脂肪乳

背景脂肪乳是肠外营养时机体的能量来源之一。除供能外,脂肪乳尚可提供必需脂肪酸。20世纪60年代开始在临床上应用,近50年来,脂肪乳从最初的长链脂肪乳到最近的鱼油脂肪乳,已经有多种类型的制剂在国内使用。证据20世纪90年代前,对肠外营养中是否必须包含脂肪乳,存在一定争议。2     

含中链甘油三脂的脂肪乳剂有利于胃切除术后大鼠的脂类代谢和抗氧化能力

研究胃切除大鼠于术前接受以中链甘油三酯或长链甘油三酯为脂肪来源的肠外营养对肝内脂类，炎性介质和抗氧化能力的影响。大鼠经颈内静脉插管，分成两组接受肠外营养治疗。肠外营养的能量为30kcal/kg/d， 脂肪占能量的39％。除了脂肪乳剂外所有肠外营养制剂都是等氮的并含有相同的营养成分，脂肪乳剂的成分中链／长链（1：1）或长链脂肪乳剂。大鼠于接受肠外营养5天后经部分胃切除术，于术后24小时处死。研究结果显示，中逻／长链组肝内脂肪少于长链组。提示中链／长链脂肪乳剂能改善肝脏脂类代谢。两组大鼠的腹腔灌洗液（PLF）和血液中白介素－1β（Ⅱ-1β），白介素－6（Ⅱ－6）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF－α）无显差别，说明术前输入中链／长链脂肪乳剂对调节大鼠循环血液中的炎性介质和手术刺激没有影响。长链脂肪乳剂组的红细胞谷胱甘肽超氧化物酶（GSHPx)的活力明显高于输入中链／长链脂肪乳剂组，但红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活力在两组之间无显性差别。这些结果说明，腹部手术前输入中链／长链脂肪乳剂能改善脂类代谢和减少氧化物的刺激。结论：推荐对准备行胃手术的肠外营养支持的病人使用中链／长链脂肪乳剂。     

脂肪乳剂在全合一营养液中的稳定性研究

目的对长链脂肪乳注射液及中／长链脂肪乳注射液,分别配制成各种全合一(All-in-One)营养混合液,进行脂肪乳剂乳粒稳定性的对比研究。     

脂肪乳新进展

作为肠外营养组成成分之一的脂肪乳可为机体提供能量并能防止体内必需脂肪酸的缺乏,这在临床实践中已成为人们的共识.脂肪乳一般是用从大豆油中提取的长链甘油三酯和蛋黄磷脂制备的.与长链甘油三酯(LCT)相比,中链甘油三酯(MCT)用于肠内营养时,其溶解性好,可较快的吸收入血浆,氧化快,且不需要肉毒碱就能进入线粒体.MCT可与LCT混合经静脉输入,也能以结构型脂肪乳的形式输入.在结构型脂肪乳中,其甘油三酯单个分子内就含有中链及长链脂肪酸.与LCT一样,输入MCT后会伴有脂蛋白微粒的形成,因     

结构脂肪乳对老年急性胆道感染代谢及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨结构脂肪乳的肠外营养对老年急性胆道感染患者代谢指标及免疫功能的影响。方法选取2014年7月-2016年6月月内接受治疗的老年胆道感染患者86例,根据治疗方案的不同将患者分为结构脂肪乳(STG)组和中/长链脂肪乳(MCT/LCT)组。比较两组患者治疗后的蛋白质水平变化、免疫功能变化及胆固醇变化。结果治疗后STG组各项蛋白质水平均明显大于MCT/LCT组;治疗后除Ig A外STG组免疫功能指标水平均显著高于MCT/LCT组;STG组胆固醇水平明显低于MCT/LCT组,但胰岛素显著水平显著高于MCT/LCT组。结论在改善老年急性胆道感染患者的蛋白质、脂肪代谢方面,结构脂肪乳较中长链脂肪乳效果更好,不良反应更小,值得应用。     

