肺大疱切除术后并发症预防

目的探讨术前呼吸训练及心理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）肺大疱切除术后减少肺感染和促进呼吸功能恢复的作用。方法将40例COPD肺大疱切除术患者,术前随机分为训练组（22例）和对照组（18例）。两组均在术前行常规护理宣教,训练组行深慢腹式呼吸、缩唇呼吸、咳嗽训练等呼吸训练以及心理干预。比较两组患者术后肺感染发生情况、脱机时间和肺功能等指标。结果与对照组比较,训练组患者术后肺感染发生人数明显减少,脱机时间明显缩短,肺功能及六分钟步行实验改善明显,住院时间缩短、费用减低明显（P〈0．05）。结论术前常规呼吸训练结合心理干预有利于COPD肺大疱切除患者术后减少肺感染,促进呼吸功能恢复。     

营养支持与呼吸操提高COPD患者生存质量的探讨

目的观察营养支持与呼吸操对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者缓解期呼吸肌和生存质量的影响。方法将40例COPD缓解期患者随机分为两组,对照组和观察组,给予营养支持同时行呼吸操训练,3个月后分别进行肺功能及生存质量评估。结果观察组较对照组在肺功能及活动耐力、心理状态、社会适应能力等方面均明显改善(P<0.01)。结论营养支持与呼吸操训练能提高老年COPD患者呼吸功能和生存质量     

双水平气道正压通气呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺性脑病的疗效观察

目的 观察双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺性脑病的疗效.方法 将90例COPD合并肺性脑病患者分为两组.治疗组47例.对照组43例.对照组给予常规治疗,包括鼻导管吸氧,抗感染、祛痰止咳、解痉平喘、呼吸兴奋剂、平衡水电解质及纠正严重酸中毒等治疗,治疗组给予常规治疗及应用BiPA...     

家属参与呼吸操对COPD患者康复效果的研究

目的探讨家属参与呼吸操锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者康复效果的影响。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将纳入研究的80例患者随机分组,同时给予呼吸操培训和锻炼,试验组有家属全程参与,对照组只有患者本人单独参加,观察锻炼前后6个月的FVC、FEV1/FVC、6MWD和PaO2的变化,并做统计学分析。结果两组患者做呼吸操前后比较,各观测指标均有显著提高（P均〈0.05）;和对照组对比,试验组各指标改善更明显（P均〈0.05）。结论家属参与呼吸操锻炼是促进COPD患者康复的有效方法,可改善家属对患者的照顾态度、提高患者锻炼依从性,值得推广应用。     

经鼻(面)罩BiPAP通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的 观察经鼻（面）罩BIPAP通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效。方法 将46例慢性阻塞性肺病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组23例。对照组予常规去除病因,鼻导管吸氧,控制感染,纠正电解质酸碱平衡,应用呼吸兴奋剂,消化道出血防止及营养支持等治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上予经鼻（面）罩位BIPAP通气治疗。观察两组治疗前后临床情况及动脉血气分析变化。结果 治疗组总有效及动脉血气分析参数较对照相差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结果 经鼻经鼻（面）罩BIPAP能气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭有效且安全。     

综合性肺康复治疗对稳定期COPD患者肺功能及血气指标的影响

将同期收治的60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例，两组均予COPD基础治疗，观察组在此基础上给予呼吸功能锻炼、呼吸体操、有氧训练、氧疗、营养支持、心理与行为干预和教育等综合性肺康复治疗，观察两组肺功能及血气指标变化。结果观察组治疗前、后肺功能及血气指标均明显改善，效果优于对照组（P〈0．05）。认为综合性肺康复治疗有利于提高稳定期COPD患者的生存质量。     

