factors associated with lifetime suicide attempts in bipolar I patients: findings from a French National Cohort

Risk factors that may be associated with suicide attempts in bipolar disorder are still a matter of debate. We compared demographic, illness course, clinical, and temperamental features of suicide attempters vs those of nonattempters in a large sample of bipolar I patients admitted for an index manic episode. One thousand ninety patients (attempters = 382, nonattempters = 708) were included in the study. Multivariate analysis evidenced 8 risk factors associated with lifetime suicide attempts as follows: multiple hospitalizations, depressive or mixed polarity of first episode, presence of stressful life events before illness onset, younger age at onset, no free intervals between episodes, female sex, higher number of previous episodes, and cyclothymic temperament. These characteristics may help identify subjects at risk for suicide attempt throughout the course of bipolar disorder. We finally propose to integrate such characteristics into a stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior, adapted to bipolar patients.     

Gender differences in the phenomenology of bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVES: To investigate gender differences in the phenomenology of episodes in bipolar disorder as according to ICD-10. METHODS: All patients who got a diagnosis of a manic episode/bipolar disorder in a period from 1994 to 2002 at the first outpatient treatment ever or at the first discharge from psychiatric hospitalization ever in Denmark were identified in a nationwide register. RESULTS: Totally, 682 outpatients and 1037 inpatients got a diagnosis of a manic episode/bipolar disorder at the first contact ever. Significantly more women were treated as outpatients than as inpatients. Women were treated for longer periods as inpatients but not as outpatients. In both settings, the prevalence of depressive versus manic/mixed episodes was similar for men and women and the severity of manic episodes (hypomanic /manic without psychosis/manic with psychosis) and the severity of depressive episodes (mild/moderate/severe without psychosis/severe with psychosis) did not differ between genders. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms at first contact was the same for both genders. Among patients treated in outpatient settings more men than women presented with comorbid substance abuse and among patients treated during hospitalization more women than men presented with mixed episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Besides differences in the prevalence of mixed episodes and comorbid substance abuse few gender differences are found among patients presenting with a manic episode/bipolar disorder at first contact in psychiatric inpatient or outpatient hospital settings.     

Psychotic symptoms and age of onset in affective disorders.

Prevalence of hallucinations and delusions was studied in 1,763 patients with unipolar major depression, bipolar affective disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. The authors found that the presence of psychotic features was negatively associated with age of onset for the group as a whole, and bipolar affective disorder (manic or mixed type) specifically. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed.     

The prediction of suicide. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a multivariate model applied to suicide among 1906 patients with affective disorders

Stepwise multiple logistic regression was utilized in an attempt to develop a statistical model that would predict suicide in a group of 1906 Iowans with affective disorders admitted to a tertiary care hospital. The risk factors identified by this approach included the number of prior suicide attempts, suicidal ideation on admission, bipolar affective disorder (manic or mixed type), gender, outcome at discharge, and unipolar depressive disorder in individuals with a family history of mania. However, the model failed to identify any of the patients who committed suicide. The results appear to support the contention that, based on present knowledge, it is not possible to predict suicide, even among a high-risk group of inpatients.     

A history of childhood attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical outcome in adult bipolar patients regardless of current ADHD

Objective: The occurrence of comorbid attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might have an impact of the course of the bipolar disorder. Method: Patients with bipolar disorder (n = 159) underwent a comprehensive evaluation with respect to affective symptoms. Independent psychiatrists assessed childhood and current ADHD, and an interview with a parent was undertaken. Results: The prevalence of adult ADHD was 16%. An additional 12% met the criteria for childhood ADHD without meeting criteria for adult ADHD. Both these groups had significantly earlier onset of their first affective episode, more frequent affective episodes (except manic episodes), and more interpersonal violence than the bipolar patients without a history of ADHD. Conclusion: The fact that bipolar patients with a history of childhood ADHD have a different clinical outcome than the pure bipolar group, regardless of whether the ADHD symptoms remained in adulthood or not, suggests that it represent a distinct early‐onset phenotype of bipolar disorder.     

Polarity at illness onset in bipolar I disorder and clinical course of illness

Objectives:  Studies have suggested that episode polarity at illness onset in bipolar disorder may be predictive of some aspects of lifetime clinical characteristics. We here examine this possibility in a large, well-characterized sample of patients with bipolar I disorder.
Methods:  We assessed polarity at onset in patients with bipolar I disorder (N = 553) recruited as part of our ongoing studies of affective disorders. Lifetime clinical characteristics of illness were compared in patients who had a depressive episode at first illness onset (n = 343) and patients who had a manic episode at first illness onset (n = 210).
Results:  Several lifetime clinical features differed between patients according to the polarity of their onset episode of illness. A logistic regression analysis showed that the lifetime clinical features significantly associated with a depressive episode at illness onset in our sample were: an earlier age at illness onset; a predominantly depressive polarity during the lifetime; more frequent and more severe depressive episodes; and less prominent lifetime psychotic features.
Conclusions:  Knowledge of pole of onset may help the clinician in providing prognostic information and management advice to an individual with bipolar disorder.     