两种中/长链脂肪乳注射液在全合一(All-in-One)营养液中的稳定性对比研究

目的研究中伥链脂肪乳注射液在全合一(All—in-One)营养液中乳粒的大小及其分布的稳定性。方法本研究采用国产的中／长链脂肪乳注射液与已进口上市的MCT／LCT脂肪乳注射液比较,分别按照相同的处方配制成全合一营养液,各自静置在25℃1天后,存放于4℃8天,再25℃静置1天,随着不同的存放条件分别在第1、2、10天取样。用光散射分光光度法和库尔特微粒测定法测定营养液中的乳粒,观察乳粒大小及其分布的变化情况。同时测定样品的pH值和渗透压,观察营养液的稳定性以及营养液体系质点数的变化情况。结果在观察期内本研究的中／长链脂肪乳注射液与进口的MCT/LCT脂肪乳注射液在全营养液中比较,其乳粒大小及分布、pH值、渗透压变化均无显差别。结论本研究的中／长链脂肪乳注射液与进口上市的MCT／LCT脂肪乳注射液在全合一(All—in—One)营养液中具有相同的稳定性。     

不同脂肪乳在肠外营养液中稳定性的研究

目的观察肠外营养液配制后在不同存放温度条件下脂肪乳的稳定性。方法采用规范化肠外营养液配制, 共配制24袋肠外营养液, 随机分为两组, A组12袋配方中脂肪乳为20%中/长链脂肪乳注射液(C6-24), B组12袋配方中脂肪乳为20%中/长链脂肪乳注射液(C8-24), 检测时间点为配制完成后24、48、72 h, 观察两组在2～8℃, 23～25℃和35～37℃中外观、营养液pH值和脂质过氧化。结果两组在4℃、25℃和36℃条件下分别放置24、48、72 h后, 外观均无明显变化, pH值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 脂质过氧化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种脂肪乳在不同存放条件下pH值、脂肪颗粒大小、脂质过氧化产物方面都较为稳定, 能够为进行静脉营养支持患者提供营养物质需求。     

结构脂肪乳在造血干细胞移植中应用的安全性观察

目的:观察和比较结构脂肪乳(STG)和中/长链脂肪乳(MCT/LCT)的临床不良反应,以减少肠外营养(PN)并发症的发生。方法:将32例行异基因外周造血干细胞移植的血液系统肿瘤病人分为MCT/LCT组和STG组,每组各16例。分别观察病人不良反应(恶心、呕吐、头痛、发热、胸闷、心悸)和血清总胆红素(TBil)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、清蛋白(ALB)、肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(UN)等指标。结果:两组病人的临床不良反应无显著性差异(P0.05)。MCT/LCT组和STG组TBil异常例数分别为2例和1例;ALT、AST异常例数分别为1例和0例。两组ALP、GGT、ALB、Cr和UN均无异常。两组病人均无肝静脉闭塞病和心脏毒性改变。结论:两种脂肪乳制剂在造血干细胞移植病人的PN治疗中安全有效,不良反应小。     

中、长链脂肪乳剂对肝硬化门脉高压术后脂代谢及自然病程的影响

研究比较 PHT病人术后支持中 ,应用含长链甘油三酯与中 /长链混合甘油三酯的脂肪乳剂体内代谢对机体的影响。选择 1996年 9月～ 1997年 5月普外科收住治疗的肝硬化门脉高压病人共 15例 ,前瞻性随机分为长链脂肪乳组(L CT组 ) (8例 )及中链组 (MCT组 ) (7例 ) ,术后 1～ 7天均予肠外营养支持。结果 :MCT组术前及术后 7天甘油三酯的K2 和 t1 /2 明显优于 L CT组 ,两组氮平衡与血浆蛋白变化无明显差异 ,MCT组的 Ig G、Ig E、CD3、CD4及比值的 NKC在PN第 7天时有所升高 ,与 L CT组相比有明显差异。研究结果表明 MCT乳剂在创伤、…     