BiPAP无创通气对中重度COPD稳定期患者运动耐力及肺功能的影响

目的探讨双水平气道正压(Bi-level airway pressure ventilation,BiPAP)无创通气对中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期患者运动耐力及肺功能的影响。方法选择符合标准的患者86例随机分为治疗组和对照组各43例,治疗组给予BiPAP通气,对照组给予鼻导管吸氧,测定治疗前后2组患者运动耐力及肺功能改变并比较。结果 2组治疗前运动耐力及肺功能指标均无显著性差异(P均>0.05),对照组鼻导管吸氧后与治疗前指标无显著性差异(P均>0.05),治疗组在BiPAP通气后相比治疗前各指标均有显著性改善(P均<0.05)。结论 BiPAP通气对中重度COPD稳定期患者运动耐力及肺功能改善作用明显,值得在临床推广应用。     

呼吸功能训练对稳定期COPD患者肺功能的影响

目的探讨呼吸功能训练对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能的影响及对生活质量的改善效果。方法将36例稳定期COPD患者随机分为2组,实验组在常规治疗同时进行呼吸功能训练（共6周）。观察训练前后肺功能相关指标变化,同时进行呼吸困难（MRC）评分和日常生活活动能力（ADL）评分。结果实验组肺功能及生活质量各指标明显好于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论呼吸功能训练能改善稳定期COPD患者的肺功能,提高患者的生活质量。     

双水平无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的探讨双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效。方法将53例COPD急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者分成两组,对照组给予抗感染、祛痰、平喘、鼻导管吸氧等常规治疗,治疗组给予常规治疗联合BiPAP治疗。比较治疗前及治疗后4、24h两组动脉血气、呼吸频率、心率及气管插管率、住院天数。结果治疗组治疗4、24h后PaO2、PaCO2、pH值、呼吸频率、心率均较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01）,与对照组比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。治疗组插管率、住院天数与对照组比较显著减少（P〈0．05）。结论BiPAP是治疗COPD急性加重期并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭有效的方法。     

无创正压通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的观察无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法64例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者随机分为两组,对照组(n=30例)常规治疗基础上使用鼻导管吸氧法治疗,观察组(n=34例)常规治疗基础上使用无创正压机械通气治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后心率、呼吸、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH等情况。结果两组患者治疗后心率、呼吸、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、HR及RR等指标均明显改善(P0.05),而观察组改善更为显著(P0.05),pH值无显著差异性(P0.05)。结论无创正压机械通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者疗效显著,可有效改善血气指标,值得临床推广应用。     

噻托溴铵联合低流量吸氧治疗COPD稳定期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者疗效分析

目的探讨噻托溴铵联合低流量吸氧治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期合并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将72例COPD稳定期合并呼吸衰竭的患者随机分成两组,联合治疗组给予噻托溴铵联合低流量吸氧治疗(2L/min)。对照组单纯采用低流量吸氧(2L/min)治疗,在治疗3个月后观察两组治疗前后肺功能情况、同期采用6min步行距离评价运动能力(6MWD/m)及生活质量评分(St Georae's respiratory questionaire,SGRQ)。结果治疗3个月后,所有患者肺功能指标(FVC、FEV1及FEV1/FVC%)、同期采用6min步行距离评价运动能力及生活质量评分均有所改善,但联合治疗组各项指标的改善,与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论长效抗胆碱药噻托溴铵联合低流量吸氧治疗可明显改善COPD稳定期患者的呼吸困难及肺功能,优于单纯低流量吸氧治疗。     

Effect of respiratory muscle endurance training in patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation

BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle endurance training (hyperpnea training) has been shown to have beneficial effects in patients with COPD. STUDY OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether hyperpnea training, when added to an endurance exercise training program, would lead to additional benefits compared with endurance training alone in patients with COPD. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients with COPD entering an 8-week outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program. Fifteen patients (mean [+/- SE] FEV1, 45 +/- 6% predicted) were randomized to combined therapy, and 14 patients (mean FEV1, 44 +/- 4% predicted) were randomized to endurance training. METHODS: Peak exercise capacity, exercise endurance time during constant workload cycle exercise, 6-min walk distance, quality of life as measured by the chronic respiratory questionnaire, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and quadriceps fatigability were measured before and after endurance or combined training. RESULTS: After rehabilitation, peak exercise capacity, exercise endurance time, 6-min walk distance, and quality of life all increased in both groups, but there was no significant difference in the extent of improvement between groups. Mean respiratory muscle endurance increased to a significantly greater extent in the combined therapy group (17.5 +/- 2.7 vs 8.5 +/- 2.5 min, respectively; p = 0.02). Respiratory muscle strength was significantly increased, and quadriceps fatigability was significantly reduced after rehabilitation in the combined therapy group but not in the endurance training group, but the difference between groups did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The endurance of the respiratory muscles can be improved by specific training beyond that achieved by endurance training alone in patients with COPD. However, this improvement did not translate into additional improvement in quality of life or exercise performance.     

Short- and long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial

PURPOSE: Pulmonary rehabilitation programs are effective in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the short term, but their long-term effects are not known. We investigated the short- and long-term effects of a 6-month outpatient rehabilitation program in patients with severe COPD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred patients were randomly assigned to receive either an exercise training program that included cycling, walking, and strength training (n = 50) or usual medical care (n = 50). Thirty-four patients in the training group were evaluated after 6 months (end of training), and 26 were evaluated after 18 months of follow-up. In the control group, 28 patients were evaluated at 6 months and 23 after 18 months. We measured pulmonary function, 6-minute walking distance, maximal exercise capacity, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, and quality of life (on a 20 to 140-point scale), and estimated the cost-effectiveness of the program. RESULTS: At 6 months, the training group showed improvement in 6-minute walking distance [mean difference (training - control) of 52 m; 95% confidence interval (CI), 15 to 89 m], maximal work load (12 W; 95% CI, 6 to 19 W), maximal oxygen uptake (0.26 liters/min; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.45 liters/min), quadriceps force (18 Nm; 95% CI, 7 to 29 Nm), inspiratory muscle force (11 cm H(2)O; 95% CI, 3 to 20 cm H(2)O), and quality of life (14 points; 95% CI, 6 to 21 points; all P <0.05). At 18 months all these differences persisted (P <0.05), except for inspiratory muscle strength. For 6-minute walking distance and quality of life, the differences between the training group and controls at 18 months exceeded the minimal clinically-important difference. CONCLUSION: Among patients who completed the 6-month program, outpatient training resulted in significant and clinically relevant changes in 6-minute walking distance, maximal exercise performance, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, and quality of life. Most of these effects persisted 18 months after starting the program.     

长期家庭氧疗联合肺康复训练对慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的探讨长期家庭氧疗联合肺康复训练在慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者康复治疗中的疗效。方法选取48例慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者,按照计算机随机方法分为研究组与对照组,每组24例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,研究组患者在此基础上予以长期家庭氧疗和肺康复训练治疗,对两组患者进行为期12个月随访,对比两组患者肺功能、血气分析、6分钟步行距离、生存质量评分以及血清炎症因子水平。结果研究组与对照组患者的生活质量评分、动脉血气分析、肺功能、6分钟步行距离、炎症因子CRP及TNF-α水平检测值相比较,研究组比对照组患者上述指标具有明显改善,差异具有统计学意义,P0.05。结论长期家庭氧疗联合肺康复训练对慢阻肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者具有积极作用,值得推广。     

Grading of officially acknowledged respiratory disability and exercise disorders using cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with chronic respiratory diseases]

This study examines whether the grading of officially acknowledged respiratory disability reflects exercise disorders in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. In order to do this, we analyzed the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data of 258 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 125 with sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 52 with interstitial pneumonia between 1989 and 2002. The peak oxygen uptakes of grade 1 and 3 COPD patients were 12.4 +/- 3.8 and 14.9 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg (mean +/- SD), respectively. The worse the grade, the lower was the peak oxygen uptake, the differences being significant in COPD patients. Despite this, the peak oxygen uptake range overlapped greatly between grade 1 and grade 3 COPD patients. Sixty percent of patients with TB and 46% of patients with IP whose peak oxygen uptakes were similar to those of grade 1 COPD patients failed to be acknowledged as grade 1. There were no significant differences between the peak oxygen uptake of grade 1 COPD patients and grade 1 TB patients, grade 3 TB patients, and grade 4 IP patients. Patients with TB and IP showed more severe ventilatory and gas exchange disorders than those with COPD. We concluded that the present system of acknowledgement of respiratory disability in Japan did not accurately reflect exercise disorders in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. As well as this, we argue that there is discrimination between patients with COPD, TB and IP. It is necessary to establish an alternative system, reflecting exercise disorders evaluated by CPET to offer a more accurate acknowledgement.     