Effects of co-occurring alcohol abuse on the course of bipolar disorder following a first hospitalization for mania

CONTEXT: Alcohol-use disorders are common co-occurring conditions affecting bipolar patients, and this co-occurrence is negatively associated with outcome. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study was to identify how the relative onsets of alcohol-use and bipolar disorders affect the subsequent courses of illness in patients with both conditions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Inception cohort at an academic medical center. PATIENTS: Patients meeting criteria for type I bipolar disorder, manic or mixed, with ages of 12 to 45 years, no prior hospitalizations, and minimal prior treatment. We enrolled 144 subjects who were followed up for up to 5 years, including 27 subjects in whom the onset of an alcohol-use disorder preceded the onset of bipolar disorder (Alcohol First), 33 subjects in whom bipolar disorder onset preceded or was concurrent with the onset of alcohol abuse (Bipolar First), and 83 subjects with bipolar disorder only (No Alcohol). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptomatic recovery and recurrence of both conditions and percentage of follow-up with affective episodes and affective and alcohol-use disorder symptoms. RESULTS: The Alcohol First group was older and more likely to recover and recover more quickly than the other groups. Affective symptomatic recurrence curves were similar among groups. The Bipolar First group spent more time with affective episodes and symptoms of an alcohol-use disorder during follow-up than the Alcohol First group. Hospitalization was associated with a period of decreased alcohol abuse, although recurrence of the alcohol-use disorder was common. CONCLUSIONS: The relative age at onset of alcohol-use and bipolar disorders is associated with differences in the course of both conditions. A first hospitalization for mania is associated with a period of recovery from comorbid alcohol abuse, suggesting this posthospital time may provide an opportunity to treat this co-occurring condition.     

Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main risk factors for suicide and nonfatal suicidal behavior in patients with bipolar disorder through a systematic review of the international literature. DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE (1966-December 2003), EMBASE (1980-December 2003), PsycINFO (1872-November 2003), and Biological Abstracts (1985-December 2003) using index and free-text search terms for bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, manic depression, mania, and affective disorders; combined with terms for self-harm, self-injury, suicide, attempted suicide, automutilation, self-mutilation, self-poisoning, and self-cutting; and combined with terms for risk, case control, cohort, comparative, longitudinal, and follow-up studies. No language restrictions were applied to the search. STUDY SELECTION: Included studies were cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional investigations of patients with bipolar disorder in which suicide (13 studies) or attempted suicide (23 studies) was reported as an outcome. The selected studies also used diagnostic tools including the DSM, International Classification of Diseases, and Research Diagnostic Criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Meta-analysis of factors reported in more than 1 study identified the main risk factors for suicide as a previous suicide attempt and hopelessness. The main risk factors for nonfatal suicidal behavior included family history of suicide, early onset of bipolar disorder, extent of depressive symptoms, increasing severity of affective episodes, the presence of mixed affective states, rapid cycling, comorbid Axis I disorders, and abuse of alcohol or drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of suicidal behavior in patients with bipolar disorder should include attention to these risk factors in assessment and treatment, including when deciding whether to initiate treatment aimed specifically at reducing suicide risk.     

Manic symptoms and impulsivity during bipolar depressive episodes

OBJECTIVES: In contrast to the extensive literature on the frequent occurrence of depressive symptoms in manic patients, there is little information about manic symptoms in bipolar depressions. Impulsivity is a prominent component of the manic syndrome, so manic features during depressive syndromes may be associated with impulsivity and its consequences, including increased risk of substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of manic symptoms and their relationships to impulsivity and clinical characteristics in patients with bipolar depressive episodes. METHODS: In 56 bipolar I or II depressed subjects, we investigated the presence of manic symptoms, using Mania Rating Scale (MRS) scores from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), and examined its association with other psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and psychosis), age of onset, history of alcohol and/or other substance abuse and of suicidal behavior, and measures of impulsivity. RESULTS: MRS ranged from 0 to 29 (25th-75th percentile, range 4-13), and correlated significantly with anxiety and psychosis, but not with depression, suggesting the superimposition of a separate psychopathological mechanism. Impulsivity and history of substance abuse, head trauma, or suicide attempt increased with increasing MRS. Receiver-operating curve analysis showed that MRS could divide patients into two groups based on history of alcohol abuse and suicide attempt, with an inflection point corresponding to an MRS score of 6. DISCUSSION: Even modest manic symptoms during bipolar depressive episodes were associated with greater impulsivity, and with histories of alcohol abuse and suicide attempts. Manic symptoms during depressive episodes suggest the presence of a potentially dangerous combination of depression and impulsivity.