头颈部肿瘤同步放化疗中应用PICC行肠外营养的临床研究

目的研究头颈部肿瘤同步放化疗患者经外周静脉行中心静脉置管(PICC)途径行肠外营养支持的可行性和安全性。方法选择头颈部肿瘤同步放化疗患者36例,超声引导下行PICC后进行肠外营养,统计PICC穿刺的成功率、完成同步放化疗的患者数,并观察PICC的不良反应。结果超声引导下置管成功率高,PICC不良反应发生率低。32例经PICC营养支持下完成同步放化疗,2例治疗中因PICC不良反应改用经胃管营养(1例出现静脉血栓、1例插管部位疼痛),2例因放化疗不良反应未完成治疗。结论头颈部肿瘤同步放化疗中,经PICC途径行肠外营养有效、安全,可有效协助抗癌治疗的进行。     

含橄榄油脂肪乳剂在食管癌患者术后肠外营养中的应用

目的 研究含橄榄油脂肪乳剂在食管癌术后肠外营养支持中应用的安全性和有效性.方法 60例胸段食管癌根治术患者用SPSS软件产生的随机数字分为对照组(n=30)和研究组(n=30),两组患者术后进行7～10 d的肠外营养支持,采用等氮、等热量、等渗透压、等液体量配方.研究组使用含橄榄油脂肪乳剂,对照组使用中/长链脂肪乳剂.所有患者分别于术前及术后第1天、第8天清晨空腹抽取外周静脉血送检.观测指标:术前营养状态及营养风险评估,包括体重、体重指数、营养风险筛查等;安全性指标,包括血常规、血电解质、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素、结合胆红素、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐、血糖等;有效性指标,包括血红蛋白、白蛋白、总蛋白等.结果 两组术后第8天的白蛋白及总蛋白值均在正常范围内,但研究组的测量值较对照组高(P=0.000),且研究组术后第8天与第1天的总蛋白差值较对照组高(P=0.002).术后第8天对照组的AST及BUN值升高,而研究组的AST及BUN均在正常范围且明显低于对照组(P=0.025,P=0.013).两组间在生命体征变化、不良事件发生率、血常规、血电解质、血糖、血脂等方面差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05).结论 含橄榄油脂肪乳剂在食管癌术后肠外营养支持中的应用是安全有效的;相对于中/长链脂肪乳剂而言,其对AST及BUN的影响较小.     

含橄榄油脂肪乳剂在食管癌患者术后肠外营养中的应用

目的 研究含橄榄油脂肪乳剂在食管癌术后肠外营养支持中应用的安全性和有效性.方法 60例胸段食管癌根治术患者用SPSS软件产生的随机数字分为对照组(n=30)和研究组(n=30),两组患者术后进行7～10 d的肠外营养支持,采用等氮、等热量、等渗透压、等液体量配方.研究组使用含橄榄油脂肪乳剂,对照组使用中/长链脂肪乳剂.所有患者分别于术前及术后第1天、第8天清晨空腹抽取外周静脉血送检.观测指标:术前营养状态及营养风险评估,包括体重、体重指数、营养风险筛查等;安全性指标,包括血常规、血电解质、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素、结合胆红素、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐、血糖等;有效性指标,包括血红蛋白、白蛋白、总蛋白等.结果 两组术后第8天的白蛋白及总蛋白值均在正常范围内,但研究组的测量值较对照组高(P=0.000),且研究组术后第8天与第1天的总蛋白差值较对照组高(P=0.002).术后第8天对照组的AST及BUN值升高,而研究组的AST及BUN均在正常范围且明显低于对照组(P=0.025,P=0.013).两组间在生命体征变化、不良事件发生率、血常规、血电解质、血糖、血脂等方面差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05).结论 含橄榄油脂肪乳剂在食管癌术后肠外营养支持中的应用是安全有效的;相对于中/长链脂肪乳剂而言,其对AST及BUN的影响较小.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of an olive oil-based lipid emulsion for parenteral nutrition in patients after esophagectomy.Methods In the randomized controlled trial,60 patients undergoing esophagectomy were divided into study group(n=30,received olive oil-based lipid emulsion)and control group [n=30,received medium-chain triglyceride/long-chain triglyceride(MCT/LCT)emulsion].The parenteral nutrition Was provided for 7-10 postoperative days.The nutritional formulas were equivalent in nitrogen,calorie,osmotic pressure,and fluid volume.Peripheral venous blood tests were performed before operation and on the first and eighth postoperative days.All the patients were evaluated by nutritional status(weight,body mass index,nutritional risk screening,etc.),safety profiles[full blood test,electrolytes,aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine amiotransferase(ALT),total bilirubin and direct bilirubin,blood urea nitrogen(BUN),creatinine,blood glucose,etc.],and efficacy indicators(hemoglobin,albumin,total protein,etc.).Results The albumin and total protein levels returned to the normal ranges in beth groups 8 days after operation,although both levels were significantly higher in study group(P=0.000).Also,the difference of total protein levels between the eighth and first postoperative days Was significantly higher in the study group(P=0.002).In addition,the AST and BUN readings returned to normal ranges 8 days after operation in the study group, which were significantly lower than those in control group (P = 0.025, P = 0.013).No serious adverse events were reported in both groups.Other nutritional parameters, renal and hepatic safety profiels, vital signs, and hematology showed no significant difference between two groups.Conclusions Olive oil-based lipid emulsion is a safe and efficient lipid emulsion for parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing esophagectomy.Compared with MCT/LCT, it has less effect on AST and BUN.     