Effects of intermittent negative pressure ventilation on respiratory muscle function in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The reduced respiratory muscle strength and increased work of breathing in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may predispose these patients to the development of respiratory muscle fatigue and consequent respiratory failure. To test the hypothesis that these patients may be experiencing chronic respiratory muscle fatigue, we studied the effects of resting the respiratory muscles in a group of patients with severe COPD. Fifteen stable patients with severe COPD were randomized into study and control groups. In 8 study group patients (Group B), breathing was assisted with a negative pressure ventilator 3 to 6 h daily for 3 consecutive days. The remaining 7 patients served as controls (Group A) and did not receive any intervention. Baseline lung function was evaluated by spirometry and arterial blood gas determinations. Respiratory muscle strength and endurance were evaluated by maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP, respectively) and the maximal duration that isocapnic hyperventilation equal to 50 and 70% of the 12-s maximal voluntary ventilation could be sustained (DSV). Baseline DSV was determined as the best effort of several practice trials. All measurements were repeated on the final day of assisted ventilation approximately 2 to 3 h after its discontinuation. After assisted ventilation, the DSV at 50 and 70% of the maximal voluntary ventilation improved significantly (p less than 0.05). Maximal inspiratory pressure and MEP increased to 114% (p less than 0.05) and 112% (p = 0.05) of baseline values, respectively. Mean arterial PCO2 in the hypercapnic subgroup of Group B patients decreased from 60 mm Hg before to 52 mm Hg after assisted ventilation (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

噻托溴胺联合呼吸操训练治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者的临床研究

目的探讨噻托溴胺联合呼吸操训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,慢阻肺)稳定期患者的肺通气功能、生活质量以及运动耐力的影响。方法选择2014年10月至12月稳定期慢阻肺患者共73例,随机分为常规药物治疗组(A组,n=37)和呼吸操训练组(B组,n=36)。对A组患者常规吸入噻托溴胺,有氧疗指征者给予长期家庭氧疗。B组患者除应用噻托溴胺和(或)氧疗外,指导呼吸操训练,方法包括腹式呼吸、缩唇呼气及全身性呼吸体操。记录每例患者入组时及12周后的FEV1占预计值的百分比(FEV1%Pred)、圣乔治呼吸疾病问卷(SGRQ)评分及6 min步行距离(6MWD)。结果入组时两组患者的性别、平均年龄、肺功能分级、FEV1%Pred、SGRQ评分及6MWD均无显著差异(P0.05)。干预12周后两组患者FEV1%Pred、SGRQ评分及6MWD均较治疗前有显著变化。其中B组患者的SGRQ评分显著低于A组,B组患者的6MWD显著长于A组(P0.05)。结论在常规吸入长效抗胆碱能药物治疗外,配合呼吸操训练可更好的改善稳定期慢阻肺患者的生活质量及运动耐力。     