Lipid infusion with different triglyceride cores (long-chain vs medium-chain/long-chain triglycerides): effect on plasma lipids and bilirubin binding in premature infants.

The possible beneficial effects of infusing a lipid emulsion containing 50% by weight of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) compared with a standard long-chain triglyceride (LCT) emulsion were studied in 18 premature neonates (gestational age less than 34 weeks) requiring parenteral nutrition. The infants were assigned in a double-blind manner to receive one of the two lipid emulsions over 17 hours a day as a supplemental regimen for total parenteral nutrition. A lipid load of 1 g/kg per day was initiated on the third day of life and was increased at the rate of 1 g/kg per day until a maximal dose of 3 g/kg per day was obtained on the fifth day of life and maintained thereafter. Both bound and unbound bilirubin decreased with both infusion regimens during the study period. Despite a marked increase in plasma free fatty acid levels (260% in the MCT/LCT group compared with 210% in the LCT group), the fraction of unbound (free) bilirubin was significantly lower in the MCT/LCT group (34% vs 13%). Free fatty acid levels, corrected to albumin, were positively correlated to the percentage of free bilirubin only for the LCT lipid infusion. The finding of a significant elevation of plasma cholesterol levels only in the MCT/LCT group is now under investigation. Use of the MCT-containing emulsion was not associated with a higher frequency of adverse effects than the commonly used LCT-containing emulsion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Parenteral nutrition using MCT/LCT or LCT: Effect on the fatty acid composition of plasma triglycerides and platelet phospholipids

Plasma triglyceride fatty acids and platelet phospholipid fatty acids were compared in 20 malnourished patients before and after 8-10 days of total parenteral nutrition which included either a conventional lipid emulsion (LCT) or a new emulsion containing medium chain triglyercides (MCT/LCT). The use of both lipid emulsions altered the fatty acid profiles. The percentage of linoleic acid in the plasma triglycerides increased with both lipid emulsions, but more markedly with LCT. The median percentage after LCT was 25.9 (range 16.9-31.5) which was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than after MCT/LCT - 14.8 (range 6.1-20.2), or in healthy volunteers. After 8-10 days on MCT/LCT the fatty acid profile retained some features of the malnourished state, despite correction of the linoleic acid content. The percentage of linolenic and arachidonic acid in the platelet phospholipids tended to be lower than after LCT use, and the percentage of linoleic acid was significantly less (p < 0.01), the median (range) being 8.2 (4.5-23.8) after MCT/LCT and 11.7 (4.8-16.0) on LCT. Short term use of MCT/LCT emulsion may correct the fatty acid changes of malnutrition rather more slowly and results in a different fatty acid profile to that seen after LCT use. Whether this has any clinical effects is unclear.     