死腔负荷对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能及呼吸肌功能和运动耐力的影响

目的评价死腔负荷对肺通气功能和呼吸肌的影响,测试呼吸肌氧耗的检测方法,探讨呼吸肌氧耗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)运动耐力下降中的作用.方法 26例中度COPD患者和29名年龄相近健康对照者在300 ml呼吸管路死腔(长46 cm)负荷下,完成30 W或55 W功率恒定运动试验,并在死腔负荷下检测运动前、后肺功能和运动中分钟通气量((V·)E)和摄氧量((V·)O2).结果无论COPD或健康对照组,在静息状态或运动后,增加死腔对用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)和FEV1/FVC无显著影响.COPD组静息死腔负荷下FVC、FEV1和FEV1/FVC分别为(3.03±0.15)L、(1.95±0.09)L和(64.9±2.5)%;55 W运动后上述指标分别为(3.03±0.18)L、(2.00±0.13)L和(66.3±3.2)%(P均＞0.05).每例受试个体,无论静息或运动中,附加死腔均导致(V·)E和(V·)O2在原有基础上显著增加,卸除死腔后(V·)E和(V·)O2回落.死腔负荷下(V·)O2的增加量(Δ(V·)O2)在静息和30 W运动时,COPD组和健康对照组之间差异无显著性.在55 W运动时,COPD组Δ(V·)O2显著高于健康对照组[(272±24)ml/min与(194±19)ml/min,P<0.05].结论本组患者呼吸管路加长46 cm(300 ml死腔),伴随中等强度运动未导致COPD患者气流阻塞的进一步加重,也未出现明显呼吸肌疲劳征象.COPD患者呼吸肌具有氧耗优势,呼吸肌与肢体运动肌摄氧比例不平衡,可能是导致COPD患者运动耐力下降的因素之一.     

Peripheral muscle strength in stable COPD patients: correlation with respiratory function variables and quality of life

The aim of this study was to assess peripheral muscle strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using a simple test and to look for correlation with function variables, physiological strength variables and quality of life parameters. Twenty-three COPD patients with moderate to severe air-flow limitation (FEV1 = 39 +/- 12%) in stable phase but displaying inability to carry out daily tasks were enrolled. Peripheral muscle strength was assessed in all patients by measuring the maximum load in a single repetition of five simple upper and lower extremity exercises performed at a multi-gymnastics station. Results were compared to respiratory function variables (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and gasometry), to results of an exercise test on a cycle ergometer with monitoring of respiratory gases (VEmax, VO2max and Wmax), to endurance (minutes) to dyspnea (Mahler's scale) and to quality of life (Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire-CRDQ). No relation between functional parameters and endurance in minutes was found. Minute ventilation (VE) proved to be significantly related to oxygen intake (VO) and maximum work in the stress test. Dyspnea on Mahler's scale was unrelated, but fatigue variables and emotional function variables on the CRDQ were related. We conclude that peripheral muscle strength is unrelated to level of flow limitation or exercise tolerance in COPD patients. Peripheral muscle strength is related, however, to maximum work load and some aspects of quality of life.     

Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RATIONALE: Oxidative stress is involved in the skeletal muscle dysfunction observed in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesized that the diaphragms of such patients might generate greater levels of oxidants than those neutralized by antioxidants. OBJECTIVES: To assess the levels of both oxidative and nitrosative stress and different antioxidants in the diaphragms of those patients, and to analyze potential relationships with lung and respiratory muscle dysfunctions. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS: We conducted a case-control study in which reactive carbonyl groups, hydroxynonenal-protein adducts, antioxidant enzyme levels, nitric oxide synthases, and 3-nitrotyrosine formation were detected using immunoblotting and immunhistochemistry in diaphragm specimens (thoracotomy) obtained from six patients with severe COPD, six patients with moderate COPD, and seven control subjects. MAIN RESULTS: Diaphragms of patients with severe COPD showed both higher protein carbonyl groups and hydroxynonenal-protein adducts than control subjects. When only considering patients with COPD, negative correlations were found between carbonyl groups and airway obstruction, and between hydroxynonenal-protein adducts and respiratory muscle strength. Although diaphragmatic neuronal nitric oxide synthase did not differ among the three groups and no inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in any muscle, muscle endothelial nitric oxide synthase was lower in patients with severe COPD than in control subjects. Muscle nitrotyrosine levels were similar in both patients with severe COPD and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that oxidative stress rather than nitric oxide is likely to be involved in the respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe COPD.