Effects of a medium-chain triacylglycerol/long-chain triacylglycerol fat emulsion containing a reduced ratio of phospholipid to triacylglycerol in pediatric surgical patients

OBJECTIVE: Medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) has been shown to provide better nutritional support than long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT). We compared the efficacy of MCT/LCT fat emulsions containing a usual (0.12) or a decreased (0.06) ratio of phospholipid to triacylglycerol (PL:TG) in pediatric patients under surgical stress. METHODS: Three patient groups (n=10 in each) received equivalent amounts of glucose (12 g.kg(-1).d(-1)) and amino acids (2 g.kg(-1).d(-1)), but group A received a 10% MCT fat emulsion (PL:TG 0.06), group B received a 20% MCT fat emulsion (PL:TG 0.06), and group C received a 10% MCT/LCT fat emulsion (PL:TG 0.12) in amounts of 1.5 g.kg(-1).d(-1) in a randomized study. Total parenteral nutrition was given for 7 d. Blood samples were collected before total parenteral nutrition administration and on days 4 and 7 for determination of various biochemical indexes. RESULTS: Serum phospholipid concentrations were significantly higher in group C than in group A or B on days 4 and 7 (P<0.05). Serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations and the very-low-density lipoprotein percentage were also significantly higher in group C than in group A or B on days 4 and 7 (P<0.05). The high-density lipoprotein percentage was significantly higher in group B on days 4 and 7 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric patients under surgical stress, a total parenteral nutrition regimen containing an MCT/LCT fat emulsion with a decreased PL:TG ratio (0.06) is likely to result in partly better lipid and lipoprotein metabolism than an emulsion containing the usual ratio (0.12).     

Replacement of long-chain triglyceride with medium-chain triglyceride/long-chain triglyceride lipid emulsion in patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition: effects on essential fatty acid status and plasma vitamin K1 levels

BACKGROUND: In long-term parenteral nutrition (LTPN) patients, the use of a 50:50 mixture of medium- and long-chain triglyceride emulsion (MCT/LCT) has been suggested to prevent or correct fatty liver infiltration. However, the use of MCT/LCT lipid emulsion results in a 50% reduction of essential fatty acids and vitamin K1 supply and could induce essential fatty acid and vitamin K1 deficiencies. This study evaluated the effect of a long-term infusion of MCT/LCT lipid emulsion on plasma fatty acid (FA) and vitamin K1 levels on LTPN patients. METHODS: In a prospective nonrandomized crossover study, we measured plasma phospholipid FA composition by gas chromatography and vitamin K1 levels by high-performance liquid chromatography in 11 LTPN patients before and after a 4-month replacement of the usual 20% LCT lipid emulsion (20% Lipoven; Fresenius-Kabi France, Sèvres, France) by a 20% MCT/LCT lipid emulsion (Medialipide B; Braun Medical, Boulogne, France). RESULTS: Patient received LTPN for 46 +/- 40 months; IV lipid emulsion was 827 +/- 336 mL/week. MCT/LCT lipid substitution did not change most of the essential plasma fatty acid concentrations and did not induce essential fatty acid deficiency. With both lipid emulsions, the triene/tetraene (20:3n-9/20:4n-6) ratio remained within the normal ranges. However, with MCT/LCT lipid emulsion, 22:4n-6 (LCT: 0.50 +/- 0.12; MCT/LCT: 0.63 +/- 0.11%) and 22:5n-6 (LCT: 0.32 +/- 0.11; MCT/LCT: 0.48 +/- 0.15%) increased significantly (p = .022 and 0.011, respectively). Plasma vitamin K1 levels decreased drastically with MCT/LCT lipid emulsion. CONCLUSIONS: An amount of 2.85 +/- 1.55 g x kg(-1) week(-1) of MCT/LCT lipid emulsion neither induced essential fatty acid deficiency nor improved the fatty acid disturbances usually observed in LTPN patients but did induce a drop in plasma vitamin K1 levels.     

Medium chain triglycerides in septic patients on total parenteral nutrition

The object of this study was to compare the metabolic effects of a 10% long chain triglyceride (LCT) emulsion with those produced by a 10% emulsion of medium and long chain triglycerides, MCT/LCT. During 7 days, 20 septic patients received total parenteral nutrition. Daily between 9:00 and 21:00 hours, 0.14 ± 0.01 triglycerides/kg body weight/h was infused. Nine received an LCT emulsion, 11 an MCT/LCT emulsion. Venous blood samples were taken on each of the 7 days at 09:00 and 17:00 hours. No signs of complications attributable to the lipid infusion were observed. The plasma concentrations of phospholipids, triglycerides, free glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, and sometimes cholesterol, rose during the lipid infusion. Blood ketone body levels did not increase. With both emulsions a day by day acumulation of phospholipids (at09:00 and 17:00 hours) in the plasma was observed. Cholesterol also accumulated but only with the LCT emulsion. The nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of creatinine and of 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio was lower with the MCT/LCT emulsion, which suggests less muscular catabolism in patients receiving that emulsion.     

Clinical and metabolic effects of two lipid emulsions on the parenteral nutrition of septic patients

OBJECTIVE: We compared the metabolic and clinical effects of two lipid emulsions, long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) and a mixture of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MCT/LCT), in septic patients. METHODS: Both groups received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with a solution enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Seventy-two septic patients received TPN with MCT/LCT (group 1) or LCT (group 2). Before starting TPN (basal) and 10 d after (final), various parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-six subjects in each group completed the study. Both groups showed an increase in cholestasis enzymes, with no significant changes in lipid parameters. The rise of retinol-binding protein and the recovery of nitrogen balance were significantly greater in group 1. A multivariate analysis of nutritional markers and catabolic parameters showed a better evolution in group 1 (P = 0.002). The MCT/LCT group exhibited a significant increase of insulin levels. Overall mortality and length of stay in the intensive care unit were not affected by the lipid emulsion. CONCLUSIONS: In septic patients who received TPN with a solution enriched with BCAAs, the use of an emulsion containing MCT provided them with a greater recovery of their nutrition status than the traditional LCT formula, without influencing the outcome.     

脂肪乳在肠外营养中的应用进展

脂肪乳作为肠外营养支持中主要的能量来源,数十年来,已发展出多种不同配方的制剂.LCT脂肪乳由于代谢方面的缺陷,目前在临床上已被MCT/LCT脂肪乳逐步取代.较新的配方是由结构三酰甘油或橄榄油构成,此种新型脂肪乳更为安全,耐受性更好.含鱼油 ( n-3脂肪酸)的脂肪乳,可改善不同病人危重情况下的组织灌注.最新的脂肪乳SMOF,由添加维生素E的大豆长链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸、橄榄油和鱼油混合配制而成,已在一项双盲试验中获得良好的应用,其效能尚有待进一步的临床验证.     

Effects of medium-chain triglyceride in parenteral nutrition on rats undergoing gastrectomy

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pre-infusion with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) using medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) versus long-chain triglyceride (LCT) emulsion as fat sources on hepatic lipids, inflammatory mediators and antioxidant capacity in rats undergoing gastrectomy. Rats with internal jugular catheter, were divided into two groups and received TPN. TPN supplied 300 kcal/kg/d with 39% of the energy provided as fat. All TPN solutions were isonitrogenous and identical in nutrient composition except for the fat emulsion, which was composed of MCT/LCT (1 : 1) or LCT. After receiving TPN for 5 days, the rats underwent partial gastrectomy and were sacrificed 24 h after surgery. The results of the study demonstrated that the MCL/LCT group had lower hepatic lipids than did the LCT group. No differences in interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in peritoneal lavage fluid were observed between the two groups. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher in the LCT group than the MCT/LCT group, although erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity did not differ significantly between the two groups. These results suggest that infusion with MCT/LCT before an abdominal operation did not have an effect on modulating the production of inflammatory mediators in the location of the injurious stimulus. However, pre-infusion with MCT/LCT have beneficial effect in improving liver lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress in rats with gastrectomy.